CERAMIC TILE & STONE PLAZASROOF DECKS
CERAMIC TILE & STONE PLAZASROOF DECKS
Richard P. Goldberg Architect AIA, CSIProfessional Consultants InternationalRichard P. Goldberg Architect AIA, CSIProfessional Consultants International
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Importance of Topic
Tile installations installed overpedestrian / vehicular plazas & roofdecks involve a complex interactionof architectural components
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Learning Objective
Develop familiarity with designterminology for plazas & decks
Gain understanding of architecturaldesign considerations which affectplazas & roof deck tile installations
Review installation criteria for tile &stone
Learn troubleshooting techniques
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Components of Plazas &Roof Decks
Structural building deck (RCconcrete slab)
Screed Bed (may not be required w/direct bond membrane)
Waterproofing membrane Insulation
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Components of Plazas &Roof Decks
Drainage layer components(drainage mat or gravel, flashing,drains)
Sloping screed & adhesive mortarbond coat
Ceramic or stone tile wearing (finish)surfaces
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Design Considerations
Dead loads Dead Loads - weight of tile and deck
assembly Concentrated Dead Loads -
landscaping features & furniture (watersaturated soils can weigh up to 120 lbs.per cubic foot)
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Design Considerations
Live Loads Weight of traffic (pedestrian or
vehicular) Impact Loads Snow loads Wind uplift
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Design Considerations
Thermal shock and thermalmovement Exposure to sun Freeze/thaw conditions
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Design ResourcesTile Council of America (TCA)Detail F103 roof deckDetail F101 and F102 on grade
pavements
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Criteria for Structure
Structurally sound, dimensionallystable, engineered for design loads
Free of surface defects, structuralcracking, excessive movement -broom or light steel trowel finish
Pitched 1/8-1/4”(3-6 mm) in 12”(30cm) = 2% pitch to drains
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Roof Deck Insulation
Above/beneath structural RC deckAbove/beneath waterproofing
membrane
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Roof Deck Insulation -Above WPM
Protected Roof Membrane Assembly(PRMA)
Advantage - rigid insulation overmembrane reduce thermal stress &deterioration
Disadvantage - could inhibit waterdrainage if no drainage channels
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Roof Deck Insulation -Below WPM
Disadvantage - membrane subject tothermal cycles
Advantage - internal dew point morecontrolled
Roof Deck Insulation
Extruded polystyrene (DOW®
Plazamate or Deckmate)Requires high compressive strengthDimensionally stableLow water absorption (resist
deterioration from freeze/thaw cycles& moisture)
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Types of WaterproofMembranes
Built-up bitumen (sheet)Vulcanized or non-vulcanized
elastomer (sheet)Thermoplastics (sheet)
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Types of WaterproofMembranes
Modified bitumen (sheet)Hot-applied rubberized asphalt
membranes (sheet)Cold-applied liquid membranes
(latex, urethane)
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Built-up BitumenMembrane
Several layers felts & glass mats w/hot liquid asphalt or coal tar
Inexpensive, readily available &recognized
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Vulcanized or Non-Vulcanized Elastomer
Elastomeric sheet membranesSeamed & spliced at job-site with
adhesivesNon-vulcanized elastomer reinforced
with polyester mat
Thermoplastics
Sheets of polymeric plastics madeflexible w/ plasticizers
Reinforced glass fiber or polyestermats
Seams heat welded in field
Modified Bitumen
Sheet membrane modified withsynthetic rubber - improve elasticity
Fully adhered to concrete substraterolls spliced in the field.
Hot-applied RubberizedAsphalt Membranes
Rubber compound dispersed inasphalt
Field fabricated - hot liquid,seamless membrane
Cold-applied LiquidMembranes
Adhered liquid polymeric compounds- latex, urethane, modified asphalt w/reinforcing fabric
Field fabricated - seamless membraneSome are considered compatible w/
direct bond to tile (ANSI 118.10)May be used as secondary membrane
directly beneath tile
Cold-applied LiquidMembranes
Sensitive to job-site conditionsDeck qualityWeatherContaminantsWorkmanship
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Plaza & Roof DeckDrainage Systems
Adequate drainage (slope or fall) atsurface & subsurface
Weep holes at drain for subsurfacedrainage
Subsurface drainage - crushed stonew/ filter fabric or proprietarydrainage mat
Roof deck flashing, roof edge detailsimportant
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Movement Joint Requirements
Expansion joints - use TCA EJ171 asguide
Locate at high points of draingrading
Space 12 ft (4 m) or calculateWidth - never < 1/2”(12 mm)Depth sealant 1/2 widthExtend through screed bed
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Criteria for Tile / StoneInstallation
Screed / Mortar Bed
1 1/4”to 2”(30-50 mm) minimumthickness
Reinforced with steel fabric -temperature/shrinkage resistanceand > tensile strength - must belocated in upper half
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Criteria for Tile / StoneInstallation
Screed / Mortar BedLatex additive
> compressive, flexural & bond strength < water absorption (freeze/thaw,
efflorescence) > flexibility - thermal shock & thermal
expansion
Protect for 14-28 days - exposure topermanent water conditions
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Spec for Screed / MortarBed
Portland cement - ASTM C150 Type 1Sand - ASTM C144Latex (per manufacturer’s
recommendation)Reinforcing - 2”x 2”W0.3/W0.3 (16
gauge) galv. welded wire fabricControl & expansion joints per TCA
method EJ171
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Ceramic Tile or StonePaver Requirements
<3% water absorption freeze/thaw resistance low moisture expansion
Slip resistance - ADA requirements Rough finishes (honed, textured,
thermal) Tested coefficient of slip resistance
Abrasion resistanceThermal shock resistance
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Latex - Portland Cement
Thin set - pre-floated cured mortarbed (ANSI A108.1B)
Wet set into green mortar bed withslurry bond coat (ANSI A108.1A)
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Grout Requirements
Consider various products toachieve full filled joint (thick stone) Properly constructed joints allow 90 %
of water to drain from surface
Joints - support edges of tile &locking effect with adhesive mortar
July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks
Grout Requirements
Latex additives > compressive, flexural & bond strength
Grout colors for exteriors - grays orbrown to avoid discoloration fromexposure to weather, sun & airbornecontaminants