Seminal discoveries
Theoretical achievements
Application of new technology to
transportation and manufacture
New physical landscape
Improved quality of everyday
material life
Sir David Brewster (11 December 1781 – 10 February 1868) was a Scottish
physicist, mathematician, astronomer, inventor, writer and university
principal
Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath. He was
a mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, who is best remembered
now for originating the concept of a programmable computer
The importance of science as:
Mode of useful knowledge
Instrument of self-improvement
Aid to profitable, rational and
individualistic economic activity
Pillar of natural religion
"In Science, as well as in almost
everything else, our national genius
inclines us to prefer voluntary
associations of private persons to
organizations of any kind dependent
on the State"
Utilitarianism*
Natural Religion**
Social attitudes of scientists
* Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the proper course of action is the one thatmaximizes utility, usually defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering (Anscombe, G. E. M.,‘ModernMoral Philosophy’ in Philosophy, Vol. 33, No. 124. (Jan., 1958), pp. 12)**Natural religion most frequently means the "religion of nature," in which God, the soul, spirits, and allobjects of the supernatural are considered as part of nature and not separate from it.
Emphasized:
a) Self-adjustment of the social
mechanism
b) Social problems as matters
for technical solution
Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June1895) was an English biologist (comparativeanatomist), known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for hisadvocacy of Charles Darwin's theory ofevolution
John Tyndall (2 August 1820 – 4 December1893) was a prominent 19th centuryphysicist. His initial scientific fame arose inthe 1850s from his study of diamagnetism
Evolution
Atomism
Conservation
Clergy
Religion
metaphysics
Self-conscious
professional
scientific
community
New material
comfort
Better health and
physical well being
Intellectual liberty
Incorporated into
the educational
system
Social mobility
Early 1870s British scientists:
Independent Professionally Self-defined
community
Little influence inthe civic arena.
The state refused topatronize them in aregular fashion
Industry ignoredthem
Educational systemmarginallyincorporated them
C) The third period:
More civic minded and state-oriented
Values of:
a. Collectivism
b. Nationalism,
c. Military Preparedness
d. Patriotism
e. Political Elitism
f. Social Imperialism