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Prepared by:- Rahul Pandey
Chandramouli
Dubey
MARINE POLLUTION:
Heavy Metals
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What is marine pollution?
Marine pollution is the introduction by man,directly or indirectly, of substances or energy tothe marine environment resulting in deleterious
effects such as:
Hazards to human health;
Hindrance of marine activities, including fishing;
Impairment of the quality for the use of seawater,
and reduction of amenities.
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Heavy metal pollution
Metals occur naturally in the environment but
due to industrial revolution via technological
advancement, metals concentrations in the
environment are becoming increasingly high.Elevated metals concentration in ecosystem
occurs in areas such as:
Urban areas i.e. cities.
Metallicferous mines where metals are being
mined
Major roads systems vehicle emissions.
Areas characterized by auto mobile activities e.g.
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Bioaccumulation
Pollutants like heavy metals are conservative
pollutants i.e. they arent broken down bybacteria etc and are effectively permanent.
Most plants and animals can regulate their metalcontent to a certain point but metals that cant be
excreted build up in an organism over its lifetime=bioaccumulation .
Animals feeding on bioaccumulators take in ahigher level of contaminants, which bioaccumulate
within themselves. Those animals feeding on them gain even higher
inputs of contaminants, and bioaccumulate evengreater concentrations and so on with animals at
the highest trophic level obtaining highest
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Sources of heavy metal pollution
Environmental pollution from hazardous metals andminerals can arise from natural as well as
anthropogenic sources.
Natural sources are:
Forest fires
Volcanic activity
Dust particles
Anthropogenic emissions Chemical based inustries
Coal fired power stations
Car exhausts
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Clark (2001)
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Contd.ATMOSPHERIC
Metals can be transferred by the atmosphere in gasor particle form. Particles can fall from the atmosphere onto the land
or sea = dry depositionAlso precipitation can carry particles or dissolved
gases = wet deposition Bubbles breaking the surface of the sea can release
salt particles containing metals can travels fromsea to atmosphere as well as atmosphere to sea
RIVERS Erosion of rocks containing metals Surface runoff sweeps up naturally formed and
anthropogenic metal particles Metals often bind with sediments and are deposited
on the seabed.
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Clark (2001)
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Contd
GROUNDWATER SEEPAGE(natural)
Dissolved substances are carried via ground water
movement
contamination in soil may be picked upby the moving waters.
DELIBERATE DISCHARGE(anthropogenic)
Contaminated waste dumping
Industrial discharges
Sewage
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Clark (2001)
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Islam & Tanaka (2004).
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Toxic effect of lead ( Pb)
Absorption of Pb from different sources isdependent on the amount of Pb presented to
portals per unit time and the physical and chemical
state in which Pb is presented.
Depending on the particle size, lead can enterthrough lungs.
While organic lead is well absorbed through the
skin.
lead is chemically similar to calcium, body handles
it like calcium. In the body lead is distributed
throughout bone, teeth, liver, lung, brain.
Nutritional iron deficiency enhances Pb toxicity,
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Lead is used in:Battery casings, pipes, sheetsetc 43 million tons produced a year.
High levels of lead have been found in marine
life near areas of high car density- e.g. 10 ppm in fish caught 300 miles off
California coast.
Contd..
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Different conc. Of lead
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Toxic effects of mercury(Hg)
Mercury can cause neurological damage, immune
system suppression and can cause fetal
abnormalities in mammals .
In humans it has been associated with variousneurological effects, abnormal development and
heart damage.
In human adults mercury toxicity symptoms
include:
Visual field constriction
Behavioral changes, memory loss, headaches
Tremor, loss of fine motor control, spasticity
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Contd..
If fetuses / infants are exposed to mercury:
Mental retardation
Seizures
Cerebral palsy
Blindness and deafness
Disturbances of swallowing, sucking, and speech
Hypertonia - muscle rigidity
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Contd.
Mercury in the marine environment identified as a
health risk for humans Minamata disease.
In 1952 a factory in Minamata Japan was using
mercury as a catalyst mercury washed intobay.
In 1953 fishermen and farmers showed
symptoms-neurological damage and fetal
deformity etc.
Disease diagnosed in 1956 linked to fish
consumption.
1957 fishing banned in area.
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Mercury in fish
Most fish species have mercury levels ofapproximately 0.15 ppm in muscle tissue
However cod have been found with levels of 1.29
ppm in Sweden and Denmark
Blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) up to 2ppm 81% more contaminated than 0.5 ppm health
regulation
Little tunny (Euthynnus alletterus) up to 3.4ppm
75% more contaminated than 0.5 ppm health
regulation
High mercury (and other heavy metal) levels have
also been associated with disease -inducedmortalit i.e. mercur ma dama e the immune
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Kidney dysfunction has
been reported in
cetaceans when liver
concentrations of
cadmium exceed 20
ppm wet weight.
Fujise et al. (1988)
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Mercury in whale meatRecent research has
shown that cetacean
meat being sold in
Japan for human
consumption had
extremely high levels
of mercury
Mean contamination levels in cetacean red meat were 22 and
18 times higher than levels permitted by the Japanese
government for total mercury (0.4 ppm)
Levels were exceeded by up to 200x
Mercury levels in boiled liver were even higher: 1,980 ppm (wet
weight).
Rats fed contaminated meat showed signs of kidney
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Clark (2001)
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Toxic effect of Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium was used in: Electroplating, solder
and as a pigment for plastic. Main sources of current production:
By product of zinc mining
Nickel-Cadmium battery production. Other sources:
Burning coal (0.25-0.5 ppm) and oil (0.3ppm)
Wearing down of car tyres (20-90 ppm)
Corrosion of galvanised metal (impurity: 0.2%
Cd)
Phosphate fertilisers (phosphate rock 100
ppm Cd)
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Contd.
High cadmium levels can lead to: depressed growth,
kidney damage,
cardiac enlargement,
hypertension, foetal deformity,
Cancer
In humans cadmium concentrations above 200-400
ppm in kidney tissue can lead to renal damage
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Itai-Itai
disease
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MANAGEMENT OF POLLUTION FROM
METALS AND MINERALS Technological options should not just be confined to
remediation strategies, but concentrate on mitigationstrategies.
Release within safe limits has to be through three
complementary functions:
1. Technological ;
2. Management (implementation);
3. Regulatory.
Technologies for reduction should be cost- effective andaffordable.
Most industries use engineering technologies for
remediation based on physicochemical methods.
Method should remove meatal from the entire food chain
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Contd...... For liquid effluents- Physico-chemical processes.
For particulate matter- Physico-technical process.
Convertion into solid form and after recycling ptting
back into earth, fixing in such from where it can not leach.
Phytotechnologies to reduce the burden of heavy metal
load.
Some example-
1. Microflora associated with plants; endophytic bacteria,rhizosphere bacteria and mycorrhizae have the
potential to degrade organic compounds in association
with plants and this process is termed
rhizoremediation.
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Contd.....
Modified plants for phytoremediation
1. Ralstonia eutropha (a natural inhabitant of
soil) was transformed using a mouse gene.
2. Transgenic plants of Arabidopsis thalianawere produced for detoxification of soils
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In India: Scope of technology
Common treatment -22
Storage and Disposal Facilities in 10 states havebeen established-7 in Gujarat, 4 in Maharashtra, 3 in
UP, 2 in AP, and 1 each in HP, MP, Punjab, Tamil
Nadu and West Bengal. (CPCB, New Delhi).
Several technologies are developed for water andland sectors for waste management as well as a kit
for testing the quality of water.
For recovery of heavy metals like mercury from
medical devices and CFL bulbs, suitable collection
centres need to be set up, and some refund given.
. In medical devices like thermometers and BP
apparatus, digital devices should replace themercur -based s h momanometers.
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Suggestions for further action:
Recycling/reprocessing of wastes containing toxic
metals needs to be given greater emphasis not onlyfrom environmental and health considerations but also
as a resource conservation measure.
Monitoring of air, water and soil in the vicinity of the
toxic metal processing units needs to be carried outmore rigorously for the specific metal.
Tailings dumps and process wastes lying in locations
close to the processing units need to be remediated on
priority. Guidelines for proper management of tailings and
slags containing toxic metals should be prepared
taking into consideration techno- economic feasibility.
Health monitoring of workers engaged in the
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Thank you for
your patience
Yyyesss.........