SchoolJobWorking place
To get money
Retreat from job &
Taking a rest for thinking
Schole (in Greek, Leisure 休食)
Philosophical aspect
Heraclitus
He taught himself by questioning
(Ἡράκλειηος ὁ Ἐθέζιος — Hērákleitos ho Ephésios; c. 535–c. 475 BCE)
The weeping philosopher
Philosophical aspect
Nature loves to hide
Nature Unveiling Herself To Science,
created by Louis Barrias in 1899
Regarding properties
The path up and down is one
Nature has two opposite properties
The origin of dualism.
Nature is changing
πάνηα χωρεῖ καὶ οὐδὲν μένει
Panta chōrei kai ouden menei
"Everything changes and nothing remains still"
You cannot step twice into the same river
Nature is behaving
Any operating system
underlying behavior?
The History of Behavioral Science: Nature vs. Nurture Debates
Rene Descartes (1596-1650),
De Homine – 1662
Mechanistic view of behavior
Pineal gland – gateway to soul
Cartesian Gapbetween human and animal
Animal machine without soul
Human Soul-dependent operating system
Hydraulic mechanics
Soul is here!
Tabular rasa:
John Locke (1690)Empiricism - knowledge is gained by experience
as provided to the mind by the senses.
-these views advanced by others
David Hume in the 1700s
Treatise of Human Nature
Enquiry concerning human understanding, 1748
Connectionism
Ivan Pavlov
CS CR
URUS CS
CS-US pairing
Stimuli vs. Behavior relations
“Two stimuli are connected in the brain”
BehavioralismBurrhus Skinner (1938)
– All learned behavior is the result of selective
Reinforcement of random responses
– Mental states (what goes on in our minds) have
no effect on our actions
– Similarity between reinforcement and natural
selection: random mutations are "selected" by
the environment, random behavior is also
selected by the environment
Skinner box
Genes and EnvironmentSir Francis Galton (1822-1911)
"Twins have a special claim upon our
attention; it is, that their history affords
means of distinguishing between the effects
of tendencies received at birth, and those
that were imposed by the special
circumstances of their after lives."
Inquiries into Human Faculty and its
Development,1875
Twin study
Four kinds of twin
Monozygotic twin
Same
Different
Genotype Growth environment
Di-zygotic twin
Same
Different
You can compare MONO-Same vs. MON-Diff or MONO-same vs. Di-same
Lorenz, ImprintingThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973
“Imprinting is an Innate genetic program”
Genetic basis of learning and memory (1992)
S. Tonegawa
Nobel prize winner, 1987
Morris water maze
CAMKII KO MICE (Silva et al.,1992)
Chapter 1 Opener: Charles Darwin‘s study
Epigenetics: Environmental effects on gene
expression via chromatin remodeling
+
GeneEnvironment
The theory of evolution
Hypothesis on similarities and
differences among animals
All living life has a common ancestor
Natural Selection theory:
―Random mutations selected by Environment‖
Variation
Geological isolation
Natural selection
Species differentiation
Why we have the behavior?
“Because our ancestors had it”
“But it was not as it is”
“Still changing gradually according
to natural selection”
Continuity between human and animals
1832, meeting Fuegian natives
It is much greater than between wild &
domesticated animal …no lower grade of
man could be found
1838, Orangutan named Jenny
‗Let man visit Ouranoutang in
domestication..see its intelligence..and
then let him boast of his proud
preeminence…
Man in his arrogance thinks himself a great
work, worthy and interposition of deity.
More humble and I believe true to
consider him created from animals…’
Charles Darwin on the Mental
Continuity of Humans and Animals
Nevertheless the difference in mind between man and
the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of
degree and not of kind. We have seen that the senses and
intuitions, the various emotions and faculties, such as love,
memory, attention, curiosity, imitation, reason, etc., of which
man boasts, may be found in an incipient, or even
sometimes in a well-developed condition, in the lower
animals.
In the end of Darwin's two chapters in the Descent of Man
Chapter 1 Opener: Charles Darwin‘s study
Darwinian theory
on species diversificationA
BC
DE
FG
B E G
Tim
e (
na
tura
l s
ele
cti
on
)
Genetic variation + differential reproductive success = evolutionary changes
Chapter 1 Opener: Charles Darwin‘s study
How to explain behaviors?
• By stimuli which triggers the response
• By structure of nervous system to induce the behavior
• By genes which control the development or physiological
function of the brain
• By evolutionary theory …his ancestor gained the behavior
during natural selection process
Proximate and Ultimate Questions
• Proximate, or ―how,‖ questions about
behavior
– Focus on the environmental stimuli that trigger a
behavior
– Focus on the genetic, physiological, and
anatomical mechanisms underlying a
behavioral act
• Ultimate, or ―why,‖ questions about behavior
– Address the evolutionary significance of a
behavior
ULTIMATE CAUSE:By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that
eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.
BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory.
PROXIMATE CAUSE:The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus that releases
aggression in a male stickleback.
Proximate and Ultimate Questions
Why they donate their money?
Proximate causes…
Emotional cause-They feel happy when donate something
-They are happy when others praise their behaviors
Sociopolitical cause-They can get better things by doing so
Others-They hate money!
Proximate and Ultimate Questions
Group selection theory:If all people are selfish, the group will disappear soon.
Darwinian View:Those individual has a higher reproductive success
Ultimate causes…
Why they donate their money?
1.1 The monogamous prairie vole
http://animaldiversity.ummz.
umich.edu/site/accounts/inf
ormation/Microtus_ochroga
ster.html
Animal Library:
Rodents are usually polygamous or
promiscuous…
Prairie vole, however,
monogamous and father
takes care babies well!
Microtus ochrogaster
In monogamous relationships– One male mates with one female
(a) Since monogamous species, such as these trumpeter
swans, are often monomorphic, males and females
are difficult to distinguish using external characteristics
only.
Polygamous system
In a system called polygyny– One male mates with many females
– The males are often more showy and larger
than the females
Among polygynous species, such as elk, the male (left) is
often highly ornamented.
In polyandrous systems– One female mates with many males
– The females are often more showy than the males
In polyandrous species, such as these Wilson’s phalaropes,
females (top) are generally more ornamented than males.
Polygamous system
Which one is mostly effective for
human mating system?
Group discussion
1. Promiscuity (random mating)
2. Polygyny (e.g. infanticidal)
3. Polyandrous
4. Monogamous (e.g. baby sitting by father)
Monogamous vs. polygamous
Prarie vole: social, mono
Meadow vole: solitary, poly
Vasopressin
receptor (V1aR)
Dopamine
receptor (D1)
Ventral fore brain
Finding a cause of behavior
1.2 The brain of the prairie vole is a complex, highly organized machine
V1aR receptor expression
A Proximate cause
Monogamous vs. polygamous
Ligand:
Arginin-vasopression (AVP)
Receptor:
V1aRPrarie vole: social, mono
Meadow vole: solitary, poly
If V1aR expressed in the male meadow vole
First love
Stranger
1.7 Testing the hypothesis that monogamy in prairie voles is linked to a specific gene
Box 1.1 How to study ultimate causes?
Species X : ATTGCATATGTTAAA
Species Y : ATTGCATATGGTAAA
Species Z : GTTGTACATGTTAAT
1.4 The evolutionary relationships of the prairie vole and six of its relatives
A Ultimate cause:
How mating system evolve?
1.5 The possible history behind monogamy in the prairie vole
Trial-and-error period
How he recognize his children?
Why females behave like this?
Males begin to protect females
Why male care children?
1.7 Testing the hypothesis that monogamy in prairie voles is linked to a specific gene
Wanderer vs. Resident
Pair bonding intensity
Behavior is not inherited
thus, genetic mechanisms
Lading to change in the brain
must be involved
1.6 The connection between evolutionary history and the mechanisms of behavior
Behavior is not inherited
thus, genetic mechanisms
Lading to change in the brain
must be involved
1.11 A band of Hanuman langur females and their offspring
Male langurs commit infanticide
Baby wounded by infanti-killing male
Mother
1.15 An evolved response to the risk of infanticide
A Male Assassin bug
Male takes care their eggs
Male protects those eggs from against parasitic wasps
A mystery…he do not lose weight during egg guarding
even though they cannot feed elsewhere!!!
Evolved response to the risk of infanticide
1.15 An evolved response to the risk of infanticide
A Giant Water bugs
Male takes care their eggs
Female attacks male or destroys all of his eggs
If fail to do defense, the egg-less males may then mate the killer female
How to explain the infanticidal
behaviors?
Group discussion
1. Cannibalism
2. Group selection (by Wynne-Edwards in 1962)
3. Quicker reproduction (by Sarah Hirdy)
1.13 Variation in suicidal tendencies in a make-believe lemming-like species
The Group selection theory by Wynne-Edwards in 1962
Social mortality (Infanticide and suicide)
contributes to the stabilization of population
1.13 Variation in suicidal tendencies in a make-believe lemming-like species
Adaptive mechanismAdaptation and Natural selection
By George C. Williams in 1966
The survival of alleles is
determined by reproductive success
of individual not by population size