Economic Systems in past
Primitive Society
Pastoral Age
Agriculture
Feudalism
Capitalism
Communism / Socialism
Capitalism
Modernization
Trickle down
Structural Adjustment
Communism
Marxist
New Marxist
Dependency
Revolutionvs
Reformation
Socialist Block
Leftist political party all over the world
Inefficient & unstable govt.
Corruption in public sector
Leads to peoples uprising
Revolution
Capitalist Block
?
Leads to peoples satisfaction with existing economic system
Reformation
NGOs
Pre Independent Period
oVolunteer based org.
oReligious motive
oNot similar to present known NGOs
First Govt.
NGOs emerged at a critical moment in Bangladesh
Cyclone in 1970
War ravaged economy
Famine in newly born country (1974)Features
Limited NGOs
Relief & Rehabilitation activities
BRAC, ASA etc prominent NGOs came into picture.
Zia Regime
Increasing Number of NGOs
Donor’s intention to provide fund for NGOs
Formulation of ‘The Foreign Donation (Voluntary activities) Regulation Rules 1978’.
Ershad Regime
Golden age for NGOs
NGOs all over the country
Massive Foreign Donation
“Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Ordinance 1982”
A notice issued by the then External Resource Division(ERD) that prevails NGOs profit based projects with their regular activities.
Flood in 1988 & govt. inefficiency
SERVICES OF NGOs
Social Welfare
Women development
Development of children
Health & Nutrition
Family Planning
Urban & Rural Development
Relief & Rehabilitation
Economic
Credit
Enterprise Development
Employment
Productive Assets
Modern Agriculture & Irrigation
Education
Pre-Primary Education
Formal Education
Adult Education
Political
Political Participation
Consciousness Raising
Legal aid
Access to Govt. Services
Local Govt. Activation
Skill & Expertise
Capacity in Planning & Management
Occupational Skill Training
Mobilization of Target Group
Group Formation
Leadership Development
Number vs. Development
2161 NGOs are registered under NGOAB
Cancellation of 513 NGOs in last 10 years
Thousands of Unregistered NGOs
5 Registered NGOs in each upazila
Fund is also huge(Tk-70,447,029,441.58 in 11-12)
Development????????????
Administrative Expenditure
• According to rules, NGOs can’t expend more than 20% of total allocation for administrative cost.
• ‘Nijera kori’ expend 57% for internal cost
• ‘Proshika’ & ‘Manobik’ utilize 30% only for salary.
• NGOAB found some NGOs having admin expenditure more than 60%
lowsalary for field level workers
HighAdministrative
cost
Luxurious life style of Higher class official
Labor Exploitation
NGOs fund / Personal Property
Use of NGOs fund for personal interest
Embezzlement of employees fund, scholarship fund etc
Tax evasion by NGO leaders though they create consciousness about duties & responsibilities of people.
Anti-leftist VS Pro-leftist
Motive was to Prevent Communism
Proshika, Nijera kori, Gonosastha Kendra etc directly advertise leftist tenet
Money comes from imperialist capitalist block
Historical conflict result to this circumstance
Micro-credit : Endless Debate
Pro micro-credit view
Poor’s Banking
Poverty reduction
Anti micro-credit view
High Interest rate
Double Interest
Involvement in Politics
According to FOREIGN DONATION ACT 1978 involvement of NGOs in politics is illegal
So-called Consciousness raising
Influence in local & national level election
Attempt to create ‘Third Party’ in politics
Donors interest
Consequences
Not successful as expected
Political Harassment
Grameen Bank, Proshika
Politics-NGO nexus like Politics-Business nexus
Interference of Donors in internal politics
Misuse of money
Accountability
Not accountable to people & govt.
Anti-state forces utilize this opportunity
Cancelation of registration due to illegal money transfer.