Personalisation Primer
• Personlisation shouldnot…• Frustratetheuser• Hideinformationfromauser• Treattheuserasastaticvariable!
• Personalisation should…• AlleviateCognitiveOverload• EnhanceMotivation• PromoteMetacognition,specificallyReflection
• Personalisation shouldalso…• Tailortheexperiencetoeachuser’sspecificneeds• Evolveastheuserevolves• Benon-invasive
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Personalisation IngredientsandRecipes
User Content*
Context Strategy
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DigitalEducationalGames
• Personalised TechnologyEnhancedLearningmeetsVideoGames• TraditionaleLearningsuffersfromhighdrop-outrates
• Gamescanbehighlymotivatingandengaging
• Createnewworldstoexperimentandplayin
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BuildingDigitalEducationalGamesisEasy?
Educational(eLearning)
Game
DigitalXCS7IS5- Personalisation:ELEKTRACaseStudy 5
Withyour brains and my looks we
could produce remarkable
children
Ah yes, but what if they have my looks and your
brains?
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Game+eLearning≠Motivational and Fun Learning Experience
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PotentialofDigitalEducationalGames
Educational
•Cognition•Meta-cognition•Self-regulation
Digital
•AmazingWorlds•Personalisable•Explorative•OpenEnded
Game
•Visual•Fun•Motivational•Flow
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• CommercialSuccess• SomeEducationalBenefit
CurrentDEGs
• ScienceEducation• SeparationofLearningandGaming
• EffectiveLearningShown
• LargeUptake
• InteractiveEmotionalDrama
• RichNarrative 9
ELEKTRA- EnhancedLearningExperienceandKnowledgeTransfer
• FP6Call4STREP• Kick-Off
• 1stFebruary2006
• Duration• 24months
• 9Participantsin6countries
• Overall Budget €3m (€2.5m EC contribution)§ ~€450,000 for TCD
• Non-invasive Personalisation in a 3D Immersive Educational Game§ Physics/Optics Curriculum§ Aimed at 12-15 year olds§ Story-driven Adventure§ Multidisciplinary§ Pedagogy,CognitivePsychology,
ComputerScience, 3DGameDevelopers,Neuroscience,EducationalPublishers
§ 4-Stageapproachtonon-invasivepersonalisation
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ResearchChallenges
• CurrentAdaptiveDigitalEducationalGames• Embedtheadaptivelogicinthegamemakingthemdifficulttoalter/improve• Offerlimitedpersonalisation• Donotoffermetacognitivesupport
• Challenges• SeparatePersonalisation fromtheGame
• Ensurethelearnerdoesnotnotice!• Performimplicitmodelling ofthelearner’sneeds• Offerseamlesspersonalisation(s)
• Coherentwiththegameexperience
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User Content*
Context Strategy
ELEKTRA
• EndUsersarequitehomogeneous!
• DomainExperts• GameDesigners• Pedagogues
• HighlyInteractive• HighlyDynamic• Mustbeseamless
• Explorative• Experimentation
• NPCGuidance• Environment
Guidance• Meta-cognition
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ELEKTRAandNarrative
• Concepts• Physics(Optics/Magnetism)domainmodel(KnowledgeSpaceTheory)
• Objectives• Educational(Cognitive):Mastertheconceptsinthedomainmodel• Meta-Cognitive:AcquireConfidenceandPrudenceskills• Motivation:Becomeimmersedinthegameexperience
• Strategy• Cognitive,Meta-cognitive,Affect/Motivationsupports
• ContextualModels• Implicitlyconstructedmodelofuser(basedoninteractionswithenvironment)
• Reconciliation• Basedonusermodelprogressaccordingtodomainmodel;Meta-cognition;Affect
• Binding• AdaptationElements(usuallytriggeringNPCBehaviour)
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ELEKTRA– Whatitlookslike!
• Game:Adventure• Digital:FPS/3D• Educational:Physics-Optics/Magnetism
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ScreenshotfromELEKTRA
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GeneralSpecific
GameEngine
LearningEngine
SeparationofConcerns(1)
Interpret
(2)Accumulate
(3)Constrain
(4)Recommend
AdaptiveEngine 3
ModifiedNebula 2
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Non-invasiveAdaptation(1)
Interpret (2)Accumulate
(3)Constrain(4)
Recommend
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ELEKTRA- Personalisation
• TheGamingEnginesendsEventstotheLearningEngine
• TheLearningEnginedecidesonthemostappropriateAdaptation
• TheLearningEnginesendsaAdaptiveIntervention,intheformofAdaptiveElements,totheGamingEngine
• Thisprocessiscyclicalandreal-time(approx.10-25msec)
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PersonalisationAxes• Hinting
• Knowledge-based
• Feedback• Cognitive• InstantMeta-Cognitive• TendencyMeta-Cognitive• NPCConfidence/Prudence(Meta-Reflective)
• Affective/Motivational
“Youareright”
“…andmoreoveryouwereconvincedabout
youranswer”
“…eachtimeyougiveacorrectanswer,youseemtobecertainofit,thisisexactlywhatIexpectfromyou!”
“Yes.Itisn’teasy,andI’mnotsurethatIwoulddoanybetterinyourposition,butyoumustpersevere.”
“Woodisnotinfluencedbymagnetism!”
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ELEKTRA– BenefitsofPersonalisation
• Adaptthegameandlearningtothelearner’s• Needs• Preferences• Abilities
• Improvedlearningperformance• KnowledgeGain• SelfRegulation• Meta-CognitiveAwareness
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ELEKTRA– SuccessesandLimitations• Successes
• ImmersiveGameplayPlayersenjoyedit
• IntegratedEducationActuallyenhancedlearning!
• Non-invasiveModelling• Non-invasivePersonalisations
• Limitations• Costly
Richlydetailed3Denvironment;NPCDialogandModelling• LimitedModularity
Detailednon-adaptivestoryline
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ImmersiveGameplay+IntegratedEducation+CompellingStory=
Motivational and Fun Learning Experience
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Summary• Motivationisessential• Micro-adaptivity showsgreatpotentialinpersonalising highlyvisualenvironments
• 4StageNon-invasiveApproach• NeedtoharmonizethiswiththeMulti-modelApproach
• Macro-adaptivity ispossiblymorecomplex• NegotiationbetweentheLearningandNarrativeEngineswouldberequired
• We’lltalkabout80Dayslater
• Meta-cognitionisdesirable
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Whatwecoveredtoday
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