POETICSPOETICS BY BY
“ARISTOTLE”“ARISTOTLE”PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:
MUGHEES KHANMUGHEES KHANMILLAT COLLEGE JHANGMILLAT COLLEGE JHANG
BIOGRAPHYBIOGRAPHY
BORN IN “STAGIRA IN BORN IN “STAGIRA IN 384 BC”.384 BC”.
STUDENT OF “PLATO”.STUDENT OF “PLATO”.
FATHER, “NICOMACUS” FATHER, “NICOMACUS” WAS A COURT WAS A COURT PHYSICIAN.PHYSICIAN.
DIED IN 322 B.C IN DIED IN 322 B.C IN MOTHER’S CITY MOTHER’S CITY “CHALCIS”.“CHALCIS”.
Concept of TragedyConcept of Tragedy
► Serious ActionSerious Action► CompleteComplete► Must have an Ideal Must have an Ideal
MagnitudeMagnitude► Attractive LanguageAttractive Language► Pity & fearPity & fear► CatharsisCatharsis
ACTION MUST BE COMPLETEACTION MUST BE COMPLETE
ACTION
BEGINNING
MIDDLE
END
MAGNITUDEMAGNITUDE► NOT SO BIG SIZE THAT NOT SO BIG SIZE THAT
AUDIENCE FEEL AUDIENCE FEEL INCONVINEINCE TO HOLD INCONVINEINCE TO HOLD ATTENTIONATTENTION
► NOT SO SHORT THAT NOT SO SHORT THAT INCIDENTS REMAIN INCIDENTS REMAIN UNCLEARUNCLEAR
► AN IDEAL MAGNITUDEAN IDEAL MAGNITUDE
ATTRACTIVE LANGUAGEATTRACTIVE LANGUAGE
► TRAGEDY WAS TRAGEDY WAS PRESENTED IN PRESENTED IN VERSE FORM.VERSE FORM.
► CHORUS WAS CHORUS WAS THERE TO SING THERE TO SING SONGS.SONGS.
► THE VERSE THE VERSE LANGUAGE LANGUAGE BEAUTIFIES & BEAUTIFIES & DECORS A DECORS A TRAGEDY.TRAGEDY.
PITY & FEAR; FUNCTION OF PITY & FEAR; FUNCTION OF TRAGEDYTRAGEDY
► ARISTOTLE LEFT ARISTOTLE LEFT THE TERM THE TERM UNEXPLAINED.UNEXPLAINED.
► MEANINGS:MEANINGS:PITY: FOR THE PITY: FOR THE
TRAGIC TRAGIC CHARACTERS.CHARACTERS.
FEAR: FOR FEAR: FOR AUDIENCE, ITSELF.AUDIENCE, ITSELF.
► 3 MAJOR THEORIES 3 MAJOR THEORIES OF CATHARSIS.OF CATHARSIS.
1- PURGATION THEORY1- PURGATION THEORY► A MEDICAL A MEDICAL
INTERPRETATION.INTERPRETATION.
► PASSINS & EMOTIONS ARE PASSINS & EMOTIONS ARE REDUCED TO HEALTHY REDUCED TO HEALTHY BALANCE.BALANCE.
► TWO CONCEPTS OF THEORYTWO CONCEPTS OF THEORY
LIKE CURING THE LIKE.LIKE CURING THE LIKE.
UNLIKE CURING THE UNLIKE CURING THE UNLIKE.UNLIKE.
I- LIKE CURING THE LIKEI- LIKE CURING THE LIKE
► INWARD INWARD RESTLESSNESS IS RESTLESSNESS IS CURED BY CURED BY OUTWARD OUTWARD RESTLESSNESS.RESTLESSNESS.
► SAME SUBSTANCE SAME SUBSTANCE CURES THE SAME CURES THE SAME THINGTHING
II- UNLIKE CURING THE II- UNLIKE CURING THE UNLIKEUNLIKE
► JUST LIKE ALLOPATHIC JUST LIKE ALLOPATHIC TREATMENTTREATMENT
► A DIFFERENT A DIFFERENT SUBSTANCE CURES SUBSTANCE CURES THE DIFFERENT THINGTHE DIFFERENT THING
► THE FIRE OF PRIDE & THE FIRE OF PRIDE & ANGER IS COOLED ANGER IS COOLED DOWN BY WATERING DOWN BY WATERING OF SOFT HEARTED OF SOFT HEARTED EMOTIONS.EMOTIONS.
2- PURIFICATION THEORY2- PURIFICATION THEORY
► IT MEANS MORAL IT MEANS MORAL CODITIONING.CODITIONING.
► NOT ONLY NOT ONLY EMOTIONAL RELIEF EMOTIONAL RELIEF BUT PURIFICATION BUT PURIFICATION OF EMOTIONS.OF EMOTIONS.
3- CLARIFICATION THEORY3- CLARIFICATION THEORY
► PITY & FEAR IS PITY & FEAR IS CONNECTED WITH CONNECTED WITH INCIDENTS OF INCIDENTS OF TRAGEDY.TRAGEDY.
► EMOTIONS OF EMOTIONS OF AUDIENCE HAS AUDIENCE HAS NOTHING TO DO NOTHING TO DO WITH CATHARSIS.WITH CATHARSIS.
PLOTPLOT► ARRANGMENTS OF ARRANGMENTS OF
EVENTS IN LOGICAL EVENTS IN LOGICAL MANNERS.MANNERS.
► DEPICT A SINGLE DEPICT A SINGLE ACTIONACTION
► SIMPLE PLOT INVOLVES SIMPLE PLOT INVOLVES NO VOILENT CHANGENO VOILENT CHANGE
► COMPLEX PLOT COMPLEX PLOT INVOLVESINVOLVES
““CHANGE OF CHANGE OF FORTUNE + AWARENESS OF FORTUNE + AWARENESS OF
REALITY”.REALITY”.
PLOTPLOT► WRITER SHOULD CUT WRITER SHOULD CUT
DOWN WHAT IS DOWN WHAT IS UNNECESSARY.UNNECESSARY.
► ONLY INCLUDE ONLY INCLUDE NECESSARY & NECESSARY & PROBABLE ELEMENTS.PROBABLE ELEMENTS.
► NO SUPERFLOUS NO SUPERFLOUS DETAILDETAIL
► THIS IS ALSO CALLED THIS IS ALSO CALLED “ICE-BERG THEORY”“ICE-BERG THEORY”
DRAMATIC UNITIESDRAMATIC UNITIES
► UNITY OF ACTION:UNITY OF ACTION:““ACTION SHOULD BE LOGICAL ACTION SHOULD BE LOGICAL
& COHERENT. IT MUST & COHERENT. IT MUST LEADS TOWARDS SINGLE LEADS TOWARDS SINGLE END”END”
► UNITY OF TIME:UNITY OF TIME:““TIME SHOULD BE SINGLE TIME SHOULD BE SINGLE
REVOLOUTION OF SUN OR REVOLOUTION OF SUN OR AN IDEAL, SUITABLE LIMIT”AN IDEAL, SUITABLE LIMIT”
► UNITY OF PLACE:UNITY OF PLACE:““ACTIONS MUST NOT ACTIONS MUST NOT
PRESENTED ON DIFFERENT PRESENTED ON DIFFERENT PARTS ”PARTS ”
(ARISTOTLE MENTIONS ONLY (ARISTOTLE MENTIONS ONLY UNITY OF ACTION. LATER UNITY OF ACTION. LATER BOTH ARE ASCRIBED TO BOTH ARE ASCRIBED TO HIM BY FRENCH & ITALIAN HIM BY FRENCH & ITALIAN CRITICS)CRITICS)
TRAGIC CHARACTERTRAGIC CHARACTER
► FOUR ESSENTIALS FOUR ESSENTIALS OF A TRAGIC OF A TRAGIC CHARACTER…CHARACTER…
TRAGIC CHARACTERTRAGIC CHARACTER
► GOODNESSGOODNESSI- NEITHER TOO GOOD I- NEITHER TOO GOOD
NOR ENTIRELY NOR ENTIRELY WICKED WICKED PERSON.PERSON.
II- AN INTERMEDIATE II- AN INTERMEDIATE SORT OF PERSON.SORT OF PERSON.
TRAGIC CHARACHTERTRAGIC CHARACHTER
► TRUE TO TYPE/ TRUE TO TYPE/ APPROPRIATENESSAPPROPRIATENESSI- “MUST BE I- “MUST BE
REPRESENTATIVE OF REPRESENTATIVE OF ITS CLASS”ITS CLASS”
II- “MUST TAKE II- “MUST TAKE DECISIONS AS THAT DECISIONS AS THAT SPECIFIC SPECIFIC CLASS TAKES.”CLASS TAKES.”
TRAGIC CHARACHTERTRAGIC CHARACHTER
► TRUE TO LIFETRUE TO LIFE
MUST BELONG TO MUST BELONG TO HUMAN CLASS.HUMAN CLASS.
SHOULD NOT BE A SHOULD NOT BE A SUPERNATURAL SUPERNATURAL CREATIONCREATION
TRAGIC CHARACHTERTRAGIC CHARACHTER
► CONSISTENCYCONSISTENCY IT SHOULD REMAIN IT SHOULD REMAIN
CONSISTENT IN HIS CONSISTENT IN HIS DOINGS.DOINGS.
““OEDIPUS REX” IS A OEDIPUS REX” IS A FINE EXAMPLE OF IT.FINE EXAMPLE OF IT.
SESSION ENDS HERESESSION ENDS HERE