Electricity Value Network
Digital Solutions for Power & UtilitiesGE Digital
Industry In Transition
The electricity industry is undergoing a transformation. This 100+ year old linear model of electricity is being challenged, tested, connected and recreated as the rules of electrification are shifting with wide-reaching impact. Complex interrelationships across the entire energy ecosystem call on power leaders to understand the impacts of these changes. Distributed generation, renewables, smart grids, storage and prosumers are accelerating the rate of change. By embracing digitalization, companies can apply unprecedented insights, new capabilities and innovative business models to capture enormous opportunities.
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400 Million electric cars
2040Source: BNEF global EV salesforecast by geography, 2015–2040, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 02/25/16, GE Estimate
5 Billion internet users
2020 Source: The Future ofthe Internet — 7 Big Predictions of 2020, Dospeedtest.com
3 Trillion IP devices
2030Source: Cisco (50 Billion by 2020) and Morgan Stanley (75 Billion by 2020), GE Estimate
50% reduction in CO2
2050Source: EuropeanCommission — Climate Action
Digital Transformation of Electricity Through 2025
Source: World Economic Forum White Paper Digital Transformation of Industries: Electricity Industry, January 2016
Generation Market Operational Trading
Transmission Distribution
Asset Performance Management
Grid Optimization & Aggregation
Integrated Customer Services
Beyondthe Electron
Residential
Commercial & Industrial
$1.3T Industry Value from:
Service platforms
Smart devices
The ‘cloud’
Advanced analytics
$387B Asset Performance Management Value from:
Lower repair & maintenance costs
Lower downtime of assets
Fewer critical breakdowns
$2+T Societal Benefits from:
Reduction in carbon emissions
Net new job creation
Value creation for consumers
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Top 10 Digital Trends
IMPACT OF RENEWABLES AND DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES (DER)As more utility-scale wind and solar reach grid parity, the industry must aggressively adopt digital technology to become more efficient, flexible and compliant with environmental regulations.1
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) We will see a growing number of innovative applications of AI for the energy industry, from autonomous drones capable of inspecting and analyzing remote transmission assets to predicting equipment problems that prevent unplanned downtime.
DISRUPTIVE CYBERATTACKSEscalating cyber attacks, together with the increase in number of IP-enabled edge connected devices, will necessitate adoption of even more robust and extensive cyber security solutions.
MULTI-DIRECTIONAL IS THE NEW GRIDThe future will increasingly be defined by digitally-enabled, intelligent grid technology, multi-directional power flows and higher quality power.
THE PROSUMER WAVEProsumers are starting to shape the power industry in transformative ways, requiring energy providers to use analytics and digital platforms to forecast usage, predict and manage two-way grid flows and deliver well-designed mobile customer experiences.
CXO ROLES TRANSFORM“CIOs are playing an increasingly central role in both OT and IT as utilities are undergoing digital transformation by leveraging IoT to integrate people, business and things,” according to Gartner. New Chief Digital Officer (CDO) and Chief Transformational Officer (CTO) roles are also driving digitalization.2
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CLOUD + EDGE IS THE NEXT IMPERATIVECloud + Edge provides powerful, step-function advantages over existing IT/OT infrastructures, including greater speed, end-to-end security, lower costs, better performance, reliability, ability to scale and global visibility across geographies and assets.3
THE TALENT CHALLENGEDigitalization, mobile, wearable devices and analytics will increase the productivity of energy workers while capturing and augmenting the knowledge of a rapidly retiring workforce.4
THE PLATFORM ECONOMYThe power industry will increasingly be defined by digital platforms that developers and companies use to scale collaboration, rapidly build capabilities that address a huge number of challenges and drive new value creation.5, 6
NEW BUSINESS MODELSPower and utility companies are increasingly using digitalization to change their business models to compete in a rapidly changing power market driven by distributed generation, renewables, smart grids, storage, digitalization, non-traditional competitors and prosumers.
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“Utilities’ traditional business models are under attack, directly and indirectly. Utilities are racing to reinvent their roles and have started a profound transformation journey. The industry will be reborn in 3D: decentralized, divergent, and digital.”
— Roberta Bigliani, IDC Energy Insights
FOOTNOTES:1 “Roadmap for a Renewable Energy Future,” International Renewable Energy Agency, 2016.2 Gartner – Predicts 2017: Energy and Utilities Get Ready for Digital Disruption.3 Industrial Internet Report for 2015, GE and Accenture. 4 U.S. Senate Committee on Energy & Natural Resources.5 Platform Economy: Technology-driven Business Model Change from the Outside In, Accenture 2016. 6 Global Platform Survey, The Center for Global Enterprises 2015.
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>$1B annual investment by GE
~30% of world’s generation capacity
>20,000 GE Predix* developers
>5,000 electricity sector patents
Our Commitment GE is committed and uniquely positioned to support our customers through a period of unprecedented industry transformation with the following beliefs:
• Access to electricity is a basic human right; every person needs power that is affordable, reliable, and more sustainable.
• Navigating a changing industry requires an understanding across the entire EVN.
• No single technology is the answer. Instead, a broad combination of solutions is needed, based on resource availability, distribution systems, regional dynamics and customer needs.
• GE’s installed base and new grid, plant and system investments, with digital as a key enabler, will drive tremendous value for our customers.
8 9*Predix is a trademark of General Electric Company.
2016 Minds + Machines15% global power representedPower leaders from all global regions 24 customer speakers
UNIVERSALACCESS
DIGITALIZATI ON
DECARBONIZATION
DEC
ENTR
ALIZATION
AFFORDABLE
RELIA
BLE
SUSTAIN
ABLE
Digitalization Yields Benefits Across the EVN
FOSSIL
3% increased fuel efficiency
10% increase in output capacity
3%–4% emissions reduction
NUCLEAR
Up to $2K/MW annual O&M reduction
RENEWABLE ENERGY
10% reduction in O&M cost
8% increase in production
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
33% reduction in system interruption
20%+ increased carrying capacity of networks
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMERS
Up to 10%–20% reduction overall energy consumption
Up to 70% reduction in lighting costs
Asset Performance Management: Up to 5% reduction in unplanned downtime; 15% increased asset utilization (T&D grid)
Cyber: From avoidance of $1MM per NERC infraction to millions per day in lost production from catastrophic cyber event
Predix: Up to 15% IT cost reduction; up to 30% application acceleration; millions in benefits from cross-EVN data sharing
Digital Worker: Up to 8% reduction in service costs
CROSS EVN BENEFITS
REAL CUSTOMER RESULTS*
*Representative customer outcomes are not guarantees of results.10 11
GE Digital Solutions GE Digital Solutions Ecosystem
Nuclear Wind HydroGasSteam SubstationDistribution
Cyber Security
Asset PerformanceManagement ReliabilityReal-Time Actions
Operations Optimization Productivity
DigitalWorker
Better, Faster Decisions
Business Optimization Pro�tabilityDeeper Insights
ProsumerSolar Transmission
OPERATIONS OPTIMIZATION
Generation &Renewable Energy GridsTrading Commercial &
Industrial Customers
DIGITAL WORKER
Digital Demand Response Storage Management Intelligent Environment
MICROGRIDS
VIRTUAL POWER PLANT (VPP)
Emer
ging
Dig
ital
O�e
rings
&Bu
sine
ss M
odel
s
Building Energy Management System
In-store MarketingStore Operations
Inventory ManagementBuilding OptimizationSpace Optimization
Grid Energy Management System
DER Integration (DERM)
Grid Stability Management
Advanced DMS
Advanced Meter Insight (AMI)
Machine & Equipment Health
Reliability Management
Asset Strategy Optimization
Compliance & Integrity Management
Mobile Field-Service Management
BUSINESS OPTIMIZATION
ASSET PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT (APM)
Security Assessment
NetworkSegmentation
Cyber Asset Protection
Security Patch Management
Intrusion Detection
Data Capture, Processing & Management Predix Edge
Parts Management
Analytics Catalog
Field Service Scheduling
Digital Twin
Work Order Management
Mobility & User Experience
Metrics and Reporting & Dashboards
CYBER SECURITY
PREDIX
GE
Dig
ital
Sol
utio
n C
apab
iliti
es
Roadmap 2017*
Plant Optimization
E�ciencyFlexibility
AvailabilityCapacity
Emissions
Capacity Forecasting
Production Plan
Daily Awards
Portfolio Management
FinancialPerformance*
BusinessCommunications*
40 new Predix customers
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A2A
AES
BC Hydro
Bord Gais
Competitive Power Ventures
Duke Energy
Dynegy
EDF Energy
Engro
E.On
Exelon
Gas Natural Fenosa
General Electric Company of Libya
GMR Power Corporation
Halmore Power
HUBCO
Invenergy
Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (MEAG Power)
New York Power Authority
Orient Energy Systems
PSEG
RasGas
SAIF
Salt River Project
Sapphire
Saudi Electricity Company
Sembcorp Fujairah
SSE
Star Buck Power Corporation
Tennessee Valley Authority
Development plans are not guarantees of future solution availability.
“All the operational data goes directly into Predix. By collecting all the data in the GE hosted Predix cloud — instead of spread across many systems — it can be brought together for analysis and machine learning.”
— Brian Hoff, Director of Innovation at Exelon
400+ partners
$60 Trillion investment in IoT in next 15 years
20,000+ registered base of Predix developers
The Industrial Internet Platform Built for massive industrial data volumes and powerful analytics, to speed operational and business innovation
GE
GE
UI / Mobile Applications
End-to-End Security
SolutionsServices
Cloud Foundry
Data Infrastructure
Digital Twin
Assets Analytics DataAccess
AuthorizationOperations
Connectivity
Industrial Assets(Includes Non-GE Equipment)
OperationsOptimization
AssetPerformanceManagement
(APM)
BusinessOptimization
The Predix Cloud
EnterpriseSystems
Edge Analytics Engine
EdgeAnalytics
PredixMachine
PREDIX CLOUD
Cross plant, fleet and EVN data integration and software for optimized business insights and actions.
PREDIX DESIGN STUDIO
Leverage a catalog of analytic models to build new digital twins across all asset types.
PREDIX EDGE
Decision making analytics exactly where they need to be for real-time decisions — adjacent to machines.
Enterprise-wide Predix application implementation
38 GW of power plants in 48 states and Canada
Deployed across fossil, nuclear, wind and solar plants
Integrates data from nearly
2 MM smart meters, more than 5,000
relays, 2,000 routers and 30 different
OT/IT and legacy systems to a single
platform
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>550,000 GE Digital Twins created
Digital Twin: The Core Innovation Behind GE’s Digital Solutions
WHAT IS A DIGITAL TWIN?
A Digital Twin is a digital replica of any industrial asset — like a gas or wind turbine that is used to monitor, analyze and improve its performance.
HOW THEY WORK
A Digital Twin continuously collects sensor data on the asset and applies advanced analytics and self-learning AI to gain unique insights about its performance and operation. Self-learning techniques ensure more refined model accuracy the more they are used.
WATCH VIDEO:Minds + Machines: Meet the Digital Twin
www.ge.com/digital/power-digital-twin
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DIGITAL TWIN RESULTS
Digital Twins predict and respond to any customer problem and improve the operational and financial performance of an asset, plant or fleet.
Asset Performance ManagementIncrease asset reliability and availability while reducing maintenance cost
SubstationDistribution Prosumer
Asset Performance Management
Machine & Equipment Health
Reliability Management
Compliance & Integrity Management
Asset Strategy Optimization
Generation • Grid • Commercial & Industrial Business
Nuclear Wind HydroGasSteam Solar Transmission
Most Comprehensive Failure Coverage in the Industry
GE APM Product Roadmap
Risk-Based StrategiesGE PartnerEcosystem
GE EVNExtensions
GE DigitalAPM
BasicMonitoring
100%
80%
65%
50%
< 40%
COVE
RAG
E O
F ES
SEN
TIA
L FA
ILU
RE M
OD
ES
2015 2016 2017 2018+
100% coverage of most critical NERC failure modes by 2018
Plants utilizing APM are more reliable and have fewer annual unplanned outage hours than plants without APM. (Source: 2015 ORAP Data)
APM CAPABILITY — COMBINED CYCLE GAS TURBINE PLANT900800700600500
400
300
200
10090807060
50
40
30
20
10
AN
NU
AL
UN
PLA
NN
ED O
UTA
GE
HO
URS
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT RELIABILITY
More Reliable
Less Reliable
20 30 40 Median 60 70 80
Without APMWith APM
APM FOR GAS/STEAM
+10% starting reliability
+3% total plant availability
APM FOR RENEWABLES
+1.5% site/farm availability
-5% maintenance cost
APM FOR GRID
+15% asset utilization
“It is critical for Whitegate, which provides electricity to up to 10% of Ireland’s house-holds, to be available for power generation when called upon by the national grid. GE’s new software technology is an ideal solution to help increase our plant’s reliability and availability, while making the most of our planned maintenance outages.”
— Rory Griffin, Operations Engineer — Whitegate, Asset Operations, Bord Gáis Energy
Today GE’s APM analytics provide
65% coverage of the most
critical NERC failure modes with
a goal of 100% coverage of
critical failures by 2018.
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Operations OptimizationDriving the most profitable use of resources for market conditions
Business OptimizationLinking energy operations with energy trading
SubstationDistributionTransmission Prosumer
Operations Optimization
Generation Grid Commercial & Industrial Business
Plant Optimization
• E�ciency • Flexibility • Availability • Capacity • Emissions
GridOptimization
Prosumer Optimization
Nuclear Wind HydroGasSteam Solar
• Grid Energy Management System
• DER Integration (DERM)
• Grid Stability Management
• Advanced DMS
• Advanced Meter Insight (AMI)
• Building Energy Management System
• In-store Marketing
• Store Operations
• Inventory Management
• Building Optimization
• Space Optimization
Business Optimization
Generation • Grid • Commercial & Industrial Business
Market Intelligence & Forecasting
Portfolio Management
Financial Performance
Business Communications
SubstationDistribution ProsumerNuclear Wind HydroGasSteam Solar Transmission
“Operations Optimization provides us with visibility and the insights to our KPIs and allows us to look at the actions that will improve performance at lower costs.”
— Richard Lopriore, President of Fossil Generation, PSEG
Raise E�ciency
Increase Output
IncreaseAvailability
ReduceMaintenance Costs
Enhance Flexibility
BalanceWear & Tear
ImproveReliability
With sophisticated analytics and optimization software, power leaders now have the ability to balance trade-offs in real time. Up to 2% increased fuel efficiency
Up to 5% increased output capacity
20% emissions reduction
Increase annual AEP by 10%
INPUTS
Demand
Generation
Contracts
Transmission Limits
Market Prices
Market Conditions
OUTPUTS
Financials• Expected P&L
• Revenue
• Costs (Production, O&M, Emissions)
Physical Data• Optimized Unit
Schedules of Energy & Ancillary Services
• Hydro Schedules
• Fuel Consumption
Portfolio Management
Optimization Model
Bids, O�ers, Settlements
Communication with Third Parties
and ISO
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Cyber SecurityProtecting critical assets and operations
Cyber Security
Generation • Grid • Commercial & Industrial Business
Security Assessment Services
Security/ST and Patch Management
Cyber Security Training
Cyber Asset Protection (CAP)
OpShield
SubstationDistribution ProsumerNuclear Wind HydroGasSteam Solar Transmission
64% of power and utilities executives believe that their security strategy is not aligned with today’s risk environment. (Source: Ernst & Young)
BASELINE PROTECT PREVENT
Health CheckPatch Updates
Personnel Training
Intrusion DetectionWhitelistBlacklist
Event MonitoringAnomaly DetectionAdaptive Protection
Low HighMaturity
Low
Hig
hRi
sk
RESULTS OF GE ASSESSMENTS PERFORMED FOR POWER GENERATION
96% at least one system with a vulnerable OS
92% at least one system with an expired end-point solution
88% user access practices that do not align to industry best practices
96% at least one “dual-homed” systems (circumventing firewall)
8% at least one system where malware has been detected
0% effective Cyber Security monitoring
12+ years longest duration since administrator password changed
WHY CYBER SECURITY NOW?
• Unplanned outages/trips cost ~$500K a day on average (modeled on 500MW Block)
• In the Ukraine, 225K people lost power due to cyber attack in December 2015 — and again in December 2016
• NERC CIP carries $1M per day fine for security compliance violation
BASELINEImmediately identify security issues that can impact operations, even if the environment is thought to be “air gapped.”
PROTECTImplement security monitoring and defensive layers to comply with standards and strengthen the security posture.
PREVENTPursue proactive and predictive security measures such as running attack scenarios on cloud-collected data. “Digital twins” can replicate operating environments and simulate defenses to measure threat impact and improve security.
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Digital WorkerDigital technologies will augment the abilities and power of workers of every skill level
18% increase in technician productivity
8% reduction in services costs
13% reduction in the time it takes to repair equipment
13% increase in service revenue
Nuclear Wind HydroGasSteam SubstationDistribution Prosumer
Digital Worker
Generation • Grid • Commercial & Industrial Business
Metrics, Reporting & Dashboards
Work Order Management
Parts Management
Field Service Scheduling
M T W T F SSMobile Field Service Management
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Digital workers must be enabled with the most efficient device for their role.
NAMED A LEADER
FOR FIELD SERVICEM A N A G E M E N T
MAGIC QUADRANT2016 GARTNER
Create a More Strategic Capital Allocation Approach
Asset Management and Operations Insights — Improve measurement and forecast of current and future load, asset health, criticality, life and performance leveraging data insights.
Financial Trends and Forecasting — Utilize digitalization to ensure greater forecasting accuracy by leveraging new and multiple data sources to understand and optimize upstream supply, market, and internal financial scenarios.
Customer Intelligence and Service — Understand the specific needs and demands of customers across the system through use of distribution-level and customer- site data.
Regulation and Compliance — Create flexible scenario planning with digitalization around legislation and regulations, (environmental, cyber security, etc.) that could affect new and existing infrastructure, as well as the development of new business models and service offerings.
Cloud Computing — By leveraging cloud technologies and data management, capital planning for the entire EVN can be accomplished with a common data source.
New Business Models — Transitioning business models can signify significant changes in asset planning, capitalization, depreciation and retirement. The ability to study the impact of these changing models across EVN assets provides a more refined assessment of new model impacts.
DIGITALIZATION ENHANCES CAPITAL PLANNING
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From every point along the Electricity Value Network — machine sensor data is captured to contribute to capital planning success
Business ModelInnovationALL ABOUT OUTCOMES
Productivity
Transformation
Growth
Capabilities& OperatingModelCHANGE THE GAME
Data & ConnectedInfrastructure
HARNESS THE PLATFORM
PartnerEcosystem
GO TOGETHER, GO FAR
Digital Talent& Culture
BUILDING DIGITAL DNA
Digital TransformationA digital transformation requires a vision, strategy, and roadmap that is aligned with long-term business goals and metrics. Success will be determined by the ability to set a strategy, deliver results, cultivate partnerships, transform culture, and capture growth opportunities.
• Strategy Is Paramount — Establish a vision, assess the environment, understand your capabilities, and define the metrics for success.
• Early Wins Deliver — Drive productivity in existing operations and build support and credibility across the organization.
• Partnerships Are a Force Multiplier — Expand the view and nature of partnerships to accelerate the transformation internally and externally.
• Transformation Must Be Intentional — Transformation is complex. It requires change across people, process and technology.
• Digital Is a Growth Multiplier — Digitalization enables new business models that take advantage of emerging value creation opportunities for your operations and customers.
GE Digital Professional Services Ensure a Successful TransformationSTRATEGIC PROJECT SERVICESGuidance for new revenue opportunities
DELIVERY SERVICESSpeed time to value with rapid installations
SUPPORT SERVICESMonitor and respond to minimize production impact
DESIGN THINKING
Create modern and solid system architectures and UI
MANAGED SERVICESOperate with integrity and transparency
EDUCATION SERVICESTrain and coach toward independent operations
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China Datang Group will implement China’s first and most advanced Monitoring and Diagnostic
Centre, co-developed with GE Power Digital Solutions, which will help increase plant performance and reduce
maintenance cost through big data analytics. This represents an intelligent digital hub servicing the entire Asia-Pacific
region and will be the cornerstone for Chinese power groups to begin their digital transformation.
GE Portfolio Companies
Independent Software Vendors (ISVs)Technology Partners
Software Representatives/Resellers Global Strategic Systems Integrators
The GE Ecosystem: 400+ Partners Signed and GrowingGE Digital has joined forces with other industry leaders and innovators to build a powerful ecosystem of companies committed to advancing the new digital industrial era.
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ENERGY RESOURCES
Digital Power Plants, Renewables, Energy Storage, Distributed Generation
New and legacy energy resources utilize digital solutions to monitor and manage assets, drive new operating efficiencies, and optimize value creation opportunities.
ENERGY CONNECTIVITY
Virtual Power Plants (VPP), Microgrids, Distributed Energy Resource Management Systems (DERM), Blockchain Technology
Digital solutions are enabling the aggregation of resources, the connectivity of systems and collaboration across the grid, as well as new transaction mechanisms both centrally and at the edge, to drive value across the ecosystem.
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUSINESS
Energy Efficiency, Mobility Services, Smart Cities, Retail Marketplaces, Community Energy, Intelligent Environments
Power and utility customers are leveraging digital solutions for new businesses and solutions that extend beyond traditional energy services for commercial and industrial customers.
New Utility Business Models
As power and utility companies seek growth opportunities, they are increasingly investing in, testing, and launching digitally-driven and digitally-enabled business models to tap new sources of value for customers, grid operators, and others across the ecosystem.
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“Dynegy is always looking for ways to economically increase output, reliability and efficiency at our power stations while upholding our commitment to safety and environmental responsibility. Through our collaboration with GE, Dynegy is upgrading four of our facilities with some of the latest technologies to achieve these goals.”
— Marty Daley, Executive Vice President, Dynegy
“By working with GE to increase the flexibility and efficiency of our power plants at EGAT North and South Bangkok, we are strengthening power security for our country in the event of different gas compositions (WOBBE INDEX) while also improving air quality and reducing fuel consumption.”
— Mr. Charin Kanjanarat, EGAT Assistant Governor
1% efficiency improvement at thermal plants reduces
CO2 emissions 2–3%Applied to global thermal fleet, this equals offsetting of
~50K wind turbines
20% hidden transmission capacity optimization — avoid costs of new lines
25% decrease in renewable curtailment resulting in less CO2 emissions
Digitalization Drives Powerful Eco Results
3% reduction in CO2 emissions
40% reduction in start-up fuel consumption
3% increase in fuel efficiency
10% NOX reduction
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“This digital solutions platform supports our primary mission to provide customers with low-cost, clean, reliable power with the industry-leading energy infrastructure and services they value.”
— Gil C. Quiniones, President and Chief Executive Officer, NYPA
Enterprise-wide software agreement
6 power plants in New York state
~6 GW of coverage
Monitor power generation & transmission equipment
“As the only Fortune 100 company in the electricity sector, we have a unique opportunity to lead the energy industry in the exploration, development and deployment of the next generation of clean, diverse energy technologies.”
— Chris Crane, President and Chief Executive Officer, Exelon
* Projected estimates based on GE modeling and historical PJM energy pricing.
Enterprise-wide Predix & applications implementation
38 GW of power plants in 48 states and in Canada
Deployed across fossil, nuclear, wind and solar plants
€1.2MM cost avoidance in first year
Potential avoidance of additional
€1.2MM
Top quartile achieved in heat rate and reduced production costs
1% year 1 = $2MM improved reliability value
40% faster combined cycle plant starts
50% less costly combined cycle starts
NRG 2–3% output improvement*
$5MM customer revenue per 32K hrs.*
Accurate daily meter performance for 20 market retailers
700K meters monitored
94% forecast accuracy — 6% better than industry best
$126K per farm/year lower imbalance penalties
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“Our foundries bring together power and utility innovators with GE digital engineers, data scientists and design experts to bring their vision of digital transformation to life. It’s at these collaboration centers where the work is done to blueprint the path to business success with Predix.”
— Bill Ruh, Chief Executive Officer, GE Digital
Digital Foundry San Ramon, California, USA
Digital Foundry Paris, FranceDigital Foundry Shanghai, China
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Leadership To Help Drive Your Digital Transformation
Steve MartinCDO — GE Power
Sanjeev AddalaCDO — Renewable Energy
Bill RuhCEO — GE Digital
GE Digital Headquarters San Ramon, California
GE Digital | 1-855-your1GE | www.ge.com/digital/power-utility
Copyright © 2017 General Electric. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from GE.