PHYLA REVIEW
PHYLUM PORIFERA Sessile Spongeocoel Pores in body osculum
PHYLUM CNIDARIANS Jellyfish, hydra, sea
anemone, & coral Polyp and medusa
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp32/32020.html
Whoa!!Double whoa!!
hydra
stinging cellwith nematocyst
trigger
dischargednematocyst
undischargednematocyst
tentacles
mouth
sensorycell
stingingcell
STINGING CELLS OF CNIDARIANS
Nematocyst: a venomous cell unique to Cnidarians. Fires a structure & releases a toxin to capture & kill prey.
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
“FLAT WORMS” Flukes, tapeworms
PHYLUM NEMATODA
Round Worms Hook worms &
pinworms Eating undercooked
meat
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Molluscs, clams, snails,
octopus Soft body with shell 3 main parts
Muscular footVisceral massmantle
PHYLUM ANNELIDA Segmented Worms
Divided by septa Earthworms &
leeches hermaphrodites
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Most successful
and diverse phyla Spiders,
millipedes, crustaceans, & insects
Exoskeleton of chitin
3 main parts Abdomen Thorax head
ARTHROPOD GROUPS
Insects6 legs, 3 body parts
Crustaceans3 or more pairs of legsgills, 2 pairs antennaecrab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp
Arachnids8 legs, 2 body partsspiders, ticks, scorpions
PHYLUM ECHINODERMS Starfish, sea
urchins, sea cucumbers, & sand dollars
Arms of 5 Spiny
endoskeleton
VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
•Class Agnatha•Class Chondrichthyes•Class Osteichthyes•Class Amphibia•Class Reptilia•Class Aves•Class Mammalia
AGNATHA Jawless Fish Slinder body No paired fins Lays eggs Cartilage skeleton Lamprey eel & Hagfish
EMERGENCE OF JAWS
Increase range for prey capture
Increase size of prey Increased energy content
of prey Jawed species increase in
size
CHONDRICHTHYES
Sharks, skates, & rays Cartilage skeleton Well-developed jaws Paired fins Body Plan:
Tail-PropulsionDorsal Fin-stabilizationOil stored in liver for
buoyancy lay eggs AND live birth
Manta Ray
Skate
OSTEICHTHYES Bony Fish Skin covered by flat,
bony scales Gills with operculum
(flap) Swim bladder for
buoyancy Lay eggs body
gills
GILLS Use Dissolved O2 in
H20 for gas exchange Large, highly folded
organ-> increase S.A
EMERGENCE OF FEET…TETRAPODS
Four feet Except snakes Used for locomotion:
crawling, walking, running, flying or swimming
AMPHIBIA
“two” lives (water and terrestrial)
Frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians
Lay eggs (not hard shelled)
Gas exchange via LUNGS, in mouth, & across skin (scaleless)
Ectotherm “cold-blooded”
lung
buccalcavity
glottisclosed
REPTILIA Lizards, snakes, turtles, &
crocodiles Scales made of keratin ectothermic Lay eggs (hard shelled) Lungs for breathing embryoleathery
shell
chorion
allantoisyolk sac
amnion
AVES Characteristics
body structure○ feathers & wings○ thin, hollow bone;
flight skeleton○ bipedal
body function○ very efficient lungs & air sacs○ endotherms
reproduction○ Lay eggs trachea
anteriorair sacs
lung
posteriorair sacs
MAMMALS Characteristics
body structure○ hair○ specialized teeth○ Most have sweat glands○ Mammary glands
body function○ four-chambered heart○ endothermic
reproduction○ internal fertilization and
development nourishment through
placenta○ birth live young○ mammary glands make
milk
mice, ferret elephants, batswhales, humans
musclescontract
diaphragmcontracts
MAMMALS Sub-groups
MONOTREMES○ egg-laying mammals○ duckbilled platypus, echidna
MARSUPIALS○ pouched mammals○ short-lived placenta○ koala, kangaroo, opossum
P L AC E N TA L○ true placenta○ shrews, bats, whales, humans
VERTEBRATE QUICK CHECK…
Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? Which vertebrates are covered with scales? What adaptations do birds have for flying? What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are
endothermic Why must amphibians live near water? What reproductive adaptations made mammals
very successful? What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups
of mammals?