Periodic TablePeriodic Table
The First Periodic Table of The First Periodic Table of ElementsElements
Discovered by Discovered by Dmitri MendeleevDmitri Mendeleev
Only had Only had 63 63 naturally naturally occurring elements to occurring elements to work withwork with
Organized the table by Organized the table by IncreasingIncreasing Atomic Atomic MassMassLeft places for Left places for undiscovered undiscovered elementselements
All Modern NewAll Modern NewThe Modern Periodic The Modern Periodic
TableTableOrganized by Organized by
Henry MosleyHenry Mosley
Arranged by Arranged by
Increasing Atomic Increasing Atomic NumbersNumbers
Valence ElectronsValence ElectronsElectrons found in the last Electrons found in the last shell, orbital or energy levelshell, orbital or energy level
The Code: The Code:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 81, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Look above the column for Look above the column for
the number paired with the number paired with “A”“A”
Oxidation NumberOxidation Number
Number of electrons Number of electrons that the element will that the element will gain or lose to gain or lose to become stable.become stable.
Code:Code:– +1,+2, +3, +/-4, -3,+1,+2, +3, +/-4, -3,
-2,-1,0-2,-1,0
Parts of the Periodic TableParts of the Periodic Table
RowsRows – Periods – Periods (arranged by # of (arranged by # of shells)shells)
ColumnsColumns- Families or Groups- Families or Groups (arranged by the valence electrons and (arranged by the valence electrons and properties)properties)
PeriodsPeriods
How many? How many?
77Why are they placed Why are they placed here? here?
They have the They have the same # of same # of shells, orbitals shells, orbitals or energy levelsor energy levels
Families or GroupsFamilies or Groups
How many columns? How many columns?
1818Why are elements Why are elements placed here? placed here?
They have the They have the same chemical same chemical properties and properties and valence #valence #
Classification of ElementsClassification of Elements
1. 1. MetalsMetals
2. 2. NonmetalsNonmetals
3. 3. MetalloidsMetalloids
Metal Metal PropertiesProperties
ShinyShiny High Melting PointHigh Melting Point Ductile (form into a Ductile (form into a
wire)wire) Malleable (hammer into Malleable (hammer into
a shape)a shape) Reacts with acidReacts with acid Good conductorsGood conductors Found on the left hand Found on the left hand
side of the tableside of the table Most of the elements Most of the elements
are metalsare metals Francium—most Francium—most
reactive metalreactive metal
Nonmetal Nonmetal PropertiesProperties
DullDull Low melting pointLow melting point BrittleBrittle Poor conductorsPoor conductors Found on the right Found on the right
hand side of the hand side of the table.table.
Gas at room tempGas at room temp Fluorine—most Fluorine—most
reactive nonmetalreactive nonmetal
MetalloidsMetalloids Both characteristics Both characteristics
of Metals and of Metals and NonmetalsNonmetals
Found on the stair Found on the stair step line on the tablestep line on the table
Left side – metal Left side – metal qualitiesqualities
Right side – Right side – nonmetal qualitiesnonmetal qualities
MetalloidsMetalloids
Periodic PropertiesPeriodic Properties
Electron ArrangementElectron Arrangement– Table is arranged by increasing atomic numberTable is arranged by increasing atomic number
Atomic SizeAtomic Size– decreases from left to right (Gravity pulls in the decreases from left to right (Gravity pulls in the
electrons towards the center)electrons towards the center)– Increases in size from top to bottom (more shells)Increases in size from top to bottom (more shells)
ReactivityReactivity– The left side is more unstable than the right side.The left side is more unstable than the right side.
Metallic PropertiesMetallic Properties– Left to right – metals to nonmetalsLeft to right – metals to nonmetals
All in the FamilyAll in the FamilyFamilies of the Periodic TableFamilies of the Periodic Table
1.1. Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals
2.2. Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals
3.3. Transitional MetalsTransitional Metals
4.4. Boron FamilyBoron Family
5.5. Carbon FamilyCarbon Family
6.6. Nitrogen FamilyNitrogen Family
7.7. Oxygen FamilyOxygen Family
8.8. Halogen FamilyHalogen Family
9.9. Noble Gases FamilyNoble Gases Family
FamiliesFamilies
Alkali Metals 1AAlkali Metals 1A 1 valence electron1 valence electron Violent reaction to Violent reaction to
waterwater Francium is the most Francium is the most
reactive metalreactive metal
Alkaline Earth Alkaline Earth Metals 2AMetals 2A 2 valence electrons2 valence electrons Mg and Ca (clays and Mg and Ca (clays and
laxatives)laxatives)
FamiliesFamilies
Transitional Transitional MetalsMetals
3B – 12B3B – 12B Vary in Valence #Vary in Valence # Brightly coloredBrightly colored Oxides – combine Oxides – combine
with oxygenwith oxygen
FamiliesFamilies
Boron 3ABoron 3A 3 valence electrons3 valence electrons Al: only metal on the Al: only metal on the
stair step linestair step line
Carbon 4ACarbon 4A Carbon is the element Carbon is the element
of lifeof life 4 valence electrons4 valence electrons
FamiliesFamilies
Nitrogen 5ANitrogen 5A 5 Valence electrons5 Valence electrons N: 78% of airN: 78% of air Main components of Main components of
fertilizersfertilizers
Oxygen 6AOxygen 6A 6 Valence electrons6 Valence electrons O: reacts with All O: reacts with All
elements and most elements and most abundant element in abundant element in Earth’s crust. Earth’s crust.
FamiliesFamilies
Halogen 7AHalogen 7A 7 Valence electrons7 Valence electrons Fluorine: most Fluorine: most
reactive nonmetalreactive nonmetal Salt formersSalt formers Reactive with metalsReactive with metals
Noble Gases 8A Noble Gases 8A Inert GasesInert Gases Most stableMost stable No reactivityNo reactivity All shells are fullAll shells are full 8 valence electrons8 valence electrons
Drawing Bohr’s Models
# of energy levels = # row element is in (period #)# of electrons in outer shell = valence electron (group #)Orbital one has a max of 2 electronsAll other orbitals have a max of 8 electrons
Practice
He
Ne
N