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Thermafiber, Inc. 3711 Mill Street
Wabash, IN 46992
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©2009 Thermafiber, Inc. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and
produced by Thermafiber, Inc. and remains their property. Questions or concerns about the content of
this course should be directed to the program instructor.
Perimeter Fire Containment
in Multi-Story Buildings
powered by
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 4 of 80
Learning Objectives
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
• list and compare the three types (detection, suppression and passive) of life safety
systems
• discuss the importance of adopting a balanced approach towards the design and
installation of redundant life safety systems in multi-story construction
• define the areas and effects of fire propagation in multi-story buildings
• state the design principles for perimeter curtain wall fire containment to facilitate a
successful installation, and
• discuss the current model building codes, standards, fire resistance directories that
address life safety protection requirements for the perimeter of a building.
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 5 of 80
Table of Contents
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
Life Safety Systems: A Balanced Approach
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
Perimeter Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
Building Codes / Testing Standards
Tested Assemblies
18
6
27
43
59
66
Click on title to view
Summary 76
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Life Safety Systems:
An Introduction
Photo Courtesy of Hilti, Inc.
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Introduction
There are several important reasons why we need to be concerned about high-rise fire safety.
One concern is property preservation. We want to protect the building itself, as well as the contents of the building, such as computers, furnishings, and files: elements that are essential to maintaining a business or household. But what we most want to protect is the one thing that is irreplaceable and that is human life.
As such, the basis of fire containment and life safety requires attention to life safety at the perimeter of a building (the area where the exterior curtain wall and the floor assembly intersect); one of the most complex and least understood areas where fire can spread.
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
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Life Safety at the Perimeter of the Building
The objective of developing a better understanding of perimeter fire containment is to prevent a fire like this that occurred at the 1st Interstate Bank, Los Angeles, CA.
The intersection at the perimeter of the building was the very same area that allowed this fire to escape from the room of origin and move freely to several floors above.
According to the Los Angeles Fire Department investigative report: the fire transmitted up the inside of the curtain wall. The curtain walls were firestopped with fiberglass or some other material that burned out, allowing fire to run up the interior of these walls…
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
1st Interstate Bank, Los Angeles, CA.
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 9 of 80
Three Elements of Life Safety
There are three elements that the building community uses to address life safety:
detection, suppression (active systems) and compartmentation (passive systems).
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
DETECTION
Passive Systems
COMPARTMENTATION Active Systems
SUPPRESSION
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Three Elements of Life Safety cont’d…
Detection:
Known as the “detective” approach to life safety, a detection system includes alarm
systems (smoke and heat detectors).
Suppression:
A suppression system (or active system) has a turn on/turn off mechanism that must
switch on in order for it to work. The most common suppression system is a sprinkler
system.
Compartmentation:
Passive fire protection, which includes compartmentation of the overall building through
the use of fire-rated walls and floors, has no turn on/turn off mechanism, so once it is
properly installed, it provides protection 24-7. A passive system prevents or slows the
spread of fire from the room of fire origin to other building spaces, limiting building
damage and providing more time for the building occupants to safely evacuate the
building or reach an area of refuge as well as allowing first responders to effectively fight
the fire.
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 11 of 80
Evolution of the Automobile – 1900’s
When discussing the three elements of life
safety, let’s first look at the evolution of safety in
the automotive industry as an example.
The first automobile was the Model “T” which
had no safety features.
The need for implementing life safety design
was not a vital concern, because in the early
1900’s there were very few automobiles on the
road and what few there were, traveled at slower
speeds.
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
1912 Model T Safety Features: None
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Evolution of the Automobile – 1960’s
In the 1960’s, as technology improved, there
was an increase in the number of automobiles,
with more occupants, on the roads.
Better roads and interstates allowed cars to be
driven at higher speeds, thus the need for
improved safety features became apparent.
Passive systems, such as seat belts, laminated
windshields, and padded dashes began to be
incorporated to provide protection for the
occupants.
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
Automobile of the 1960s:
Passive Safety Features Only
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Evolution of the Automobile – 2000’s
Today, with the volume of cars and the speeds at which they travel, design safety is a very high priority. Through the evolution of automobile safety, these features are now available:
• audible seat belt alarm
• seat belts/air bags
• energy absorbing bumpers
• padded passenger compartment
• collapsible steering wheel
• disc/anti-lock brakes
• door reinforcements
• laminated windshield
• tempered side windows
• unitized body construction
• no sharp/angular metal in body/passenger compartment
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
Many of today’s automobiles incorporate all 3
elements of life safety:
Detective - such as audible seat belt alarm
Active - e.g., air bags
Passive - i.e., anti-lock brakes
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Evolution of High-Rise Construction: Pre-1930’s
Comparing the evolution of automobile safety to
the life safety features of high rise buildings,
we’ve learned not to rely on just one of these
elements of life safety, but to include all three.
Before we discuss the importance of redundant
life safety systems, let’s quickly review the
evolution of high-rise construction.
Not many high-rise structures were constructed
in the early 1900’s, and of those few, the percent
of occupancy in these buildings was low as
compared to 21st century buildings. As a result,
pre-1930’s buildings had none to very few life
safety features installed.
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
Pre-1930’s Buildings: Possible
use of heat detectors only
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Evolution of High-Rise Construction: 1960’s
Moving into the mid 1960’s, society starts to see
an increase in high-rise construction, with an
expansion in the number of people working and
living in multi-story buildings.
The need for life safety systems became more
pronounced.
Consequently, safety features were installed,
typically detective and passive systems.
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
Prudential Tower - Boston, MA
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High-Rise Construction Today
What are the current high-rise construction
trends? In most modern cities, the size and
number of buildings being constructed today are
bigger in every dimension, containing more
occupants than ever before.
Accordingly, there is a greater need to provide
high-rise fire protection.
The designers of this building (Four Times
Square, NYC) chose the balanced approach to
fire protection by including all three elements of
life safety: detective, active, and passive.
Four Times Square – New York City, NY
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
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MGM Grand Hotel - Las Vegas, NV
Conversely, The MGM Grand Hotel in Las
Vegas, is an example of the tragic
consequences that can result when buildings
are constructed without safety features.
Eighty-four people died and 679 were injured in
the MGM Grand Hotel fire on November 21,
1980.
The effect that disastrous events, such as this,
has on human lives is obvious, but the impact
can be devastating on the local economy as
well. The loss of a such buildings not only
affects the business world, but also the
community that was supported by the structure,
such as local shops, restaurants, and services.
MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas
Life Safety Systems: An Introduction
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Life Safety Systems:
A Balanced Approach
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Introduction
As previously mentioned, incorporating only one
type of life safety system is not a reliable
solution in high-rise construction.
Detective and active methods may be tampered
with or purposely disarmed, as well, both
methods are subject to electrical/mechanical
failure and may not always function properly.
Therefore, having a balanced approach, using
redundant life safety measures, assures greater
life safety protection.
In this section of the course, we will review the
potential problems of both detective and active
systems.
Life Safety Systems: A Balanced Approach
DETECTIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
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Detective System - Potential Problems
Listed below are some of the problematic
issues that can lead to failure of detective
life safety systems:
• power outage
• emergency power failure
• system malfunction
• system failure during fire
• human error
Life Safety Systems: A Balanced Approach
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Active Systems - Potential Problems
As previously mentioned, the most common active life safety system is the installation of a sprinkler system, although there are several other active methods available. Sprinklers are required in most buildings by model building codes and local jurisdictions. In many cases, sprinklers are installed as a trade-off to other types of fire rated constructions.
Serious potential problems related to sprinkler systems include:
• sprinkler head failure
• closed valves
• insufficient water pressure
• external problems
• microbiotic organisms (bacteria in the water lines can cause pipes to corrode, leading to sediment-clogged lines and sprinkler heads), and
• improper installation.
Some real life examples of these issues are presented in the next three slides.
Life Safety Systems: A Balanced Approach
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Active Systems - Chicago Tribune Article, December 1998
Life Safety Systems: A Balanced Approach
Sprinkler system
linked to fatal fire …
crucial valves in the
sprinkler system …
may have been
closed for years
perhaps even since
the building was built
in 1983.
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Active Systems - Washington Post Article, June 2001
From The Washington Post: “Sprinkler Recall Sounds Alarm Some Safety Officials
Fear Buildings Depend Too Heavily on Systems.”
Life Safety Systems: A Balanced Approach
….. fire destroyed a storage facility …
…sprinkler system had been disconnected
four years before...
Faulty heads blamed in sprinkler failure..
The failure was 1 in 13 reports leading to
recall by sprinkler company...
Clogged pipes caused by corrosion from
bacteria in water supply… reason for
sprinkler failure… 80-year-old woman dies.
For instance, when a fire destroyed a storage
facility at the National Severe Storms Laboratory
in Norman, Okla., earlier this month, vital research
equipment was lost, including a new Doppler radar
system for collecting data on tornadoes,
thunderstorms and hurricanes. Damage was
estimated at $1.8 million.
The sole fire-control system was a sprinkler
system. Unbeknown to fire officials and building
managers, it had been disconnected four years
before, when the lab cut part of the piping system
to make room for taller equipment. The sprinkler
system hadn't been checked annually, as it should
have been.
Faulty heads were blamed in the sprinkler failure
in a Santa Barbara, Calif., residence 18 months
ago; the two-story house sustained $200,000 in
damage. The failure was one of 13 reports that led
to the July 19 recall by Central Sprinkler Co.
Meanwhile, it was clogged pipes -- caused by
corrosion from bacteria in the water supply -- that
was cited as the reason for the sprinkler failure in
February 2000 in a nursing home outside
Philadelphia. An 80-year-old woman died, and her
sister was injured after the sprinkler closest to the
fire failed. The system's pipes were so clogged that
the full force of water couldn't reach the sprinkler
heads.
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Active Systems - Insufficient Water Pressure
In 2005, multiple floors of this 34-story structure situated in Caracas, Venezuela burned
as a result of insufficient water pressure in the pipes.
Life Safety Systems: A Balanced Approach
Photos Courtesy of Hilti, Inc.
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Passive Systems
Perimeter fire containment systems (passive systems) have proven their ability to provide
life safety and, as a result, many high-rise buildings around the world, such as those
shown below, are having this safety feature installed.
Life Safety Systems: A Balanced Approach
Petronas Towers
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Sears Tower - Chicago
Taipei 101 - Taipei, Taiwan
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Passive Systems cont’d…
The fire at the LaSalle Bank in Chicago on December 2004 burned for six hours, but due
to the passive life safety system, the fire was contained to the 29th and 30th floors.
Life Safety Systems: A Balanced Approach
LaSalle Bank Fire – Chicago, IL Photos Courtesy of Chicago Tribune
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Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
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Introduction
The illustration below indicates the areas of a commercial building where fire can
propagate. Although this course concentrates on the perimeter joints (far left), other
areas include grease ducts, interior walls, head of walls, and penetrations.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
Photo Courtesy of Specified Technologies Inc.
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Paths of Fire Propagation
Aside from flames burning through the interior wall, there are other ways fire spreads at the perimeter of a building.
1. Flames and hot gasses propagate through the joint between the wall and the slab edge.
2. Known as leap frog, this occurs when fire breaks the glass and the flames and hot gases escape outside the building and spread up the face of the curtain wall, breaking through the vision glass on the floor above. Or, if the spandrel panel is not properly protected, the fire can break through the vision glass and compromise the wall via the exterior.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
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Effect of “Leap Frog”
This diagram represents the effects of leap frog on short spandrel heights and the time
frame in which fire can break through the glass on the floor above and spread vertically
from floor to floor.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
Perimeter Fire Barrier Education
Leap Frog Effect
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ASTM E 119
The standard definition of a commercial
fire is defined by ASTM E 119 Standard
Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building
Construction and Materials.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
The performance of walls,
columns, floors, and other building
members under fire exposure
conditions is an item of major
importance in securing
constructions that are safe, and
that are not a menace to
neighboring structures nor to the
public.
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ASTM E 119 Time-Temperature Curve
The ASTM E 119 Time-
Temperature Curve illustrates
the temperature increase (Y-
axis) in relation to time,
expressed in hours (X-axis) that
occurs during a typical fire.
Note how quickly the
temperature rises within the first
few minutes of a fire.
The performance of various
materials are indicated to the left
of the graph and reviewed in
subsequent slides, beginning
with glass-fiber insulation.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
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ASTM E 119 Time Temperature Curve: Glass Fiber Insulation
The ASTM E 119 Time-Temperature Curve indicates that glass fiber insulation melts at
1,050° F, which will typically occur within 6 minutes into the ASTM E 119 fire test.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
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Glass Fiber Insulation Versus Mineral Wool Insulation
Tests were conducted to compare different types of glass fiber insulation’s performance
versus mineral wool insulation (second test specimen from the left in both images).
Notice how the glass fiber insulation melts away from the framing, while the mineral wool
insulation remains intact (right image).
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
Insulation Before Fire Test.
Mineral Wool Insulation
Insulation During Fire Test.
Mineral Wool Insulation
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ASTM E 119 – Aluminum Performance
At 9 minutes into the ASTM E 119 fire test, the temperature on the curve is 1,220°F,
which is the melting point of aluminum. At that point, any aluminum components in a
curtain wall will melt.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
Mullions and Transoms After Exposure to Fire Test
Less than 20 minutes of exposure melts aluminum transom. ASTM E 119 Time-Temperature Curve
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ASTM E 119 – Plate Glass
The temperature on the curve at 25 minutes into the fire test is 1,510°F, and it is at this
temperature that plate glass melts. Observe the failure of the plate glass at the spandrel
and vision glass as a result of exposure to the flames and hot gasses (right image).
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
Plate Vision Glass Failure ASTM E 119 Time-Temperature Curve
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ASTM E 119 – Mineral Wool Performance
At 5 hours into the ASTM E 119 time-temperature test the temperature is 2080°F and
that is the temperature at which the mineral wool insulation was exposed. At 5 hours the
test was terminated and the mineral wool was still fully intact.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
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Spandrel Failure
In a fire, glass spandrels explode when exposed to flame and hot gasses.
Aluminum melts at 1,220° F, roughly 9 minutes after the fire starts.
A granite, stone, or precast spandrel fails from cracks in the surface due to expansion and contraction that is created due to temperature differentials from the lower portion of the spandrel panel that is exposed to the fire versus the upper portion of spandrel that remains at room temperature, since it is protected by the floor slab (lower image).
Because these materials are porous, other failures occur from moisture trapped within the walls that super-heat, then explode, causing failure of the panel.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
Room Temp
1800ºF
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Spandrel Failure cont’d…
This was a curtain wall test on an assembly with a 10” spandrel. Failure occurred in less
than 30 minutes of fire exposure. Almost instantly after the exterior burner was lit, the
vision glass broke, negating any leap frog protection for the assembly. With such a short
spandrel, if this had been an office with window drapery, the fire would have quickly spread
to the 2nd floor.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
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ASTM E 2307
Perimeter fire containment systems are tested differently than other rated construction.
ASTM E 2307 is the standard test method used to determine fire resistance of exterior
curtain walls.
Pictured on the following slide, the test uses 2 rooms in a multi-story apparatus: a burner
room on the first floor, and an observation room located on the second floor directly
above the burner room.
The basic principle is to engulf the first floor room with flame and hot gasses to simulate
a room fire. Approximately 5 minutes after ignition the window burner is ignited to
simulate fire exposure on the outside of the building. The vision glass on the first floor will
break and flames and hot gasses spread up the face of the exterior wall and through the
joint between the floor slab and perimeter curtain wall.
The objective is to prevent flames and hot gasses from entering into the room above.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
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ASTM E 2307 cont’d…
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
ASTM E 2307 evaluates the joint beginning
at the face of the floor slab to the exterior
curtain wall.
An illustration of ASTM E 2307 Standard Test Method for Determining
Fire Resistance of Perimeter Fire Barrier Systems Using the
Intermediate-Scale Multi-story Test Apparatus.
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ASTM E 2307: Actual Test
The pictures below are of an actual test per ASTM E 2307.
Fire Propagation / Spandrel Failure
Showing the assembly as the
fire begins with the room
burner.
To simulate an actual fire,
the window burner is ignited
5 minutes into the test – at
that point, the vision glass
breaks out.
This image shows the test
with a fully developed fire.
Note the pressure from the
fire pushing the flame out and
up the face of the building,
resembling an actual fire.
The aftermath of the fire
shows the destruction caused
by the flame and hot gasses.
Note the loss of the transom
and mullion.
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Curtain Wall Fire Containment:
Design Principles
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Introduction
In this section of the course, we present a review of the design principles for curtain
wall fire containment.
The 6 basic design principles for installation and successful perimeter fire containment
are pictured on the following slide, which include:
1. incorporate backer bar reinforcement
2. use mineral wool insulation
3. mechanically attach the insulation
4. compression fit the safing insulation
5. protect the mullions
6. ensure an approved smoke barrier system is in place
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
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6 Basic Design Principles for Curtain Wall Fire Containment
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
Mechanical Attachments
Mineral Wool Insulation
Protect Aluminum Mullions
Smoke Barrier
Compression
Fitting Safing
Backer Bar
Reinforcement
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Backer Bar Reinforcement
A backer bar reinforcement is required at the
safing line.
Backer bars are required to maintain the seal
created in the void that results when the safing
is compression-fit from 25-50% between the
slab edge and the vertical insulation.
The force that the compressed safing creates
will cause the spandrel insulation to bow, losing
the integrity of the seal and creating an area
where fire can breach through the void.
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
Reinforcement Member
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Backer Bar Reinforcement cont’d…
Here is an example of an installation that does not have a backer bar. Notice how the
compression-fit of the safing insulation is causing the curtain wall insulation to bow. Also
note the openings this creates at the floor line. These openings allow for flame and hot
gasses to propagate to the floor above.
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
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Backer Bar Reinforcement cont’d…
Different types of backer bar reinforcements are pictured below. Typically, they are made
with 20 gauge galvanized steel.
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
Angles
T-Bars
Hat Channels
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Mechanical Attachments
The curtain wall insulation (mineral wool) should
be mechanically held in place to provide
protection to the assembly from the intense heat
of a fire.
Mechanical attachments keep the material in
place over the life of the installation, otherwise
the insulation could fall out during a fire and
loose the protection that it was intended to
provide.
Note that adhesive-applied stick pins are not a
viable solution for attaching the curtain wall
insulation as the glue would melt when exposed
to fire, allowing the insulation to fall out.
Mechanically Attached
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
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Mechanical Attachments cont’d…
There are several types of mechanical attachments. Refer to the UL (Underwriters
Laboratories) or OPL (Omega Point Laboratories, Inc.)/ Intertek Fire Resistance
Directories for specific use of various fasteners.
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
Impaling Pin
Impaling Pin with Clutch Clip
90° Insulation Hanger
Vertical Impasse Hanger
Z Clip
Horizontal Impasse Hanger
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Compression-fit safing insulation is used to fill the gap between the face of the slab and
the exterior curtain wall insulation (left image). Safing can be installed with the fibers
either in the vertical or horizontal direction. The designs are very specific and the safing
needs to be installed according to a tested system.
Compression Fit Safing
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
Vertical Fiber Horizontal Fiber
Compression Fit Safing
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Protect the Mullions
Why is it important to protect the aluminum
mullions?
Because, aluminum melts at 1220° F and it
happens as quickly as 9 minutes into a fire.
This image shows a mineral wool mullion cover,
mechanically fastened over the aluminum
mullions to protect them from fire exposure.
Protect Mullions
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
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Smoke Barrier
Smoke is the leading cause of death in a fire. In
fact, 75% of fire related deaths are caused by
smoke inhalation.
The proper application of a smoke barrier
system is an important design practice for
smoke containment.
As illustrated in the image at right, the smoke
sealant goes over the safing insulation.
What do the codes say about smoke?
Smoke Barrier
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
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Smoke Barrier cont’d…
According to the 2009 IBC Code, the definition of a smoke barrier calls for a continuous
membrane designed to restrict the movement of smoke.
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
2009 IBC Code- Definition of a Smoke Barrier:
A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall, floor, or
ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of
smoke.
Section 407.4 Smoke Barriers:
Smoke barriers shall be provided to subdivide every story used by patients for
sleeping or treatment and to divide other stories with an occupant load of 50 or
more persons, into at least two smoke compartments. Such stories shall be
divided into smoke compartments with an area of not more than 22,500 square
feet (2092 m2) and the travel distance from any point in a smoke compartment
to a smoke barrier door shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm). The smoke
barrier shall be in accordance with Section 710.
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Good Design Practices - Location of the I-Beam
Although tested assemblies are fairly prescriptive on the elements of a successful
perimeter fire containment system, there are other good design practices that are not
always covered by the tested assemblies.
One is the location of the I-beam.
If the I-beam is in close proximity to the exterior curtain wall, it can interfere with the
mechanical installation of the curtain wall insulation, the backer bar, and the mullion
covers.
It is far easier to install the curtain wall fire containment system if the structural beam is
not flush to the floor slab edge.
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 56 of 80
Insulation Spacing - Spandrel Glass
Another important design practice, although it’s not spelled out in UL and OPL/Intertek designs, is allowing for a minimum 1” space between the curtain wall insulation and the spandrel glass panel.
According to The GANA Glazing Manual:
The GANA Glazing Manual is recognized as the definitive source in the glazing industry. Its purpose is to educate and provide general guidelines for proper installation techniques.
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
The preferred practice for both ceramic and opacified spandrel glass is to space the
insulation 1” (25mm), or more, back from the interior face of the glass. Also, the insulation
should be secured so it will not touch the glass even if it should sag over time or be
compressed at the floor line fire safing. The air space also will improve the thermal
properties of the spandrel cavity and help ensure an even distribution of heat behind the
glass.
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 57 of 80
Insulation Spacing - Pre-Cast Spandrel Panels
What about pre-cast spandrel panels?
There should also be a 1” space between the back of the curtain wall insulation and the
interior face of the precast panel. The assembly shown on the next slide has clutch clips
mechanically fastened to the precast, allowing a 1” air gap.
A gutter system is installed to properly drain moisture condensation through the cavity of
the wall.
The curtain wall insulation is foil faced to provide a vapor retarder. Also, the use of
silicone caulk aids in moisture control.
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 58 of 80
Insulation Spacing - Pre-Cast Spandrel Panels cont’d…
Curtain Wall Fire Containment: Design Principles
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 59 of 80
Building Codes / Testing Standards
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 60 of 80
Introduction
In this next section we present a review of how
the current model building codes address life
safety protection requirements for the perimeter
of a building.
Underlined on the following slide, the IBC 2009
Section 714.4 basically states that the void
created between the slab edge and the curtain
wall must be sealed with an approved system
that remains securely in position for the time
period equal to the rating of the floor assembly.
Revisions were made in 2006 to include the new
ASTM E 2307 Standard Test Method for
Perimeter Fire Barrier Systems.
Building Codes / Testing Standards
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 61 of 80
IBC 2009 – Section 714.4
Building Codes / Testing Standards
Note that the current code addresses interior spread of fire only and “leap frog” fire spread is not addressed. It is important
that architects/designers consider “leap frog” fire spread when evaluating and designing buildings.
IBC 2009 Section 714.4 Exterior Curtain Wall/Floor Intersection:
Where fire resistance-rated floor or floor / ceiling assemblies are required, voids created
at the intersection of the exterior curtain wall assemblies and such floor assemblies shall
be sealed with an approved system to prevent the interior spread of fire. Such systems
shall be securely installed and tested in accordance with ASTM E 2307 to prevent the
passage of flame for the time period at least equal to the fire-resistance rating of the floor
assembly and prevent the passage of heat and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton
waste. Height and fire-resistance requirements for curtain wall spandrels shall comply
with Section 705.8.5.
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 62 of 80
IBC 2009 – Section 714.4.1
Building Codes / Testing Standards
IBC 2009 Section 714.4.1 Exterior Curtain Wall and Non Fire-Resistance Rated
Floor Assembly Intersections:
Voids created at the intersection of exterior curtain wall assemblies and non fire-
resistance-rated floor or floor/ceiling assemblies shall be sealed with an approved
material or system to retard the interior spread of fire and hot gases between stories.
Until 2009, IBC did not address perimeter fire protection and non fire-rated floors. This section (714.4.1) was added to
provide some level of fire protection at this location.
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 63 of 80
IBC 2009 - Section 705.8.5
The curtain wall section of the code also references Section 705.8.5 Vertical Separation
of Openings (see next slide).
It refers to the 3’ spandrel height which is sometimes misinterpreted that a spandrel
height is not needed or only safing is necessary to meet the extension of the rating of the
slab.
Also, there is nothing in this section or any other section of the code that states the
Exterior Curtain Wall/Floor intersection (714.4) can be ignored, therefore, the code strictly
enforces the requirement that the fire resistance rating of the floor assembly be
maintained.
Building Codes / Testing Standards
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IBC 2009 - Section 705.8.5 cont’d…
Building Codes / Testing Standards
Section 705.8.5 Vertical Separation of Openings:
Openings in exterior walls in adjacent stories shall be separated vertically to protect
against fire spread on the exterior of the buildings where the openings are within 5 feet
(1524mm) of each other horizontally and the opening in the lower story is not a
protected opening with a fire protection rating of not less than ¾ hour. Such openings
shall be separated vertically at least 3 feet (914mm) by spandrel girders, exterior walls
or other similar assemblies that have a fire-resistance rating of at least 1 hour or by
flame barriers that extend horizontally at least 30 inches (762mm) beyond the exterior
wall…
Exceptions:
1. This section shall not apply to buildings that are three stories or above grade plane.
2. This section shall not apply to buildings equipped throughout with an automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.
3. This section shall not apply to open parking garages.
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IBC 2009 - Section 714.5
Building Codes / Testing Standards
This code strictly enforces the requirement that the fire resistance rating of the floor assembly be maintained and there
are no exceptions. Tested and listed systems by UL and OPL/Intertek requires that the spandrel area must be protected in
order to meet the Building Codes.
Please remember the exam password SPANDREL. You will be required to enter it in order to
proceed with the online examination.
IBC 2009 - Section 714.5 Spandrel Wall:
Height and fire–resistance requirements for curtain wall spandrels shall comply with
Section 705.8.5. Where Section 705.8.5 does not require a fire-resistance-rated spandrel
wall, the requirements of Section 714.4 shall still apply to the intersection between the
spandrel wall and the floor.
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 66 of 80
Tested Assemblies
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 67 of 80
Introduction
How does one source tested assemblies?
There are two fire resistance directories (URL links provided on Slide 74) in which fire containment systems are listed:
1. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL)
2. Omega Point Laboratories, Inc. (OPL)/Intertek
Within these two directories, there are over 280 tested and listed perimeter fire containment systems. There are some very specific differences between the listed systems for UL and OPL/Intertek that will be reviewed in this section of the course.
Tested Assemblies
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 68 of 80
UL and OPL/Intertek Directories
All UL curtain wall designs require a specific manufacturer’s insulation; no generic
designs are published.
Conversely, OPL/Intertek does list some generic designs, but the insulation manufacturer
must be listed in the OPL/Intertek Building Materials Directory in order to be used in
these assemblies.
Industries pay UL and OPL/Intertek to provide frequent 3rd party inspections to ensure
products are manufactured to meet testing standards. It is important to note that when
substituting manufacturers, there is no assurance that their system will perform equally.
The next two slides explain the specifications of the directories.
Tested Assemblies
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 69 of 80
Directory Specifications
Tested Assemblies
Static or Dynamic CW-D-/ CW-S-/ CEJ- P
Insulation Rating (hour) maximum temperature rise not to exceed 325º F maximum
individual or 250º F average above the starting
temperature on unexposed surface or 1” above
L Rating (hour)
measure of air leakage in CFM/linear ft. @ ambient and
400º F temperatures
Movement Capabilities vertical shear and horizontal movement
F- Rating (hour)
interior spread per ASTM E 2307
Integrity Rating (hour) interior spread (F-Rating) and leap frog
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 70 of 80
Understanding the Directory Specifications
In explanation of the following slide, UL listings begin with CW (curtain wall) and
OPL/Intertek listings begin with CEJ–P (perimeter). UL lists both Dynamic and Static
Systems, designated by “D” or “S.” OPL/Intertek designs are all dynamic, therefore, there
is no designation in their listing number. Dynamic systems were tested for movement
capabilities at the joint, whereas static systems were not tested for movement.
The Insulation Rating listed in both UL and OPL/Intertek designs is an hourly rating
based on the temperature transmission on unexposed surface or 1” above the
unexposed surface (which is, typically, the criteria used in establishing hourly ratings for
walls, floors, etc.).
The L Rating is the air leakage rating of the joint through the perimeter fire containment
system in CFM per linear foot per minute at ambient and/or above 400° F air temperature
at an air pressure differential of 0.30 in. of water.
Tested Assemblies
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 71 of 80
Understanding the Directory Specifications cont’d…
The codes are incorporating language that is requiring specific measurements for smoke
control and, in fact, it is anticipated that soon the code on smoke control language will be
incorporated into all areas of fire containment.
Penetration smoke barriers shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of UL
1479.
Note that neither the ASTM standard or the codes specify that dynamic systems be
tested. The requirement is a specification by the architect.
Tested Assemblies
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 72 of 80
Understanding the Directory Specifications cont’d…
F Rating is required by ASTM E2307 and it is the ability of the design to prevent flame
and hot gasses from passing through the interior of the system between the edge of the
slab and the interior face of the curtain wall. Both UL and OPL/Intertek designs list the F
Rating per the ASTM standard.
Integrity Rating is a listing only used by UL. This rating, expressed in hours, represents
the systems ability to maintain the interior (F-Rating), plus prevent the leap frog effect
from occurring and causing failure.
In terms of Movement Capabilities, the actual amount of movement at the curtain wall
and slab edge is questionable. There will likely be some shear movement at the floor, but
how much horizontal movement is debatable. A static system will be acceptable if the
mullions are attached at the floor to deter horizontal movement.
Examples of rated assemblies appear on the next slide.
Tested Assemblies
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 73 of 80
Examples of Rated Assemblies
Tested Assemblies
F Rating — 2 Hour
Integrity Rating — 2 Hour
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 74 of 80
Engineering Judgments
What if there is no tested assembly available that matches a particular design?
That is where engineering judgments come into play, since listed assemblies do not
always match real-world situations.
If there is no tested assembly for a particular design, the manufacturer, or an
independent third party, such as UL or OPL/Intertek, can evaluate the design and issue
an engineering judgment. Engineering judgments are basically interpolations of
previously tested systems that are similar in nature.
Sources of recommended guidelines for evaluating and providing engineering judgments
for firestopping systems are available.
Tested Assemblies
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 75 of 80
IFC (International Firestop Council)
Tested Assemblies
One such source is the IFC (International Firestop Council). Click on the link provided on
Slide 74 for further information.
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 76 of 80
Summary
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 77 of 80
Important Points
• The three elements that the building community uses to address life safety are
detection, suppression (active systems) and compartmentation (passive systems).
• Six basic design principles for a successful fire containment system installation
include: incorporating a backer bar reinforcement, using mineral wool insulation,
mechanically attaching the insulation, compression fit the safing insulation, protecting
the mullions, and ensuring an approved smoke barrier system is in place.
• IBC 2009 Section 713.4 states that the void created between the slab edge and the
curtain wall must be sealed with an approved system capable of preventing the interior
spread of fire. Such systems shall be securely installed and tested in accordance with
ASTM E2307 to prevent the passage of flame for the time period at least equal to the
fire-resistance rating of the floor assembly.
• A balanced approach (detection, active, and compartmentation) using redundant life
safety systems provides the best fire protection in high-rise construction.
Summary
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 78 of 80
References and Resources
• UL (Underwriters Laboratories Inc.), www.ul.com
(date accessed: Jan 06, 2009)
• OPL (Omega Point Laboratories, Inc.)/Intertek, www.opl.com
(date accessed: Jan 06, 2009)
• IFC (International Firestop Council), www.firestop.org
(date accessed: Jan 06, 2009)
• American Society for Testing and Materials, www.astm.org
(date accessed: Jan 06, 2009)
• International Code Council (ICC), www.iccsafe.org
(date accessed: Jan 06, 2009)
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), www.nfpa.org
(date accessed: Jan 06, 2009)
• Alliance for Fire and Smoke Containment and Control, www.afscc.org
(date accessed: Jan 06, 2009)
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 79 of 80
Course Evaluations
In order to maintain high-quality learning experiences, please access the evaluation for this
course by logging into CES Discovery and clicking on the Course Evaluation link on the left
side of the page.
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©2009 ∙ Table of Contents Slide 80 of 80
©2009 Thermafiber, Inc. The material
contained in this course was
researched, assembled, and produced
by Thermafiber, Inc. and remains their
property. Questions or concerns about
this course should be directed to the
instructor.
Conclusion of This Program
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