INDEX
1-4Stirring the City Soul_Exhibition
5-6Xishan Island
7-8Chengdu Bus terminal
9-10Parking Renovation
11-12Researcher Residence
13-14Folies Liegeoise
15Degree Research
Curriculum Vitae
GRAPHIC PROGRAMSAutocad
ground floor_sketch second floor_sketch
Illustrator
Indesign
sketch up
This exhibition was set up in the TU Berlin Univer-sity Hall for the duration of one month. It recounts Raoul Bunschoten’s projectual and conceptual evolution, as an architect and as a professor in the Tu Berlin University and in the London Met. The available space is divided into different but interconnected sections: The Skin of the Earth, From Matter to Metaspace, Urban Gallery, Meta city and Brain Box.
The first three levels show Raoul’s first projects in the form of photographs and paintings, present-ed in elegant frames hung on wooden panels. The visitor arriving into the double-height space perceives an opening above that echoes the con-cept of metaspace that is shown in this section with hung paper panels and with objects that en-able interaction with public.
The visitor is led upward to the second floor by the sound coming from videos being projected upstairs, which is a more intimate space while still being linked to the space below with the large hanging panels.
We tried to curate an exhibition with a strong conceptual narrative to illustrate the evolution of Raoul’s ideas from their beginnings to their ap-plication into architectural projects and research.
EXHIBITIONDesign of the exhibition space, layout of boards, curator.
18 April_21 May 2012
TU Berlin University, Berlin
CHORA, London
STIRRING THE CITY SOUL
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
A
B
C
D
E
8
SKIN OF THE EARTH
FROM MATTER TO METASPACE
URBAN GALLERY
META CITY
soul’s cycle
skin of the earth
De Landing
Osakasamples from booklet “From matter to metaspace”
SpreebogenBlack squares
Urban Flotsam
Apeiron
Aarhus HorizonNew suburb
Tempelhof
Carlsberg
Chengdu people playing
Chengdu animation sequence
RejkiavikGED+Thames Gatway +Sector E
GED people playing
Shenzen biennale people playing
Chinese bookletchengdu plan
animation
TSSR thumbnails
chengdu graph animation
TSSR
DUm
my
Book
xiamen masterplan
xiamen model big photo
TSSR
taichung
Osaka banner
Osaka banner
Osaka banner
dice
booklet
booklet
booklet
2
3
1
A
B
BRAIN BOX
CHOREOGRAPHY
CO-EVOLUTION
CURATION
CYBERNETICS
CHORA MOVIE look in 1 BEAM folder
Look in 2BEAM folder
Photographies BA students
exhibition_work in progress
DATA : SUZHOU REGION TOURISM Number of tourists (min)
36% Short and only limited mainly to
travel around
35% short trips, occasionally a
long trip
9% a few short trips
5% rarely travel
3%Many times for
the long distanceand the suburbs,
preference entertainment.
1%Frequent
travel
Shanghai
Suzhou
WuxiWuzhong
Xuhui
Yixing
Wujing
Zhangjiagang
Kunshan
Number of tourists (max)
Minhang
Songjiang
Jiashan
Qingpu
Nanxun
Wuxing
Changshu
Huzhou
Changxing
Qishuyan
Huishan
Nanjing
> 500’000
499’999 - 100’00099’999 - 30’00029’999 - 10’0009’999 - 5000
4’999 - 2’000
< 2000
200520102020
200
400
600
800
1000260
Annual income (RMB)
650
Area prediction of number of tourists [unit: ten thousand]
11% 1 ~ 2 times a
year longdistance
and suburbs tourism
旅游者规模预测[单位:万人次]
游客量(低方案)年收入(单位:万)
游客量(高方案)
一年中多次短途出游偶尔长途旅行
出游率极高包括多次长、短途旅行
年中多短途出游且以周边地区为主
每年较少短途出游
年中基本不出游
多次出游包括各长短途和郊区出行偏好娱乐
每年1~2次长途出游及各短途郊区行
长江三角洲常住居民出游特征和旅游需求[1997-2001数据统计]
Yangtze river delta permanent residents’ travel behaviour in relation to the annual income [1997-2001]
上海
苏州
南京
无锡
TOURISM : ROUTES
停车区域
Checkpoint保安
Parking lot
Picnic野炊
Camping
野营
钓鱼
Fishing
租单车
Bike rental
Canoying划船
Camping
野营 Village
村落
Taihu fish太
湖水
产
Canoying划船
Water水景
Horse riding骑马
Rural inn农
家乐Lookout
特色
节点
Boating赛艇
Organic farming
有机蔬菜
Restaurant餐馆
Horse carriage马车
Family家庭活动
Hotel
宾馆
Fruit picking摘
水果
Tea field茶
业
Taihu stone太
湖石
石
Market
特色
市场
Market
特色
市场
Taihu fish太
湖水
产
Camping
野营
Hiking徒步 租
单车
Bike rental
Fruit picking摘
水果
Tree house树房
Rural inn农
家乐
Lookout特
色节
点
Mountain山峰
Tea field茶
业
Picnic野炊
GRAPHIC PROGRAMS
Located in the third largest freshwater lake in China Xishan Island features a scenic and un-touched landscape which is already in the focus of the local tourism industry.The lake now provides millions of people with drinking water, hence it is of fundamental im-portance to preserve the lake and its ecosystem while tourism in this region is increasing.
a+p|CHORA aims to implement a low-carbon program on Xishan Island, balancing the require-ments of both the increasing tourism and a low environmental impact.
By installing a wide range of small interventions, we proposed a full-value holiday destination that meets low-carbon standards and works as a prototype for future low-carbon tourist areas in China.
Sketch up
Model making
Indesign
Illustrator
TENDER for the local government
February 2012
Xishan Island, CHINA
A+P CHORA|CHORA
XISHAN ISLAND
Car / CoachPark
Shop- Large
Shop- Small
Cycle HireBooth
Cycle RepairWorkshop
Small AlgaeBiodigestion
Large AlgaeBiodigestion
InfoBooth
CycleLockups
JettyOutpost
ManagementOffice
RecyclingPointHotel Off-grid
StationHostel
Campsite ->
Fruit PickingStation
0
ECO
HyS
PC
WASTE
CO2= 0
PCShop - LargeAir Light Frame Box Energy Systems
ECO[ ]+ + +
EXAMPLE 1 - SHOP
Heated thermal walls
Heated raised slab
Geothermal energy source
Energy storing fuel cell
Signiture FacadePhotovoltaics
Solar Shading
Passive ventilation
Prototype Set A1. Light, Digital Facade2. Geothermal Slab3. Fuel Cell4. PVs5. Solar Shading6. Cross ventilation7. Thermal mass
eco-Hotel / EcotelLight Skin over Slabs Energy Systems
[ ]+ + +PC
CO2= 0ECO
EXAMPLE 3 - HOTEL
Dappled daylighting
Cross ventilation
Double skin facade
Super thin wall layers
Air flow cooling / insulation
Prototype Set C1. Double skin facade2. Super thin wall layers3. Air flow cooling / insulation4. Dappled light through layered digital facade5. Cross ventilation
TOURISM : ROUTES
停车区域
Checkpoint保安
Parking lot
Picnic野炊
Camping
野营
钓鱼
Fishing
租单车
Bike rental
Canoying划船
Camping
野营 Village
村落
Taihu fish太
湖水
产
Canoying划船
Water水景
Horse riding骑马
Rural inn农
家乐Lookout
特色
节点
Boating赛艇
Organic farming
有机蔬菜
Restaurant餐馆
Horse carriage马车
Family家庭活动
Hotel
宾馆
Fruit picking摘
水果
Tea field茶
业
Taihu stone太
湖石
石
Market
特色
市场
Market
特色
市场
Taihu fish太
湖水
产
Camping
野营
Hiking徒步 租
单车
Bike rental
Fruit picking摘
水果
Tree house树房
Rural inn农
家乐
Lookout特
色节
点
Mountain山峰
Tea field茶
业
Picnic野炊
dynamic masterplan
prototype project studies
SHOP EXH.LIFT
FIRELIFT
LIFT
LIFT
FIRELIFT
FIRELIFT
LIFTLIFT LIFT
FIRELIFT
FIRESTAIRS
LIFT LIFT
FIRELIFT
STORAGEFIRELIFT
STORAGE
FIRELOBBY TERMINAL
RISER /TECH SPACE
TOWER RISER /TECH SPACE
FIRESTAIRS
FIRESTAIRS STORAGE
FIRELOBBY
LOBBY
FIRESTAIRS
TERMINALRISER /
TECH SPACE
FIRELIFT
FIRELOBBY
STORAGE
FIRESTAIRS
TOWER RISER /TECH SPACE
STORAGE
TOWER RISER /TECH SPACE
FIRESTAIRS
FIRELIFT
TERMINALRISER /
TECH SPACE
STORAGE
FIRESTAIRS
FIRELOBBY
FIRELIFT
FIRELOBBY
LOBBY
LIFT
STORAGE
LIFT LIFT
FIRELIFT
TOWER RISER /TECH SPACE
FIRESTAIRS
FIRELIFT
FIRELOBBY
LOBBY
STORAGE
LIFT LIFT
FIRELIFT
TOWER RISER /TECH SPACE
FIRESTAIRS
FIRELIFT
FIRELOBBY
LOBBY
STORAGE
FIRELIFT
FIRESTAIRS
FIRELIFT
LIFT
LIFT
FIRESTAIRS
TERMINALRISER /
TECH SPACE
FIRELIFT
TOWER RISER /TECH SPACE
LIFT
FIRELOBBY
LOBBY
FIRELIFT
FIRESTAIRS
FIRELIFT
FIRELIFT
FIRESTAIRS
FIRELIFT
>>> ESCALATOR UP FROM 3 >>>
>>> ESCALATOR DOW
N TO 3 >>>
>>> ESCALATOR DOWN TO 3 >>><<< ESCALATOR UP FROM 3 <<<
Ramp down from 2 to 1
Green slope down to -1 from 1Green slope down to -1 from 1
Pedestrianpath to
-1
Pedestrianpath to
-1
Bar80m
2
Technicalarea for
CNGStation240m2
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
PR
OD
UC
ED
BY
AN
AU
TO
DE
SK
ED
UC
AT
ION
AL
PR
OD
UC
T
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
PR
OD
UC
ED
BY
AN
AU
TO
DE
SK
ED
UC
AT
ION
AL
PR
OD
UC
T
landscape strategy景观策略
GRAPHIC PROGRAMS
south elevation
landscape strategy
The Chengdu Bus Terminal acts as a node be-tween the city and its mobility. As a project that affects the mechanics of the city, a well-oiled ma-chine is created that encourages smooth evolu-tion between modes of transport.The concept can be divided into two key parts:1. The Platform: an efficient piece of smart in-frastructure, an enclosed, elevated depot for the two floors of single decker buses, and a deck of social activities on top.2. The Branding: Highlighting the public service, provided as something socially important and ex-citing.The zones of interaction between transportation and people are key space within the project. We crate a void that connetcted the infrastructure with a social space above. The proposal is a hybrid of a void of city infrastructure and com-mercial, social and residential function. The bus terminal is the basis for efficient interchange and a civic space, symbol of the city’s progress. The new civic center becomes an important urban space, a place for social interaction.
Indesign
Photoshop
Illustrator
Autocad
INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION2ND PRIZE
2012
Chengdu, CHINA
A+P CHORA|CHORA
CHENGDU BUS TERMINAL
南立面图SOUTH ELEVATION
sustainable and green technologies_water and waste recycling
sustainable and green technologies_cooling_passive buildingcirculation diagram
Gameset©CHORA
[PROTOTYPE]
Quiet Asphalt
Description:
vibration, provide ride comfort qualities, is quick to install, durable and resistant and can be used for both maintenance and new-build roads.
Theme:
Sector:
[ [Gameset©CHORA
[PROTOTYPE]
Water Strategies
Description:Sustainable water resource management is an important issue for buildings. Passive measures can
information display regarding water consumption reduction, good practice water distribution system, col-lecting rainwater and water heating by storing in black tanks above ground (bladder- see picture above).
Theme:
Sector:
[ [
Gameset©CHORA
[PROTOTYPE]Wastewater Heat Recovery
Description:An inlay system for heat recovery from blackwater can be installed. A double-tube heat exchanger is
are avialble and with little cost.
Theme:
Sector:
[ [WasteWater
Gameset©CHORA
[PROTOTYPE]
River Cooling
Description:River source cooling uses a large body of cold water as a heat sink for space cooling. This is an alterna-tive to energy intensive air conditioning. A heat exchanger is used to transfer heat from a chilled loop to the river. Chiller plants may be necessary if the water temperature is above 7°C.
Theme:
Sector:
[ [
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Green Roof
Description:Bioretention is a planted depression that is designed
-tion and provides drinking water, and also reduces rain run-off. Accessible green roofs create an engaging social space at the same time. Plants absorb C02, im-proving air quality, reduce heat gain by the process of evapotranspiration, and provide a habitat for wildlife.
Theme:
Sector:
[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Biogas CHP Plant
Description:Organic waste and blackwater for instance can be converted to biogas through the process of anaerobic digestion. The biogas produced can fuel energy production, provide heat and power vehicles.
Theme:
Sector:
[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Waste Recycling
Description:Waste treatment of glass, paper, metal, plastics, textiles, electronics and organic material. Organic material collected can be converted to biogas for energy production. Recycling Points can be provided across the site or automated collection systems can be installed for ease of waste management.
Theme:
Sector:
[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Greywater Recycling
Description:Greywater would be treated on-site, reducing the volume of wastewater going to the sewer. In a Living Machine, wastewater is screened and then enters
drain to move water through the system. Bacteria oxidise ammonia into nitrate, and microbes break nitrate into CO2 and nitrogen gas, hence reducing reliance on chemicals . After a day, 60% of water is
irrigation and other uses.
Theme:
Sector:
[ [[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[PROTOTYPE]
Geothermal- Thermal Labyrinth/ Earthduct
Description:This involves exploiting thermal mass to temper ventilation air. Earthducts radiate into a building from the surrounding area. A concrete or steel-lined ventilation tube is buried about one meter under-ground, and brings a building’s ventilation air into contact with the thermal mass of the earth.
Theme:
Sector:
[ [
15°C25°C35°C
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Solar Water Heater
Description:Water is heated by the use of solar energy. Solar heating systems are generally composed of solar ther-
the collector to its point of usage. The system may use
or tank for heat storage and subsequent use.
Theme:
Sector:
[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Thermal Energy Storage
Description:Thermal energy storage comprises a number of technologies that can store thermal energy in energy storage reservoirs for later use. Thermal energy can be accumulated from solar collection or CHP plant and transferred to insulated repositaries for use later for space heating and hot water.
Theme:
Sector:
[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Waste Heat Recovery
Description:A waste heat recovery unit is and energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat from for example the hot
to heat the residential towers; thus reducing energy consumption and thermal and air pollution.
Theme:
Sector:
bus waste to residential gain
[PROTOTYPE] WasteHeat
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Concourse Climatic Control
Description:The concourse at the bus station could be an environ-mentally controlled zone, protecting travellers from bus exhaust fumes. Thereby this creates a comfort-able space, with clean air, suitably heated or cooled.
Theme:
Sector:
[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Electric-charging points
Description:Electric Vehicle charging stations can be employed on-site to promote and aid the use of plug-in hybrid elecric vehicles and battery electric vehicles. Also a Battery Switch Station is a solution for a quicker battery charge. Energy generated by the PV louvres integrated within the towers can be a source of power.
Theme:
Sector:
[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Natural Ventilation
Description:Natural Ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space without using mechanical systems, hence saving on energy use. Stack-effect ventilation is best used in the south-facing facades, which occurs as a force that results from temperature differences between the exterior and interior (solar chimney).
Theme:
Sector:
[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Green Lease
Description:Within a Green Lease Agreement, tenants and com-mercial and entertainment companies dedicate to support the Bus Terminal’s energy approaches. This is a low cost sustainable practice, earning favour for the site owners, and reducing energy costs for everyone.
Theme:
Sector:
[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[ [Solar Orientation
Description:Solar orientation is an aspect of Passive Design, along with other key features such as the use of thermal mass and appropriate ventilation and window place-
performance of a building. Passive Solar Design refers to the use of the sun’s energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces.
Theme:
Sector:
[ [[PROTOTYPE]
Gameset©CHORA
[ [
Description:Louvres proposed on the exterior facade of the Towers to control solar heat gains thereby reducing energy required to cool the buildings. Photovoltaics are integrated within the louvres, converting sunlight directly into electricity, which can be used to recharge electric scooters and bicycles on-site.
Theme:
Sector:
[PROTOTYPE]
Operable Shading Device/Building Integrated Photovoltaics
Ground Floor
Basement
1st Floor
2nd Floor
Roof Floor
Departure
Core
Retail
Public Circulation
1 ROOF CUSTONER
3 RESIDENTS
2 TERMINAL CUSTOMER
RESTPLAYINTERNETCAFEGAS STATIONRESIDENTIALBUS DEPARTURECAR WASHTICKETINGRESTAURANTESCALATERSUPERMARKETCAR PARKELEVATORCINEMA
GRAPHIC PROGRAMS
The Taiwan Strait is one of the most volatile areas in the world today. This is due to the differences between China and Taiwan regarding the status of Taiwan as a sovereign state. And yet this re-gion has cohesion, part historic, part emergent. A body of economic, historical, social, financial, lin-guistic and cultural connections and flows create an urban fabric across the Strait that links Taiwan strongly with Fujian Province. We are engaged in developing an atlas of this body of connections and flows in order to describe the region as an incubator for emergent urban forms and projects. We focused on two cities: Xiamen in China, and Taichung in Taiwan. The aim of the project is to form a network of parties in these two cities that can participate in initiating pilot projects that use the knowledge of the cross-strait network to gen-erate more cross-strait collaborations. The main thematic focus we have adopted for the pilot pro-jects is climate change, and the aim is to turn these pilot projects into prototypes for cross-strait cooperations.
SMART CITIESSmart Cities are the new answer to the ever-in-creasing Climate Change threat. Or so we are told by a range of multi-national companies entering the field of urban planning, with solutions ranging from smart grids to smart governance. The project addresses the current appropriation of the concept of a Smart City by directly chal-lenging the technocratic aspect of the practice. We aim at counteracting this trend and will devel-op projects that put our profession at the centre of the challenge of carbon reduction in cities; and organise inter-discourses among different knowl-edge practices and organisations into a ecology of Cybernetics.
Photoshop
Sketch up
Indesign
Illustrator
PUBLICATION
2012
Taiwan Strait, China-Taiwan
CHORA
TAIWAN STRAIT ATLAS
Tai
Xia
TAIWAN STRAIT INCUBATORCHORA ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISMIncorporating a cross-strait renewable energy management plan for Xiamen and Taichung, the Taiwan Strait Incubator maps the complex web of economic, cultural and ecological connections, and developing climate change prototypes at an urban scale. The incubator would set new standard for architectural design, urban planning and management, and creative financial planning.
ECO
ECO
"
"exctract from the “Taiwan Strait Smart Region”Written by Raoul Bunschoten.
Research_Atlas
S outhC hina
S e a
E as tC hina
S e a
Ye llowS e a
B ohai S e a
J apane s eS e a
Taiwanes e intended expansion line
J apanese intended expans ion line
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Taiw an
S outh K orea
J apan
Mid-february
Mid-november
Mid-january
Mid-december
F ish
ing
proh
ibite
d: ju
ne 1
6 - september 1
Fish
ing
proh
ibite
d: ju
ne 1
6 - au
gustus 20
Fish
ing
proh
ibite
d: ju
ne 16 -
septem
ber 16
Fish
ing
proh
ibite
d: ju
ne 1 - a
ugustus 1
S outhC hina
S e a
E as tC hina
S e a
Ye llowS e a
B ohai S e a
J apane s eS e a
G ray m ullet of Taiw an S trait3500 Discovery of eating mullet in antiquities.300 A ccording to biographical records , m ullet was regarded as the best in fisherey,and the best part of m ullet was its spawn.600 During the S ui and Tang Dynasties , 30 grey m ullets and 5 units of spawns wereshown in the list of the tribute to the emperor.1369 A ccording to the biographies in theM ing Dynasty, a large num ber of fisherm enwere settled in the X iam en area, and cam eback and forth in Taiwan strait.1570 During the M ing Dynasty m any m er-chants and fishing boats m igrated to Taiwanfor catching grey m ullet.1895 J apan ruled Taiwan, China stopped im porting grey m ullet from Taiwan.1909 T he new technology for process ingm ullet roe was introduced to Taiwan.1949 T he K M T governm ent withdrew to Taiwan. 1993 China governm ent opened up the indi-rect investm ent for Taiwanese bus inessm en.1998 China began to catch grey m ullet andexported to Taiwan.2007 T he fisherm en’s association of J iadingin K aohsiung opened up succesfully the new m arket of the m ullet roe in J apan.
CU R R E N T M OR AT OR IU M A N D E CON OM IC B OR DE R S
Taiwan territorial waters baselines E conom ic borders of 200 nautical m iles
Two m ajor factors are believed to have af-fected the grey m ullet resource in recentyears (Huang 2005). One is the participationof and expansion in the s ize of the fleetsfrom M C (Huang, Lin, and Huang 2005) andthe other is the ris ing S S T in the TaiwanS trait.
G eographical pos itionDue to their geographical advantage, the fis -herm en in M C can firs t harvest the fish atthe point from which the grey m ullet m i-grate; i.e. the E ast China S ea, giving rise toconsistently low catches in the Taiwan S traitand touching off the collapse of the greym ullet fishery in T W . T he lack of an effectivecooperative fishery m anagem ent institutionand the strong dem and for grey m ullet inT W have both served to accelerate the de-pletion of the grey m ullet s tock and havehad a negative effect on the welfare of thepeople in T W .
Clim ate changethe S S T in the Taiwan S trait has increasedby about 1°C in the last forty years . S incethe optim um S S T for grey m ullet to spawnis in the range of 20–23°C, the ris ing S S Tprevents schools of grey m ullet from m igra-ting southward. It is envisaged that the glo-bal warm ing effect will push the m igratorystock further north and result in thespawning of grey m ullet beyond T W ’s tradi-tional fishing grounds . A ccordingly, this willbring an end to the T W grey m ullet fisheryeven without the participation of M C.
China
830
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
85 87 89 91 93 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
Taiwan
M ullet catch m ainland China and Taiw anIn m illion kilogram s
M A IN POLLA N T S OU R CE S POS IT ION S M A PPIN G
DIS S E A S E S
In spring and autum n seasons , there is46.3% incident rate of high ozone pollutantsaccidents in the central area of Taichung.During prevalence of land-sea breeze days ,s tations in m ainland are under B airi seabreeze. T he poss ibilities of high ozone pollu-tants incidents located along the coast arem uch m ore higher than inland. Furtherm ore,the pos itions of m axim um ozone content areusually at 100 inches and 250 inches height.
T he sym ptom s of ozone suction are inclu-ding caughing, chest pain, soft throat andeye pricking. It could cause respiratory pas-sages effection, even m ore, dam age norm allung functions .
Industries and pollution
Da-Chen coastal industrial park 2.6 hectare
Form osa sreel m ill 629.9 hectare
K K PC petrochem ical industry
Fuzhou
K ut' ien
N anping
S anm ing
A n S ha
Lian Cheng
Taibei
Hs inchu
J ilong
Long-Fong industry R iyue Tan
Tainan
G aoxiong
X iam en (S .E .Z.)
M eixian
Changhua therm al industry
Taichung
Coal Industry
Petroleum Industry
Steel Industry
Non-ferrous Metallurgical Industry
Machinery Manufacturing Industry
Chemical Industry
Building Materials Industry
Forest Industry
Power Industry
Major industry city
Medium industrial city
Small industrial city
CO2-em iss ion
2008 N AT ION A L E M IS S ION S OF CO2-DIOX IDE IN T HE W OR LD
SOUTH KOREA14,599,555CO²
CHINA 113,972,775 CO²
CO²MALAYSIA2,494,232
CO²INDONESIA2,556,908
BRAZIL19,302,353CO²
CO²INDIA31,072,495
CO²REST OF WORLD44,132,847
T he K yoto Protocol is a protocol to the U ni-ted N ations Fram ework Convention on Cli-m ate Change (U N FCCC or FCCC), aim ed atfighting global warm ing. T he U N FCCC is aninternational environm ental treaty with thegoal of achieving "stabilization of green-house gas concentrations in the atm osphereat a level that would prevent dangerous an-thropogenic interference with the clim atesystem ."[1]T he Protocol was initially adopted on 11 De-cem ber 1997 in K yoto, J apan and enteredinto force on 16 February 2005. A s of N o-vem ber 2009, 187 states have s igned and ra-tified the protocol.[2]U nder the Protocol, 37 industrialized coun-tries (called "A nnex I countries") com m itthem selves to a reduction of four green-house gases (G HG ) (carbon dioxide, m e-thane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride)and two groups of gases (hydrofluorocar-bons and perfluorocarbons) produced bythem , and all m em ber countries give gene-ral com m itm ents . A nnex I countries agreedto reduce their collective greenhouse gasem iss ions by 5.2% from the 1990 level.E m iss ion lim its do not include em iss ions byinternational aviation and shipping, but arein addition to the industrial gases , chloro-fluorocarbons , or CFCs , which are dealt withunder the 1987 M ontreal Protocol on S ub-stances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.[W ikipedia]
AV E R A G E A N N U A L E M M IS S ION R E DU CT ION S IN T ON N E S OF CO2 (K Y OT O-PR OT OCOL)
125,000,000 0
A nnex 1 countries net purchasors of CE R s
K yoto s ignatories not required to cut em m is ions
M ain host countries of CE R projects
2.25-2.502.00-2.251.75-2.001.50-1.751.25-1.501.00-1.25
GRAPHIC PROGRAMS
The Villeneuve neighbourhoods is an planned ur-ban area on the south of the city of Grenoble. This set consists of several neighborhoods, including the iconic district of the Harlequin, distributed around the Market Square. If the Villeneuve is the largest operation ever known in the urban ag-glomeration of Grenoble, it is also one that has generated the most interest and controversy.
Since its creation in 1972, the Villeneuve was a social and urban nationwide experiment with its new achievements in education, the creation of integrated equipment and a new urbanism that prefigured many achievements in the “new towns”.
When the upper and even middle classes left the neighbourhood, the area was becoming a “diffi-cult area”, deteriorating irreversibly.The two existing parking are a barrier between the city and the residential area. The goal of this project is to bring new life in the neighbourhood, turning the above ground levels into craft work-shop and common spaces for the area’s dwell-ers.A separate cycle route that crosses the residen-tial building and develops along the renovated parking into the city has been proposed. The ground level has been raised so as to obtain a large public central square which represents the seam and the bridge to the tram rail dedicated exclusively to pedestrian. The interstitial space between the parking and the main road is trans-formed into a public paths and garden which pro-vides some sport facilities for the community. The basement level remains a parking lot.
Hand drawings
Photoshop
Autocad
Renovation of existing buildigUrban arrangement, urban park
2009
La Villeneuve, Grenoble, FRANCE
University Project
PARKING RENOVATION
view from the interior piazzaoverview section
punctual section(the numbers are referring to the masterplan)
prospective view of the roof
gymnasiumbrewery
maison université
researchers room
reception
The project was coordinated by the University of Grenoble.It was inserted into a program for the renewal of the university campus area of the city. We pro-vided the renovation of the “Maison Université” (administration building) and the EVE, a cafeteria central point of meeting for the students. My project was to design a complex to house students and researchers with 170 apartments of various sizes (T1_18,4 mq; T1 plus_25 mq; T2_36,2 mq and T2_32,9 mq). The building had to provide also 661 mq of common spaces and 482 mq for a private brewery.The lot is at a crossroad between the main tram that connects the campus to downtown, and the road network on campus. The main features of the lot are its organization and its proximity to 3 tram stops. It is a strategic point between the residential and administrative part of the campus.
PROJECT IDEAOrganic composition of housing unit(private cell independent) +Regular grid(pillard 25cmx25cm, distance 5m) +Commune spaces(possibility of interaction between the student)
GRAPHIC PROGRAMS
south facade
Hand Drawings
Photoshop
Sketch up
Autocad
Social Housing
2009
University Campus, Grenoble, FRANCE
University Project
RESEARCHER RESIDENCE
section
Housing Typologies diagrams
Ground Floor
First Floor
Section
2° FLOORT1 T1 plus T2 T2 divisible
29 units 8 units3 units6 units
T1 T1 plus T2 T2 divisible
4° FLOOR
ROOF FLOOR
T1 T1 plus T2 T2 divisible
31 units 3 units2 units7 units
3° FLOOR
“How do we live democratically sustainability?”This new paradigm of the XXI cen-tury has been influencing the four pillars of our civilisation (economy, ecology, society, culture)? In particular, how do we create a culture in which we live “glocally” – in a local yet global world?
It is this debate that developed into this project for the folies liégeoise.Signals in public space were positioned along the path that connected eleven “folies”. The “Folies Liegeoise” had several objectives:-stake out a path in the manner of Tom Thumb;-display information about the various activities and sponsors;-intervene temporarily in abandoned spaces, or otherwise generate free appropriation, like the dazibaos; -give the street an extra urban (bench, roof cor-ner meeting) and over the role as the space com-munity.
The follies were built with materials for reuse – obsolete objects discarded by residents and des-tined to be destroyed.
LA FOLIEWith both sides that give shape to the streets, the “valiant Belfry” is like the snowman of Camillo Sitte (The art of building cities): a monument that leaves open the void of space between the build-ing and pedestrian traffic.It is like a sentinel opposite the entrance to Curtis Museum and its interior offers a rise towards the sky, the time of introspection as a reply to the bell tower at the neighbour corner. His “recovery” in March 2009 with the addition of a bell, did not stop to multiple interventions and expressions anyonymes.
A. Station TGV, new gate of LiégeB. Station of JonfosseC. Station of Palais: start of walking pathD. Street Mère-DieuE. Stairs of BuerenF. Galery Les Drapieurs G. Galery Les BrasseursH. Gran CurtisI. Art Museum J. Le Placard a BalaisK. Old church Saint André-market
Principals Folies1. Folie Palais2. Folie Village3. Folie Beffroi4. Folie Malle5. Folie Place
stages of the path
walking path(2km)
position of the principals folies
position of the secondary folies
wood, plastic, metal, used objects
MATERIAL AND TOOLSconstruction tools (hammer, screwdriver, saw..)
Study on waste materials (textiles, electrical appliances ..) and manipulating them in order to create a new object that has the characteristics of its components exploiting them to perform new functions.
November 2008
Liegi, BELGIUM
Universitè de Grenoble
FOLIES LIÉGEOISEPosiz ione di una fo l l ia pr inc ipale
Posiz ione di una poss ib i l ie fo l l ia secondar ia
Tappe del percorso
o l i e slié geoisef
construction site
exercise of manipulation
Folie Beffroicomposition testsconcept
RESEARCH_DEGREE
GRAPHIC PROGRAMSAutocad
Illustrator
Indesign
Sketch up
Giulia Finazzi
-MIGRATIONINEXThe influence of mass occupation and exodus on the contemporary urban emergencies
Icons, Infrastrcture, Shelter
[EVENT MINUS ]
[events: classification and relations]
EX [MIGRATION ]HURRICANES NATURAL DISASTERS
TERRORISTIC ATTACKS POLITICAL INSTABILITY
CIVIL WARWALLS GEOPOLITICAL DISRUPTIONS
EARTHQUAKES
OBJECTIVE AND DEFINITION OF RANGEThe objective of this research is to understand how a big mass movement in a compressed period of time leads to the change in meaning and use of urban architecture in the contemporary city. The thesis explores how migration occurs over four phases: city territory, urban form, architecture or the human body.Phase 0. The extraordinary events are divided into two macro-categories characterized by phenomena of migration. Events + involve a planned in-migration and are divided into Sports Events(further divided into Olympiad, World Football Cup, World Swimming, America’s Cup), Cultural Events (Expo, Capital of culture) and Political Events (State Funeral, Jubilee, G8 Summit). Events - determine a spontaneous ex-migration and are divided into Natural Disaster Event (further divide into Earthquake, Hurricane), Event of political instability (Terrorist Attack) and Geopolitical Disruption Event (Civil War and Walls).Phase1. Global mapping of all the migratory events that occurred in the last ten years. Each event is analyzed through a qualitative reading of the changes that the city su�ers from in terms of urban transformation and migration. Phase2. Identi�cation of six speci�c cases that show ex-migratory phenomena and in-migration. Comparing city who express contrasting characters and analysis of
the impact that migration will sign in the buildings (icons), in the architectures accommodation (refugees), in the transport network (infrastructure) present in the city. [Beijing (Olympiad 2008) vs. New Orleans (Hurricane 2005); Barcelona (Forum 2004) vs. Baghdad (civil war 2003); Genova (G8 2001) vs. New York (terrorist attack 2001)Phase3. Reads crossed: as icons, Infrastructure and Shelters react and change as a result of migration. This research addresses the analysis of phenomena that have occurred over the last ten years. Chief among these is the migration that, in general, is understood as a process in which a mass of people move from place of residence to another, building a system of relationships both the areas departed and areas of destination. The distinctive feature of migration, taking into account the research, is the time when this phenomenon takes place. The event +, which binds the in-migration, it evolves into an extended period that goes from preparation to managing the legacy of the event. By contrast, the ex-migration occurs in a time restricted by the sudden appearance of a phenomenon, such as political destabi-lisation.If, on the one hand, we implement the planned produc-tion processes of reception and entertainment spaces and the consequent adaptation of the network infrastructure to the new amount of users, on the other
hand we see a temporary reuse of some buildings that are there.The analysis of these two phenomena led to the establi-shment of 3 types of architecture: Icons, Infrastructure and Shelters.The icons are symbolic architecture. In a case are represented by buildings built-up for speci�c function which often, at the end of the event, is left unused and more exuberant than the need of real use. The icon becomes a container without a de�ned program except for speci�c occasions. The icons are also formed by the major buildings of cities that can be unusable for a period and leading the city to lose a place that has an important role in the city, or so�er a change of function: it induces a modi�cation of the normal behaviour of the Icon must satisfy di�erent needs from those for which it was conceived, becoming for period a shelter. Often, in this second case, the structures cause a temporary overcrowding resulting from their unsuitability to the needs they should meet. Shelters also have several solutions based on the presence of the event. The in-migration causes a demand for additional accommo-dation in the host city, which provides for the construc-tion of new structures that may be typical as hotels, or as speci�c as the Olympic villages. The interest generated by the analysis of these types is the fact that their single-purpose feature is put in crisis when these structures are
required to �ll and empty to meet accommodation demand.During the course of the event - it becomes necessary to locate emergency shelters. In many cases the presen-ce of architecture not a�ected by the catastrophic phenomenon provides an opportunity for their re-use for this purpose.Infrastructure is built specially to increase the capacity of the transport systems due to the event, but later becomes a contribution to the city. The new infrastruc-ture built up in an "ad hoc" fashion turns out to be a tool that allows the expansion of the city: the reduction of travel times from the suburbs to the centre creates new relationships within the urban fabric. The loss of part of the city, by contrast, means that the mobility infrastruc-ture is left to assume both the role of the only escape routes and transport, and of refuge.This dual capability is made possible thanks to a minimal modi�cation of the space that it o�ers. The identi�cation and analysis of these types of architecture has allowed us to draw a design approach for each of them.
[EVENT PLUS]IN [MIGRATION]
WORLD FOOTBALL CUPWORLD SWIMMINGAMERICA’S CUP
OLYMPICS
EXPOCAPITAL OF CULTURE
STATE FUNERALJUBILEEG8 SUMMIT
SPORTS
CULTURAL
POLITICAL
OBJECTIVE AND DEFINITION OF RANGEThe objective of this research is to understand how a big mass movement in a compressed period of time leads to the change in meaning and use of urban architecture in the contemporary city. The thesis explores how migration occurs over four phases: city territory, urban form, architecture or the human body.Phase 0. The extraordinary events are divided into two macro-categories characterized by phenomena of migration. Events + involve a planned in-migration and are divided into Sports Events(further divided into Olympiad, World Football Cup, World Swimming, America’s Cup), Cultural Events (Expo, Capital of culture) and Political Events (State Funeral, Jubilee, G8 Summit). Events - determine a spontaneous ex-migration and are divided into Natural Disaster Event (further divide into Earthquake, Hurricane), Event of political instability (Terrorist Attack) and Geopolitical Disruption Event (Civil War and Walls).Phase1. Global mapping of all the migratory events that occurred in the last ten years. Each event is analyzed through a qualitative reading of the changes that the city su�ers from in terms of urban transformation and migration. Phase2. Identi�cation of six speci�c cases that show ex-migratory phenomena and in-migration. Comparing city who express contrasting characters and analysis of
the impact that migration will sign in the buildings (icons), in the architectures accommodation (refugees), in the transport network (infrastructure) present in the city. [Beijing (Olympiad 2008) vs. New Orleans (Hurricane 2005); Barcelona (Forum 2004) vs. Baghdad (civil war 2003); Genova (G8 2001) vs. New York (terrorist attack 2001)Phase3. Reads crossed: as icons, Infrastructure and Shelters react and change as a result of migration. This research addresses the analysis of phenomena that have occurred over the last ten years. Chief among these is the migration that, in general, is understood as a process in which a mass of people move from place of residence to another, building a system of relationships both the areas departed and areas of destination. The distinctive feature of migration, taking into account the research, is the time when this phenomenon takes place. The event +, which binds the in-migration, it evolves into an extended period that goes from preparation to managing the legacy of the event. By contrast, the ex-migration occurs in a time restricted by the sudden appearance of a phenomenon, such as political destabi-lisation.If, on the one hand, we implement the planned produc-tion processes of reception and entertainment spaces and the consequent adaptation of the network infrastructure to the new amount of users, on the other
hand we see a temporary reuse of some buildings that are there.The analysis of these two phenomena led to the establi-shment of 3 types of architecture: Icons, Infrastructure and Shelters.The icons are symbolic architecture. In a case are represented by buildings built-up for speci�c function which often, at the end of the event, is left unused and more exuberant than the need of real use. The icon becomes a container without a de�ned program except for speci�c occasions. The icons are also formed by the major buildings of cities that can be unusable for a period and leading the city to lose a place that has an important role in the city, or so�er a change of function: it induces a modi�cation of the normal behaviour of the Icon must satisfy di�erent needs from those for which it was conceived, becoming for period a shelter. Often, in this second case, the structures cause a temporary overcrowding resulting from their unsuitability to the needs they should meet. Shelters also have several solutions based on the presence of the event. The in-migration causes a demand for additional accommo-dation in the host city, which provides for the construc-tion of new structures that may be typical as hotels, or as speci�c as the Olympic villages. The interest generated by the analysis of these types is the fact that their single-purpose feature is put in crisis when these structures are
required to �ll and empty to meet accommodation demand.During the course of the event - it becomes necessary to locate emergency shelters. In many cases the presen-ce of architecture not a�ected by the catastrophic phenomenon provides an opportunity for their re-use for this purpose.Infrastructure is built specially to increase the capacity of the transport systems due to the event, but later becomes a contribution to the city. The new infrastruc-ture built up in an "ad hoc" fashion turns out to be a tool that allows the expansion of the city: the reduction of travel times from the suburbs to the centre creates new relationships within the urban fabric. The loss of part of the city, by contrast, means that the mobility infrastruc-ture is left to assume both the role of the only escape routes and transport, and of refuge.This dual capability is made possible thanks to a minimal modi�cation of the space that it o�ers. The identi�cation and analysis of these types of architecture has allowed us to draw a design approach for each of them.
1
4241
36
3735
4038 39
2423
21
253029
28
12
151413
1718 19
16
6
10
5152
53494850
47 4543
46 44
3133 32 34
22272611 20
2 3 4 57
9 8
+320%
+0,09%
1
+212%
+0,04%
2 3
+330%
+0,06%
4
+2%
+0,1%
5 6
+212%
+0,05%
7
+500%
+0,06%
8
+20%
+0,2%
9
178.908.167
242,5 Km
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 4 giorni
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 4 days
in-migration
urban expansion
European Capital of Culture Reyhjavik_2000
European Capital of Culture Bergen_2000
European Capital of Culture Turku_2011
European Capital of Culture Helsinki_2000
G8 summitSan Pietroburgo_2006
European Capital of Culture Tallin_2011
European Capital of Culture Stavanger_2008
European Capital of Culture Vilinius_2009
G8 summitHeiligendamm_2007
in-migration: + peopleestimate of the number of people moved from 2000 to 2010
estimates of the average increase of the cities from 2000 to 2010urban expansion: +
EUROPE
1
4241
36
3735
4038 39
2423
21
253029
28
12
151413
1718 19
16
6
10
5152
53494850
47 4543
46 44
3133 32 34
22272611 20
2 3 4 57
9 8
+320%
+0,09%
1
+212%
+0,04%
2 3
+330%
+0,06%
4
+2%
+0,1%
5 6
+212%
+0,05%
7
+500%
+0,06%
8
+20%
+0,2%
9
178.908.167
242,5 Km
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 4 giorni
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 12 months
in-migration
urban expansion
duration: 4 days
in-migration
urban expansion
European Capital of Culture Reyhjavik_2000
European Capital of Culture Bergen_2000
European Capital of Culture Turku_2011
European Capital of Culture Helsinki_2000
G8 summitSan Pietroburgo_2006
European Capital of Culture Tallin_2011
European Capital of Culture Stavanger_2008
European Capital of Culture Vilinius_2009
G8 summitHeiligendamm_2007
in-migration: + peopleestimate of the number of people moved from 2000 to 2010
estimates of the average increase of the cities from 2000 to 2010urban expansion: +
EUROPE
Israeli-Palestinian war Jerusalem _’67-in place
44 years
ex-migration-8%
urban contraction-18,35%
18 Jordanian war Amman_in place
19 years
ex-migration-8%
urban contraction
ex-migration
urban contraction
ex-migration
urban contraction
ex-migration
ex-migration ex-migration
urban contraction
ex-migration
urban contraction
ex-migration
urban contraction-8,50%
19 Israeli-Palestinian warGaza_’67-in place
44 years
-8%
-26,30%
22
Terroristic attack TunisiDjerba_2002
1 hour
-2,30%
-0,24%
23Algerian warAlgeri_’90-in place
21 years
-34%
-13%
25
21 years
-20%
Morocco - SpainMelilla_’90-today27
21 years
-20%
Morocco - SpainCeuta_’90-today28
24
-17%
-17,6%
EarthquakeBoumerdes_2003
duration: 2 days
26
-3%
-67%
EarthquakeAlgeri_2003
duration: 2 days
2829
32
34
33
35
36
3938
37
25
4318 221927
42
40 41
2423
4544
3031
26
46 AFRICA ANDMIDDLE EST
ex-migration: -7.041.667 peopleestimate of the number of people moved from 2000 to 2010
estimates of the average increase of the cities from 2000 to 2010urban contraction: -6.563 Km
Rotterdam (Paesi Bassi)Oporto (Portogallo)
Reykjavík (Islanda) Bergen (Norvegia) Helsinki (Finlandia) Bruxelles (Belgio) Praga (Repubblica Ceca) Cracovia (Polonia)Santiago di C. (Spagna)Avignone (Francia) Bologna (Italia)
Genova (Italia)
Daegu (Corea del sud)Seoul (Corea del Sud)Busan (Corea del Sud)Incheon (Corea del Sud)Daejon (Corea del Sud)Yokohama (Giappone)Osaka (Giappone)Sapporo (Giappone)Kobe (Giappone)
Graz (Austria)
Genova (Italia)Lille (Francia)
Cork (Irlanda)
Berlino (Germania)Francoforte (Germania)Amburgo (Germania)Hannover (Germania)Colonia (Germania)Lipsia (Germania)Monaco di Baviera Norimberga (Germania)Stoccarda (Germania)
LussembuSibiu (
Auckland (Australia)
Roma (Italia)
Hannover (Germania)Nago (Giappone)
Sydney (Australia)
Kananaskis (Canada)
Salt Lake City (USA)
Bruges (Belgio)Salamanca (Spagna)
Barcellona (Spagna)
Evian-les-bains (Francia)
Auckland (Australia)
Atene (Grecia)
Sea Island (USA)
Aichi (Giappone)
San Pietroburgo (Russia)
Patrasso (Grecia)
Torino (Italia)
Montreal (Canada)
V
Bienne,Morat (Svizzera)Morat, Bienne (Svizzera)
Fukuoka (Giappone)
Nias (Indonesia)
Bujumbura (Burundi)
Amman (Giordania)
Kabul (Afghanistan) Kandahar (Afghanistan)Luanda ( Angola)
Qalqilya (Israele-palestina)Betlemme (Israele-palestina)
Zububa (Israele-palestina)
Boumerdes (Algeria)Algeri (Algeria)
Saint'Georges (Grenada) Bridgetown (Barbados) Kingstone (Jamaica)
Gerusalemme (Israele)Gaza (Striscia di Gaza)Nairobi (Kenya)Algeri (Algeria)Bangui (Rep.Centrafricana)Abuja (Nigeria)Kampala (Uganda)Mogadiscio (Somalia)Ogaden (Etiopia)
New York (USA)
Bhuj (Gujarat, India)San Salvador (El Salvador)
Mombasa (Kenya)
Kabul (Afghanistan)
Djerba (Tunisia)
Bam (Iran)
Istanbul (Turchia)
Madrid (Spagna)
Medan (Sumatra settentrionale) Banda Aceh (Sumatra settentrionale ) Meulaboh (Sumatra settentrionale) Batticaloa (Sri Lanka)Amparai (Sri Lanka)
L'Avana (Cuba) Port Arthur (Texas) Lake Charles (Texas)
New Orleans (USA)
Gleneagles (Canada)
Roma (Italia)
Gilgit (Pakistan)Peshwar (Pakistan)Fort Lauderdale (Florida)Miami (Florida)
Mumbai (India)
Melilla (Marocco-Ceuta)Ceuta (Marocco-Ceuta)Ausert (Sahara Occidentale)Smara (Sahara Occidentale)Paju (Corea Sud-Corea Nord)
Tijuana (Messico-Usa)Nogales (Messico-Usa)El Paso (Messico-Usa)
Casablanca (Marocco)
Londra (Inghilterra)
Khartum (Sudan)
Baghdad (Iraq)
Diyarbakir (Turchia - Kurdistan)Sirnak (Kurdistan) Arbil (Iraq -Kurdistan) Kirkuk (Iraq - Kurdistan)
Abuja (Nigeria)
Bangui (Rep. Centroafricana)
Kinshasa (Repubblica Congo)
Bogotà (Colombia)
Belfast (Irlanda del Nord )
Nicosia (Cipro)
+1 825 Km
+3.9 Km
+299 Km
+10.14 Km
+10 Km
+5 Km
+123 Km
- 5672.8 Km
- 142.8 Km- 277.4 Km - 536 Km
- 1018 Km- 2484.2 Km
- 9215.3 Km
+55.812.077
+7.447.833
+2.559.056+5.212.533
+11.887.000
+23.926.709
+4.860.963
- 7.242.448
- 201.600
- 867.323
- 793.269
- 3.885.834
- 159.875
- 2.772.187
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Rotterdam (Paesi Bassi)Oporto (Portogallo)
Reykjavík (Islanda) Bergen (Norvegia) Helsinki (Finlandia) Bruxelles (Belgio) Praga (Repubblica Ceca) Cracovia (Polonia)Santiago di C. (Spagna)Avignone (Francia) Bologna (Italia)
Genova (Italia)
Daegu (Corea del sud)Seoul (Corea del Sud)Busan (Corea del Sud)Incheon (Corea del Sud)Daejon (Corea del Sud)Yokohama (Giappone)Osaka (Giappone)Sapporo (Giappone)Kobe (Giappone)
Graz (Austria)
Genova (Italia)Lille (Francia)
Cork (Irlanda)
Berlino (Germania)Francoforte (Amburgo (GeHannover (GColonia (Germania)Lipsia (Germania)Monaco di BaNorimberga Stoccarda (G
Auckland (Australia)
Roma (Italia)
Hannover (Germania)Nago (Giappone)
Sydney (Australia)
Kananaskis (Canada)
Salt Lake City (USA)
Bruges (Belgio)Salamanca (Spagna)
Barcellona (Spagna)
Evian-les-bains (Francia)
Auckland (Australia)
Atene (Grecia)
Sea Island (USA)
Aichi (Giappone)
San Pietrobu
Patrasso (Grecia)
Torino (Italia)
Montreal (Canada)
Bienne,Morat (Svizzera)Morat, Bienne (Svizzera)
Fukuoka (Giappone)
Nias (Indonesia)
Bujumbura (Burundi)
Amman (Giordania)
Kabul (Afghanistan) Kandahar (Afghanistan)Luanda ( Angola)
Qalqilya (Israele-palestina)Betlemme (Israele-palestina)
Zububa (Israele-palestina)
Boumerdes (Algeria)Algeri (Algeria)
Saint'Georges (Grenada) Bridgetown (Barbados) Kingstone (Jamaica)
Gerusalemme (Israele)Gaza (Striscia di Gaza)Nairobi (Kenya)Algeri (Algeria)Bangui (Rep.Centrafricana)Abuja (Nigeria)Kampala (Uganda)Mogadiscio (Somalia)Ogaden (Etiopia)
New York (USA)
Bhuj (Gujarat, India)San Salvador (El Salvador)
Mombasa (Kenya)
Kabul (Afghanistan)
Djerba (Tunisia)
Bam (Iran)
Istanbul (Turchia)
Madrid (Spagna)
Medan (Sumatra settentrionale) Banda Aceh (Sumatra settentrionale ) Meulaboh (Sumatra settentrionale) Batticaloa (Sri Lanka)Amparai (Sri Lanka)
L'Avana (Cuba) Port Arthur (Texas) Lake Charles (Texas)
New Orleans (USA)
Gleneagles (Canada)
Roma (Italia)
Gilgit (Pakistan)Peshwar (Pakistan)Fort Lauderdale (Florida)Miami (Florida)
Mumbai (India)
Melilla (Marocco-Ceuta)Ceuta (Marocco-Ceuta)Ausert (Sahara Occidentale)Smara (Sahara Occidentale)Paju (Corea Sud-Corea Nord)
Tijuana (Messico-Usa)Nogales (Messico-Usa)El Paso (Messico-Usa)
Casablanca (Marocco)
Londra (Inghilterra)
Khartum (Sudan)
Baghdad (Iraq)
Diyarbakir (Turchia - Kurdistan)Sirnak (Kurdistan) Arbil (Iraq -Kurdistan) Kirkuk (Iraq - Kurdistan)
Abuja (Nigeria)
Bangui (Rep. Centroafricana)
Kinshasa (Repubblica Congo)
Bogotà (Colombia)
Belfast (Irlanda del Nord )
Nicosia (Cipro)
+1 825 Km
+3.9 Km
+299 Km
+10.14 Km
+10 Km
+5 Km
+123 Km
- 5672.8 Km
- 142.8 Km- 277.4 Km - 536 Km
- 1018 Km- 2484.2 Km
- 9215.3 Km
+55.812.077
+7.447.833
+2.559.056+5.212.533
+11.887.000
+23.926.709
+4.860.963
- 7.242.448
- 201.600
- 867.323
- 793.269
- 3.885.834
- 159.875
- 2.772.187
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
mania)rmania)
mania)mania)
mania)mania)
viera (Germania)ermania)mania)
Lussemburgo (Lussemburgo)Sibiu (Romania)
Liverpool (Inghilterra)Stavanger (Norvegia)
Saragozza (Spagna)
Linz (Austria)Vilnius (Lituania)
Città del capo (Sud Africa)Durban (Sud Africa)Johannesburg (Sud Africa)Port Elisabeth (Sud Africa)Pretoria (Sud Africa)
Turku (Finlandia)Tallinn (Estonia)
Guimarães (Portogallo)Maribor (Slovenia)
Dubai (Emirati Arabi)
Rio de Janeiro (Brasile)Brasilia (Brasile)Belo Horizonte (Brasile)Porto Alegre (Brasile)San Paolo (Brasile)Salvador (Brasile)Fortaleza (Brasile)Manaus (Brasile)
Milano (Italia)go (Russia)
Heiligendamm (Germania)
Melbourne (Australia)
Valencia (Spagna)
Pechino (Cina)
Toyako (Giappone)
L'Aquila (Italia)
Shanghai (Cina)
Vancouver (Canada)
Valencia (Spagna)
Essen (Germania)Pécs (Ungheria)Istanbul (Turchia)
Shanghai (China)
Londra (Regno Unito)
Yeosu (Corea del sud)
Roma (Italia)Huntsville (USA)
Ica Perù (Perù)Chincha (Perù)Pisco (Perù)
Insein (Myanmar) Labutta (Myanmar) Bogale (Myanmar)
Samoa (USA)Padang (Sumatra, Indonesia)Pekanbaru (Sumatra, Indonesia)Pariaman (Sumatra, Indonesia)
Mosca (Russia)ndia)
Giakarta (Indonesia)
Sadr City (Baghdad)
Mindanao (Filippine)
Sukhumi (Ossezia)Tiblisi (Georgia)Tskhinvali (Georgia)
L'Aquila (Italia)
Christchurch (Nuova Zelanda)
Port-au-Prince (Haiti)
Concepciòn (Cile)
Hangzou (Cina)Fuzhou (Cina)
Tocapilla (Cile)Calama (Cile)
+16 Km
+4.27 Km
+82.53 Km
+50 Km
- 19.135 Km
- 9678.7 Km
- 1030.9 Km
- 215.4 Km
+73.968.946
+5.552.388
+12.047.829
+6.630.960
- 4.272.421
- 553.149- 67.772
- 10.869.738
Chengdu (Cina)
IN [MIGRAZIONE]
ESPANSIONE URBANA
CONTRAZIONE URBANA
EX[MIGRAZIONE]
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
ermania)e (Germania)(Germania)(Germania)ermania)mania)
o di Baviera (Germania)ga (Germania)(Germania)
Lussemburgo (Lussemburgo)Sibiu (Romania)
Liverpool (Inghilterra)Stavanger (Norvegia)
Saragozza (Spagna)
Linz (Austria)Vilnius (Lituania)
Città del capo (Sud Africa)Durban (Sud Africa)Johannesburg (Sud Africa)Port Elisabeth (Sud Africa)Pretoria (Sud Africa)
Turku (Finlandia)Tallinn (Estonia)
Guimarães (Portogallo)Maribor (Slovenia)
Dubai (Emirati Arabi)
Rio de Janeiro (Brasile)Brasilia (Brasile)Belo Horizonte (Brasile)Porto Alegre (Brasile)San Paolo (Brasile)Salvador (Brasile)Fortaleza (Brasile)Manaus (Brasile)
Milano (Italia)roburgo (Russia)
Heiligendamm (Germania)
Melbourne (Australia)
Valencia (Spagna)
Pechino (Cina)
Toyako (Giappone)
L'Aquila (Italia)
Shanghai (Cina)
Vancouver (Canada)
Valencia (Spagna)
Essen (Germania)Pécs (Ungheria)Istanbul (Turchia)
Shanghai (China)
Londra (Regno Unito)
Yeosu (Corea del sud)
Roma (Italia)Huntsville (USA)
Ica Perù (Perù)Chincha (Perù)Pisco (Perù)
Insein (Myanmar) Labutta (Myanmar) Bogale (Myanmar)
Samoa (USA)Padang (Sumatra, Indonesia)Pekanbaru (Sumatra, Indonesia)Pariaman (Sumatra, Indonesia)
Mosca (Russia)umbai (India)
Giakarta (Indonesia)
Sadr City (Baghdad)
Mindanao (Filippine)
Sukhumi (Ossezia)Tiblisi (Georgia)Tskhinvali (Georgia)
L'Aquila (Italia)
Christchurch (Nuova Zelanda)
Port-au-Prince (Haiti)
Concepciòn (Cile)
Hangzou (Cina)Fuzhou (Cina)
Tocapilla (Cile)Calama (Cile)
+16 Km
+4.27 Km
+82.53 Km
+50 Km
- 19.135 Km
- 9678.7 Km
- 1030.9 Km
- 215.4 Km
+73.968.946
+5.552.388
+12.047.829
+6.630.960
- 4.272.421
- 553.149- 67.772
- 10.869.738
Chengdu (Cina)
IN [MIGRATION]
URBAN EXPANSION
URBAN CONTRACTION
EX[MIGRATION ]
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CHRONOLOGY: The events are analyzed and arranged on a timeline. At the top we �nd the set of events characterized by phenomena of in-migration while in the bottom are the events that led to an ex-migration. The annual number of migrants and change in land area a�ected by a special event is shown for both groups.
daily turist in the previous period of the Olympics Games
daily olympic turists during the Olympic perioddaily habitual turists during the Olympic period
daily turists in the post-Olympic period
280.000turisti abituali
402.300 turisti olimpici
125.000 turisti abituali
220.000 turisti abituali
165.100 turisti olimpici
turisti al giorno nel periodo precedente le Olimpiadi
turisti olimpici al giorno nel periodo delle Olimpiadituristi abituali al giorno nel periodo delle Olimpiadi
turisti al giorno nel periodo post-Olimpico
280.000habitual turists
402.300 olympic turists
125.000 habitual turists
220.000habitual turists
165.100 olympic turists
pre olympics, olympics, post olympics.
Impact on migration
BEIJ
ING
2008 was characterized by an increase in tourism of almost 50% compared to other years. In the Olympic period the concentration of tourists in sport’s activities locations has resulted in a lower
turnout in historical landmarks traditionally visited. Subsequently, tourism involved the places born for the event and the usual sights of the city. The possibility of a new type of tourism
that can be called "sportive" has allowed a substantial increase in the number of visitors per year.
pre Olympics
Olympics
post Olympics
Ponte Lugou
Città Proibita
Fragrant HillPalazzo estivo
RovineYuan Ming
Tempio del paradiso
Tempio del sole
Zoo
Capital Museum
Piazza Tiananmen55%20%
9%5% 7%
5%
2%
2% 2%
1%
300-
600
10
0 - 3
0050
- 10
0 25
- 50
600
- 1.0
001.
000
- 3.0
003.
000
- 8.0
008.
000
- 15.
000
habitual turists
x 2 hotel
Atletica - HockeyNuoto - Tennis
Tennis da tavolo
Pallacanestro
Pallavolo
Box- CalcioBeach Volley
Badminton
Ciclo e motociclo
Judo
30%16%
5%
6%4%
8%
2%
2%
3%1%
Città Proibita
Fragrant Hill
Palazzo estivo Zoo
Capital Museum
Piazza Tiananmen
Ponte Lugou
10%5%
2%
1%
1%
1%
2%
300-
600
10
0 - 3
0050
- 10
0 25
- 50
600
- 1.0
001.
000
- 3.0
003.
000
- 8.0
008.
000
- 15.
000
olympic turists
300-
600
10
0 - 3
0050
- 10
0 25
- 50
600
- 1.0
001.
000
- 3.0
003.
000
- 8.0
008.
000
- 15.
000
turists
percentage of tourists concentration in the places that entertain the event and those of interest of the city
percentage of tourists concentration in the places of interest of the city
percentage of tourists concentration in the new places of interest of the city.
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
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ilding
info
10 min
10 min
post-
utiliz
ation
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
post-
utiliz
ation
post-
utiliz
ation
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
post-
utiliz
ation
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
post-
utiliz
ation
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
post-
utiliz
ation
++ +
30 min
3.000.000 m
91.000 posti
258.000 m
year of construction:december 2003planners:Herzog & De Meuronspectators/day:63.647
National Stadium "Bird's Nest"
++ +
10 min
10 min
30 min
80.900 m
1.051.700 m
18.000 posti
year of construction:
planners:Glockner architektenspectators/day:
year of construction:
planners:
spectators/day:
year of construction:
planners:
spectators/day:
year of construction
planners:
spectators/day:
year of construction
planners:
spectators/day:
12.300
National Indoor Stadium
++ +
10 min
10 min
30 min
65.000 m
2.465.492 m
17.000 posti
december 2003
PTW Arup
14.750
National Aquatics Center "Water Cube"
++ +
10 min
10 min
40 min
63.000 m
395.000 m
18.000 posti
june 2005
Gu Yonghoui
13.240
Beijing Olympic Basketball Gymnasium
++ +
20 min
30 min
60 min
45.645 m
235.225 m
8.600 posti
july 2004
Zhuang Weimin
3.467
Beijing Shooting Range Hall
++ +
20 min
10 min
60 min
32.920 m
297.000 m
6.000 posti
october 2004
Schueman Architects
4.246
Laoshan Velodrome
post olympic
utilisation
10%
post olympic
utilisation
60%
post olympic
utilisation
post olympic
utilisation
50%
20%
post olympic
utilisation
10%
post olympic
utilisation
20%
icon
++ +
80.900 m
1.051.700 m
18.000 posti
may 2005
Glockner architekten
12.300
National Indoor Stadium
++ +
National Aquatics Center "Water Cube"
++ +
++ +
:
++ +
:
%
percentage of the symbolic buildings post-Olympic use
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
post-
utiliz
ation
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
post-
utiliz
ation
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
post-
utiliz
ation
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
post-
utiliz
ation
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
post-
utiliz
ation
conn
ectio
nco
ntes
t
olym
pic ut
ilisat
ionbu
ilding
info
post-
utiliz
ation
year of construction:
planners:
spectators/day:
year of construction:
planners:
spectators/day:
year of construction:
planners:
spectators/day:
year of construction:
planners:
spectators/day:
year of construction:
planners:
spectators/day:
year of construction:
planners:
spectators/day:
31.850 m
330.000 m
37.000 posti ++ +
45 min
20 min
60 min
august 2003
Yuanfang Architecture
8.765
Shunyi Olympic Rowing Canoeing Park
26.900 m188.300 m
7.557 posti ++ +
10 min
10 min
30 min
august 2005
Peking University
5.870
Peking University Gymnasium
26.514 m
159.254 m
17.400 posti ++ +
10 min
10 min
20 min
june 2005
Schuerman Architects
12.895
Olympic Green Tennis Court
23.993 m
187.322 m
8.012 posti ++ +
10 min
10 min
20 min
october 2005
Zhuang Weimin
4.830
University of Science and Technology Gymnasium
23.950 m
167.650 m
8.500 posti ++ +
10 min
10 min
20 min
september 2005
University Technology
5.345
China Agricultural University Gymnasium
22.269 m
135.600 m
7.500 posti ++ +
10 min
10 min
40 min
june 2005
Beijing Engineering
4.215
University Technology Gymnasium
70%
0
85
75
post olympic
utilisation
20%
++ +
45 min
20 min
60 min
++ +
10 min
10 min
30 min
++ +
10 min
10 min
20 min
23.993 m
++ +
10 min
10 min
20 min
23.950 m
167.650 m
8.500 posti ++ +
10 min
10 min
20 min
22.269 m
135.600 m
7.500 posti ++ +
10 min
10 min
40 min
post olympicutilisation
post olympicutilisation
post olympicutilisation
post olympicutilisation
post olympicutilisation
50%
95%
85%
75%
13
Linea aeroporto
10
10
4
4
8
5
5
Linea Batong
12
0 km 5 km
58 MINUTS30 MINUTS
27 MINUTI
13 MINUTI
pre olympicspost olympics
infrastructureroad, bus, metro.
existing road
existing metropolitan lines
metropolitan lines of new construction
bus addicted lines
metropolitan stationroad of new construction
The sharp increase in users of the urban area, has led to an exertion of the whole system mobility infrastructure also given the varied distribution of sports facilities that were not only concen-
trated in the Olympic Park. The expansion of the network has facilitated the moviment from the suburb to the center and vice versa. By reducing travel times of the city is witness-ing an urban concen-
tration and the emergence of new poles, such as new residential and service sectors like the Central Business District, where many projects was focused on an architec-tural experimentation as the CCTV Rem Koolhass.
bus
2000
400 routes
2008
800 routes
airport
2000
27.159.665 passenger/year
2008
65.329.851 passenger/year
metropolitan
2000
60 km
2008
172,7 km
road20
00
4.900 km
2008
5.500 km
Action, measures and living spaceLe Corbusier’s Modulor creates an architectural space and a set of design objects that are designed to standardize a system of propor-tional representation based on the human dimensions: the extent of the body give the function to space. The consequence of these theories has been a production of serial objects and spaces for living, for which to every object and space corresponds only one function.Our design approach is not composed of designed spaces but of possible con�gurations that have in�nite possibilities of use and forms. It breaks the unique relationship that exists today between the object - or space - and its use. The module of 40 cm is the core issue that establishes the minimum employment of the body. It is also an expedient to obtain spatial con�gurations that have no intended use in advance but recognized that due to the human body enjoyment, developing di�erent meanings and proving to be suitable for di�erent programs.The abacus is a cross study between actions and heights that compares the static nature of the functionalist solution with the �exibility of our form. At each height are possible di�erent actions: in 40 cm you can sit, but also climb, squat or sleep. The abacus interacts with
the surface and the square section module, outlining the morphological con�gurations "type", suitable for any type of program. The opportunity to change the length of these devices at will, being the only condition the distance between the planes [or modules] of 40cm, has given us the opportunity to track dynamic spaces adaptable to di�erent programs.The relationships between the objects that make up these organizations generate a dynamic order, a free mesh where everything is connected yet autonomous. The place, broadly speaking, does not need to have a precise and unequivocal connotation: it begins to acquire meaning when it becomes a place of relationships with other places until the relationship itself becomes the place. Spatial con�gurations that are generated by applying the matrix under study, are places of relationships that are developed between the human subject and the available space. The action of the human body gives each time a di�erent reading of space with which it interacts. The architecturecould be de�ned as "intermediate" as was called by Sou Fujimoto: it is something other than what we know to be the correct form.It is between nature and architecture, between the interior and exterior, between the city and the home, between the void and the density.
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
sleep
sleep
work
look
look
sit
eat
cure
lean as
cend
[ ]Applying the model to three-dimensional matrix of actions you get in�nite spatial con�gurations. The structure was superimposed planes used to de�ne the section of the icon.
Action, measures and living spaceLe Corbusier’s Modulor creates an architectural space and a set of design objects that are designed to standardize a system of propor-tional representation based on the human dimensions: the extent of the body give the function to space. The consequence of these theories has been a production of serial objects and spaces for living, for which to every object and space corresponds only one function.Our design approach is not composed of designed spaces but of possible con�gurations that have in�nite possibilities of use and forms. It breaks the unique relationship that exists today between the object - or space - and its use. The module of 40 cm is the core issue that establishes the minimum employment of the body. It is also an expedient to obtain spatial con�gurations that have no intended use in advance but recognized that due to the human body enjoyment, developing di�erent meanings and proving to be suitable for di�erent programs.The abacus is a cross study between actions and heights that compares the static nature of the functionalist solution with the �exibility of our form. At each height are possible di�erent actions: in 40 cm you can sit, but also climb, squat or sleep. The abacus interacts with
the surface and the square section module, outlining the morphological con�gurations "type", suitable for any type of program. The opportunity to change the length of these devices at will, being the only condition the distance between the planes [or modules] of 40cm, has given us the opportunity to track dynamic spaces adaptable to di�erent programs.The relationships between the objects that make up these organizations generate a dynamic order, a free mesh where everything is connected yet autonomous. The place, broadly speaking, does not need to have a precise and unequivocal connotation: it begins to acquire meaning when it becomes a place of relationships with other places until the relationship itself becomes the place. Spatial con�gurations that are generated by applying the matrix under study, are places of relationships that are developed between the human subject and the available space. The action of the human body gives each time a di�erent reading of space with which it interacts. The architecturecould be de�ned as "intermediate" as was called by Sou Fujimoto: it is something other than what we know to be the correct form.It is between nature and architecture, between the interior and exterior, between the city and the home, between the void and the density.
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
work
look
lean
study
ing
cure
cure
medicate
asce
nd
[ ]The actions and the three-dimensional model of an organization interact providing �exible space. The square modules were used in the project of the shelter.
ACTIVITIES OCCUPIES THE ICON AT 100%
racematch
operaexpo
concert
cinemaexpodanceatelier
LOOKSTAY
ACTREST
40% of commun area used as a �rst aid zone
TEMPORARY LIVING:
medicate
monitor
dispense
measure
relax
sleeppausespeak
lean
STAYSTAY REST REST RESTREST CURECURECURECURECURE
outer space is also used as a shelter
40% dello spazio comune utilizzato come zona di primo soccorso
anche lo spazio
come riparo
medicare
monitorare
somministrare
misurare
rilassarsi
dormiresostareparlare
appoggiarsi
STARE RIPOSARE RIPOSARE CURARECURARECURARE
dormitorio comune per i rifugiati
spazio privato per 2 famiglie
dormitorio comune per i rifugiati
medicate ingessare appoggiarsi
coricarsisedersi
rilassarsi mangiare
sostare
sedersi
incontrarsiSTARE STARE STARERIPOSARE RIPOSARECURARECURE
outer space is also used as a shelter
commun dormitory forrefugees
private space for 2 families with 2 children
commun dormitory forrefugees
EMERGENCY SHELTER
medicare plaster lean
sleepsit
relax eat
pause
sit
meetSTAYSTAY STAYSTAY STAYREST REST RESTCURECURE
INFRASTRUCTURE AS SHELTER
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A PLACE OF URBANACTIVITIES
Master degree research 2011
Master degree in Architecture110 summa cum laudaefirst class hounor degree
2011
University of ArchitectureGenoa
Italy
Sketch up/Vray
Rhinoceros
Revit
Moviemaker
Office Suite
Adobe Acrobat Pro
Vectorworks
GRAPHIC SKILLS
Autocad
Illustrator
Indesign
Photoshop
LANGUAGE SKILLS
Italian
English
Français
written
written
written
spoken
spoken
spoken
HAND LABOUR
Model making
Hand drawing
Photography
HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA
QUALIFICATION WORK EXPERIENCE2005
École d΄architecture du Grenoble
École d΄architecture Saint Luc_Liegi_B
University of Architecture_Genova_IT
Winner of the scholarship “Porta la Laurea in Azienda”
STATE EXAM AS A LICENSED ARCHITECT
UNA2 architetti associati_Genova_IT
CHORA_London_UK
University of Architecture_Genova_IT
ERASMUS
WORKSHOP_RECYCLING
WORKSHOP_URBAN PLANNINGINTERSHIP
Arch. Assistent
MASTER DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE110 summa cum laude_first class honour degree
score 91/100
2008
2007
2006
2009
2010
2011
2012ITALY
16167, GENOVA
359, Via Biasioli
Giulia Finazzi
[email protected] ASSISTENT
+39-3392783844
+44-7845591676
CURRICULUM VITAE
Italy