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Phonetics & Phonology
Topic 3:
sounds and sound patterns oflanguage
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Phonology
Description of the systems and patterns ofspeech sounds in a language
Concerned with mentalaspects of the
sounds in language NOT actual physical articulation of speech
sounds
Concerned with abstractset of sounds in alanguagedistinguish meaning in actualphysical sounds we say & hear
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The sound system of a language
Phonology
Includes the inventory of sounds (phonetic
& phonemic units) and rules for their
combination and pronunciation
The study of sound system of all
languages
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Different sounds of /t/
Tar
Star
Writer Eighth
In actual speech these /t/ sounds are very
different
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How about these sounds?
Car
Tar
Far Bar
Distinct meaningful sounds
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Phonetics
Bat
Cat
Fat
Hat
Mat
Pat
Rat
The study of sounds
made by humans
when they talk
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Phonemes
Bat
Cat
Fat
Hat Mat
Pat
Rat
Basic form of a sound
Sensed in your mind thanspoken/ heard
Any sound that changesthe meaning of words
Each phoneme isassociated with 1 or more
sounds English phonemes:
consonants & vowels
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Phonemes
a speech sound that is capable of
differentiating meaning.
Slash mark / / indicates a phoneme
Square bracket [ ] indicates phonetic
tar [t]
star [th] aspirated
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Speech Organs
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The Vocal Tract
Vocal apparatus when we speak
Pharynx
Velum/soft palate
Hard palate
Alveolar ridge
Tongue
Teeth (upper & lower)
Lips
Larynx
Jaws
Nose & nasal cavity
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
Principles of the IPA founded in France in 1886
an organization for teachers of language originally
aims at a system that will represent all languages
a separate letter for each distinctive sound
universal use of one symbol for the same sound acrosslanguages
use of ordinary letters of roman alphabet where possible
alphabet should accord with phonemic principle andcardinal vowel system
minute shades of sound for scientific purposes
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The Sounds of English
Vowels
Diphthongs
Triphthongs (not in your syllabus) Consonants
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Vowels
20 vowel sounds
Articulated without any obstruction as air
passes from larynx to lips
Vowel changes according to
a. the height of the tongue
b. part of the tongue
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Vowels
Long vowels
:
i:
u: :
:
Short vowels
^
I
e
BrE
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Features Describing Vowels
Length of the vowel
Tongue height
Part of the tongue: frontness or backness
Lip-rounding/shape of the lips
close lip spreading i: I
neutral lip position : :e
open lip rounding
close lip rounding u:
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What is
Close-mid front unrounded vowel ? e
Near-open front unrounded vowel?
Open back unrounded vowel? Near-close near-back vowel?
Mid central vowel?
Open-mid back unrounded vowel? Open-mid back rounded vowel?
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Diphthongs
I - /pI/
e - /pe/
- /d/
eI - /weI/
aI - /baI/
I - /bI/
- /bn/
a- /ba/
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Colourless vowel
Schwa //
Represent vowels in syllables that are not
emphasized in speaking
Short duration
Pronounced with the mouth in a neutral
position and brief
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Weak syllable:
the vowel schwa
IntImt
tend
ptIkjl
kjrt phps
tmru
ptju:ntI
setlmnt
sp:t
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Differences between vowels and
diphthongs
Vowels
Sounds in which there
is no obstruction to
the flow of air as itpasses through the
larynx to the lips
Diphthongs
Sequence of 2
sounds; vowel + glide
/bajt/ bite
/boj/ boy
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Triphthongs (not in the syllabus)
A glide from 1 vowel to another & then to a
third, all produced rapidly and without
interruption
/a:u/
Vowel a: + glide towards the back close
rounded area: u + ends with a mid central
vowel:
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Triphthongs (not in the syllabus)
Composed of the 5 closing diphthongs
eI+ = eI /eI/
aI
+ = aI
/faI
/ I+ = oI /rIl/
+ = u /slu/
a+ = au /pa/