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PIPELINEMuhammad kamilMuhammad najmi
Noor azreen
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PIPELINEDESIGN
SIZING
WALLTHICKNESS
DESIGNPRESSURE
MATERIAL
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PIPE SIZE
Calculate the head loss- When the fluid flow through the pipelinethere is a resistance to the flow due to thefriction force and the pressure is formcause the energy loss.
Design flow rate
Diameter of pipe is from 4 to 48 inches
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MATERIAL
Type of material common used are steel,ductile iron, reinforced concrete and
fiberglass Mechanical resistance consideration
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WALL THICKNESS
Hoop stress
Hoop stress must be less than the
maximum allowable stress
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DESIGN PRESSURE
Buried pressure pipe installation quite similarthe design method for gravity pipeinstallations
For internal pressure: Hydrostatic pressureand surge pressure
For low pressure:- nominal diameter= 114-630mm
- internal pressure= 545kpa or less High pressure:
- nominal pressure= 21-710mm- internal pressure= 550-2170kpa
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PIPELINE FAILURE
Cause by natural disaster, lessmaintenance or human error.
To avoid this failure:
- modern welded steel pipe with buttelectric arc welded joints
- Construct parallel pipelines inindependent alignments
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Balboa Neighborhood Burned by Exploding Gas Line inNorthridge Earthquake (left); Fire ball that Burned the
Neighborhood.
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Crater Resulting from Williams 26inch
Pipeline Explosion in Washington State,
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Wrinkled Pipeline
Failed in
Compression
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PIPELINES
INSTALLATION
ON-shore Pipeline installation
Offshore pipeline
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On-Shore installation
Pre construction of pipelines
1) Acquisition/Requisition of LandAcquisition- permanent use of land for pipeline activitiesRequisition- temporary use of land for pipeline activities
2) Submission of proposal
Acquire permission from government to access the land
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On-Shore installation
Construction of pipelines1) Cleaning the ROW(Rights Of Way)
ROW rights to make a way over a piece of land for
pipeline construction. Heavy equipments are used to clean up the ROW
Bulldozer- to clean Excavator- used for SideBoom- lift pipe
the ROW trenching and pipe lifting during welding activities
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On-Shore installation
2) Stringing the Pipelinethe process of sorting the pipeline in a ROW so that the
pipeline can be welded together
Lift Boom are used to lift the pipe for welding process.
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On-Shore installation
3) Bending and Welding Welding machine is used to join the pipe together
3 or more layer of welding maybe necessary depends onthe pipe thickness
Bending machine is used to slightly bend the pipelinesespecially when the pipes encounter changes in routeand topography.
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On-Shore installation
4) Coating the pipelines Coating of pipe is mainly aimed to prevent any water and
moisture from directly contact with the pipelines and causecorrosion to the pipes.
Generally, pipeline are already coated before transferringto ROW.
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On-Shore installation
5) Roads and railway crossing
It is not economical to deviate pathway of pipelines if theroute encounter barrier such as the railway and roads.
Thus engineer implies THRUST BORING METHOD where ahole is drilled underway without disurbing the roads
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On-Shore installation
6) Set On Weight
Once the pipeline lies on the land, weight is installed over
the pipeline to provide a secure fit of the pipe.
In other saying, a concrete is poured onto the pipeline to
make it stable
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On-Shore installation
7) Testing the Pipelines
Pig Test- To clean internal rust inside pipe and dry theinternal surface of the pipe.
Hydro test should be 1.5 times the design pressure ofthe pipes.
- watch for any defects in the pipe.
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Off-Shore Pipelines Installation
Construction of pipelines
1) Towing the pipelines. Tow-in pipeline installation
Basically, pipeline is suspended on water by using
buoyancy modules, towed by boat and pipeline is settledon sea bed.
there are 4 types of Tow-in installation.
- Surface Tow
- Mid- Depth Tow
- Off- Bottom Tow
- Bottom Tow
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Off-Shore Pipelines Installation
S-Lay Pipeline InstallationPipeline is welded, part off the boat as the boat moves
forward and drawn down the water.
Stringer is used to support the pipe as it moves into water.
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Off-Shore Pipelines Installation
J-Lay InstallationThis installation used tall tower instead of stringer to
reduce tension or stress on the pipeline.
Thus overcome problems with S-lay installation associatedwith the stress on the pipeline.
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Off-Shore Pipelines Installation
2) Welding the Pipelines
The pipeline usually will be welded on the build-in
welding station and crane on the Barge carrying thepipeline such as S-Lay and J-Lay Barge.
The pipeline is passed through 3 or more weldingstation and X-ray to detect any defects on the pipeline
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Off-Shore Pipelines Installation
4) Anchoring the pipelineThe pipeline that lies on the seabed will then be
anchored and pile down to the seabed to fix the pipeline sothat it will remains in places.