Effect of Post-activation Potentiation in Collegiate Female High Jumpers
Research ProposalBoise State University
By Becca Bush
Outline
Introduction Literature Review
› Gender› Training status› Mode› Load› Rest interval
Methods
HIG
H JU
MP Requires power.
P = F x V
PO
WER
IN S
PO
RT
Plyometrics
Olympic Lifts
Whole Body Vibration
Post-activation Potentiation
Phenomenon Result: muscular performance acutely
enhanced. Due to a conditioning of the muscle in
the contractile history of the muscle.
Post-activation Potentiation
What affect does a muscle’s contractile history have on subsequent
contractions?
Post-activation Potentiation
Does this increase in subsequent contractions only hold true for summation or
Can a contraction at some point after the muscle has relaxed have greater force because of previous contractions?
PA
P
Contra
ctile C
onditio
nin
gR
eco
very
Perio
d
CC PAP
PAP
Fat.
RPFat.
Need› Mechanism studied, but not manipulation
of variables Purpose
› To determine acute effects of PAP in elite female high jumpers
Hypothesis› PAP will effectually increase vertical jump
performance in female high jumpers
Literature Review
• Gender• Training status• Mode• Load• Rest interval
GEN
DER
GENDER # of studies
Females only zero
Males only seven
Male and Female
three
Male vs Female one
Rixon et al., (2007): Males had 2.9% increase in countermovement jump (CMJ); women had 1.2% in CMJ.
Males have greater strength than females. Males have larger muscles; more surface
area for neural stimulation and potentiation.
TR
AIN
ING
STA
TU
S
Untrained
Inexperienced
Anaerobically trained
Recreationally trained
Recreationally trained
Professional athlete
Weight training course
Subjects Contractile Conditioning
Effect
Khamoui et al. (2009)
16 rec trained men
BSQ Decrease in CMJ
Kilduff et al. (2007)
23 pro rugby players
BSQ Increase in CMJ
Dynam
ic Squat (D
S)
Maxim
al V
olu
nta
ry
Contra
ction (M
VC
)
Six studies included DS› Three used only DS
Two found decreased CMJ (untrained)› Three compared DS to another mode
Esformes et al. (2010) found increased CMJ in DS vs Plyometrics or inactivity
Three studies included MVC› All resulted in increased CMJ› When compared to DS, MVC showed greater
increases in CMJ
MO
DE O
F EX
ER
CIS
E
MO
DE O
F EX
ER
CIS
E
Functional Isometric Squat (FIS)
Berning et al. (2010) found a 5.5% increase in CMJ after FIS. This is a greater increase than all other reviewed studies save Kovacevic et al. (2010) who found a 7% increase in elite tennis players after a 6 second MVC.
INTE
NS
ITY O
F CO
NTR
AC
TILE
C
ON
DIT
ION
ING
Evasive
Loads vary from 150% 1RM to 5% of bodyweight (BW).
150% 1RM resulted5.5% CMJ increase; 5% BW resulted 1.3% CMJ increase.
Many have used 85%1RM; all found varying results.
MVC (maximal in nature) has shown significant increases in CMJ.
In theory, higher intensities produce greater increases in CMJ.
RES
T IN
TER
VA
L
Vary from zero seconds to 20 minutes
Kovacevic et al. (2010) saw 7% increases after 90 seconds
Linder et al. (2010) saw 1.2% increase after 9 minutes
Kilduff et al. (2007) tested CMJ after a 3RM BSQ. Tested at zero seconds, 4 min, 8, 12, 16, and 20 min rest.
Proposed Methods
Procedures
Session 1
• Measure leg segment heights
• Baseline CMJ
• Calculate 1RM
• Practice FIS
Session 2
• 5-10 BSQ, easy resistance
• 2 x 1 BSQ, 50-75% 1RM
• Rest 5 min• 1 x 1 FIS; 150% 1
RM; 3 sec• Rest 8 min; CMJ• Rest 2 min (10
total); CMJ• Rest 2 min (12
total); CMJ
References
Arabatzi, F., Kellis, E., & Villarreal, E. (2010). Vertical jump biomechanics after plyometric weight lifting, and combined (weight lifting + plyometric) training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(9), 2440-2448.
Armstrong, J., Grinnell, D., & Warren, G. (2010). The acute effect of whole-body vibration on the vertical jump height. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2835-2839.
Baechle, T., & Earle, R. (2008). Essentials of strength and conditioning. Champaigne, IL: Human Kinetics.
Berning, J.M., Adams, K.J., DeBeliso, M., Sevene-Adams, P.G., Harris, C., & Stamford, B.A. (2010). Effect of functional isometric squats on vertical jump in trained and untrained men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(9), 2285–2289.
Burkett, L.N., Phillips, W.T., & Ziuraitis, J. (2005). The best warm-up for the vertical jump in college-age athletic men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(3), 673-676.
Burr, J.F., Jamnik, V.K., Dogra, S., & Gledhill, N. (2007). Evaluation of jump protocols to assess leg power and predict hockey playing potential.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21, 1139-1145.
Chattong, C., Brown, L.E., Coburn, J.W., & Noffal, G.J. (2010). Effect of a dynamic loaded warm-up on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1751-1754.
Chiu, L.Z.F., Fry, A.C., Weiss, L.W., Schilling, B.K., Brown, L.E., & Smith, S.L. (2003). Postactivation potentiation response in athletic and recreationally trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(4), 671-677.
Docherty, D., & Hodgson, M. (2007). The application of postactivation potentiation to elite sport.International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2, 439-444.
Esformes, J.I., Cameron, N., & Bampouras, T.M. (2010). Postactivation potentiation following different modes of exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1911- 1916.
Jo, E., Judelson, D.A., Brown, L.E., Coburn, J.W., & Dabbs, N.C. (2010). Influence of recovery duration after a potentiating stimulus on muscular power in recreationally trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(2), 343-347.
Jones, P & Lees, A.(2003) A biomechanical analysis of the acute effects ofcomplex training using lower limb exercises. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research,
17, 694–700.Khamoui, A.V., Brown, L.E., Coburn, J.W., Judelson, D.A., & Uribe, B.P. (2009).
Effect of potentiating exercise volume on vertical jump parameters in recreationally trained men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), 1465-1469.
Kilduff, L.P., Bevan, H.R., Kingsley, M.I.C., Owen, N.J., & Bennett, M.A. (2007). Postactivation potentiation in professional rugby players: optimal recovery. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1134-1138.
Kovacevic, E., Klino, A., Babajic, F., & Bradic, A. (2010). Effects of maximum isometric contraction on explosive power of lower limbs (jump performance). Sport Scientific and Practical Aspects, 7(1), 69-71.
Linder, E.E., Prins, J.H., Murata, N.M, Derenne, C., & Morgan, C.F. (2010). Effects of preload 4 repetition maximum on 100-m sprint times in collegiate women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1184-1190.
Macdonald, C.J., Lamont, H.S., & Garner, J.C. (2011). The effects of 3 different modes of training upon measures of cmvj. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25, S7.
Markovic, G. (2007). Does plyometric training improve vertical jump height? A meta-analytical review. Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 349-355.
McCann, M.R., & Flanagan, S.P. (2010). The effects of exercise selection and rest interval on postactivation potentiation of vertical jump.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,24(5), 1285-1291.
Rixon, K.P., Lamont, H.S., & Bemben, M.G. (2007). Influence of type of muscle contraction, g ender, and lifting experience on postactivation potentiation performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(2), 500-505.
Robbins, D. (2005). Postactivation potentiation and its practical applicability: a brief review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2), 453-458.
Sale, D.G. (2002). Postactivation potentiation: role in human performance. Exercise and Sports Science Review, 30(3), 138-143.
Tillin, N., & Bishop, D. (2009). Factors modulation post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities.Sports Medicine, 39(2), 147-166.
Weber, KR, Brown, LE, Coburn, JW, & Zinder, SM.(2008). Acute effects of heavy-load squats on consecutive squat jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 22, 726–730.