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Potential of Jatropha curcas L.
Joint Task 40 /ERIA workshop,
Tsukuba, Japan
28 October 2009
Soni Solistia Wirawan Institution for Design Engineering and Technology System
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology
Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Bldg. 480
Serpong, Tangerang 15314
Indonesia.
Phone: 62-21-7563213/17. Fax.: 62-21-7563273
E-mail address: [email protected]
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Outline
1. Introduction of Jatropha Curcas L.
2. Jatropha Curcas L. as a biofuel
3. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L.
4. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. In Indonesia
5. Jatropha Curcas L. Development
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1. Introduction of
Jatropha Curcas L
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Jatropha
Jatropha is a genus of
approximately 175 succulent plants, shrubs, and trees (someare deciduous, like Jatrophacurcas L.), from the familyEuphorbiaceae.
The name is derived from (Greek iatros = physician and trophe =nutrition), hence the commonname physic nut.
The mature small trees bear separate male and femaleflowers, and do not grow verytall. As with many members of family Euphorbiaceae,
Jatropha contains compoundsthat are highly toxic.
Species of Jatropha Jatropha cuneata
Jatropha curcas
Jatropha gossypifolia
Jatropha integerrima
Jatropha multifida
Jatropha podagrica
Ricinus communis
Jatropha moluccana
Jatropha glandulifera
Jatropha tonjorensis
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Origin of Jatropha
Jatropha is native to CentralAmerica and has becomenaturalized in many tropicaland subtropical areas,including India, Africa, and
North America.
Originating in the Caribbean, Jatropha was spread as avaluable hedge plant to Africaand Asia by Portuguesetraders.
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Jatropha Curcas L.
Division : Spermatophyta
Class : DicotyledonaeFamily : Euphorbiaceae
Genus : Jatropha
Botanical name : Jatropha Curcas L.
Other common names:Phyisic nut (English)
Purgiemuss (German)
Pignon d’lnde (French)
Bagbherenda (Hindi)
Jarak Pagar (Indonesian)
Sabuu dam (Thai)
Xiao tong zi (Chinese)
Nanyo aburagiri (Japanese)
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Climate Requirement
Long summer: fall of leaves, less growth
Very dry area: plant growth only 2 – 3
m high
On dry climate need
watering/irrigation
Altitude: 0-1700 m in above sea level
Temperature: 11-38 deg. C
Rainfall:
200 - 2000 mm/yr (Heller, 1996)
480 - 2380 mm/yr (Jones and Miller, 1992)
> 250, optimal 900 – 1200 mm/yr (Becker & Makkar, 1999)
> 600 mm/th: normal growth (Henning, 2004)
Rainfall to high: less fertilization
is a drought resistant species which is widelycultivated in the tropics as living fence. Jatropha
Curcas widely adapted to various soil and climatic
condition.
Jatropha curcas L.
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Leafs, fruits and dried seeds of Jatropha Curcas
Every seed consists of shell (≈ 42 %-w) and kernel (≈ 58 %-w).
Part that contain oil : the kernel, ≈ 55 %-w (33 % by weight of seed).
State of the art of knowledge :
Harvest yield of Jatropha (2500 tree/ha) is 4 – 5 ton seed/ha/year, from 4th year onward,although the tree is already productive since the 1st year of cultivation (½ ton seed/ha/year).
If all of the oil can be extracted, theoretical oil yield starting from the 4th year : 1,32 – 1,65
ton oil/ha/year.
Literature indication :The productivity per hectare of Jatropha curcas given in the widespreed ranges up to 12 ton
seed/ha/year.
The real productivity will vary depending on the cultivated region, climate, soil quality,
management, and othet conditions.
R & D to realize this potential has still to be carried out.
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Value Added Product
Jatropha curcas L.
Water conservation/Erosion control
Hedge/Living fence
Fire wood / Combustibles
Green manure
Fruits
Fertilizer
Leaves
Medicinal uses
Anti-flammatory substance
Fertilizer
Latex
Wound healing protease (curcain)
Medicinal uses
Fruit coats
Medicinal uses
Anti-flammatory substance
Fertilizer
Seeds
Insecticide
Food/Fodder
(low toxic accessions)
Seed oi l
Soap production
Biofuel
Insecticide
Medical uses
Seed shells
Combustibles
Organic Fertilizer
Seed cake
Organic fertilizer
Biogas production
Fodder
(low toxic accessions)
Exploitation of J. curcas components (adapted from Guibitz et all, 1997)
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Value Added Product Making soap (from jatropha oil) to supply local need/demand.
utilizing jatropha press cake to generate biogas that could be use locally as
household cooking fuel; the farmers are thus freed from expenses to buy
kerosene or fuelwood. The use biogas is also more comfortable than that of kerosene and fuelwood.
If the farmer cooperative itself owns the oil expelling unit/factory, the press
cake can be utilized to generate biogas (for use as local fuel) and the residue
(that contain soil mineral matters) can be recycled to maintain the ‘fertility’ of the land.
If the jatropha press cake could be detoxified, then this proteinaceous cake
would be an excellent feed for cattle. This (cattle breeding) is another potential
economic chain that may be exploited from Jatropha curcas seed. The cattle
dung would then serve as feedstock for biogas generators/digesters. Researches on detoxification of Jatropha curcas press cake are urgently
needed to further increase the economic viability of Jatropha curcas
cultivation.
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2. Jatropha Curcas L.
as a Biofuel
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Jatropha to Biodiesel Process
Jatropha Fruit
Dry Jatropha SeedJatropha Oil
Biodiesel Production
Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester
Meet Standard
Seed Pressing
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JATROPHA CURCAS SEEDS
REMOVAL of CAPSULES
CLASSIFICATION
DEHULLING
MEATS
PRESSING
CJO(CRUDE JATROPHA OILS)
CAKE
Bio Bricket
Organic Fertil izer
Animal Feed
Biogas
Crude Jatropha Oil (CJO) Production
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CRUDE
JATROPHA OILS
CLARIFICATION
PRESSED OIL
DEGUMMING
JATROPHA OIL
(JO)
1. PPO/SVO
2. Feedstock of Biodiesel
Production
Jatropha Oil (JO) Production
Fatty acids content of Jatropha
Curcas oil ________________________________________________
Fatty acids (%m/m) (1) (2)
___________________________________________
Palmitic acids 14-15 14.2
Stearic acids 7 6.9
Oleic acids 34-45 43.2Linoleic acids 31-43 34.3
Others fatty acids 1.2 1.4
________________________________________________
(1) Foidl et al., 1996
(2) Analysis result at Pilot laboratory in Chemical
Engineering Department of Institut Teknologi Bandung.
The seeds are supplied from Sumbawa Island, Indonesia
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Physicochemical properties of Jatropha Curcas oil.
Property UnitValue
(1) (2)
Density at 15oC
Kinematic viscosity at 30oC
Flash Point
Cetane Number
Sulphur (S) content
Carbon residu
Fluid point
Water contentAcid value
Iodine value
Saponification value
Unsaponifiable matter
Phosphor (P) content
Calcium (Ca) contentMagnesium (Mg) content
Fe content
g/cm3
mm2/soC
-
ppm
%m/moC
ppmmg KOH/g
-
mg KOH/g
%m/m
ppm
ppm ppm
ppm
0.930
52.0
210-240
40-45
-
0.64
-
-0.9
-
190-198
1
290
56103
2.4
0.9177
49.15
236
-
< 1
0.34
-2.5
9354.75
96.5
-
-
-
--
-
(1) Foidl et al.(1996), Kumar et al. (2001), Pramanik (2003)
(2) (2) Analysis result at Pilot laboratory in Chemical Engineering Department
of Institut Teknologi Bandung. The seeds are supplied from Sumbawa
Island, Indonesia.
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Properties Unit Methyl Ester (1) Ethyl Ester (2)
Density at 15oC
Kinematic viscosity at 30oC
Flash Point
Cetane Number
Carbon residuPhosphor (P) content
Calcium (Ca) content
Magnesium (Mg) content
Fe content
g/cm3
mm2/soC
-
%m/mppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
0.879
4.84
191
51
0.0217.5
6.1
1.4
0.9
0.886
5.54
190
59
-17.5
4.4
0.8
0.3
(1)Foidl et al.,(1996), Gubitz et al., (1999)(2)Foidl et al., (1996)
Properties of Biodiesel fuel from Jatropha Curcas oil
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3. Potential of
Jatropha Curcas L.
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Distribution Jatropha around the world (Jatropha Belt)
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Projected area of Jatropha curcas L. cultivation in eachregion in 2017
Source:Chew Chong Siang, IEEJ, 2009
Note:
1. The figure of the worldwide Jatropha
Curcas L cultivation plan announced by
The International Jatropha Organization
2. Will be 32.72 million ha, producing 160
million tons of seed in 2017
3. 31.25 million ha of land in Asia
4. The development potential is especially
high in India, China and Indonesia
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Projected production of Jatropha curcas L. in AsianCountries in 2017
Note:
1. Assumming 5 tons of
seeds/hectare
2. China 19.05 millions tons
3. India 16.5 million tons
4. Indonesia 6.75 millions tons
5. Myanmar 4.25 millions tons
Source:Chew Chong Siang, IEEJ, 2009
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4. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L.
In Indonesia
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Oil
54.4%
Gas
26.5%
Others
0.2%
Geothermal
1.4%
Hydro
3.4%
Coal
14.1%
National Energy MIX
Gas
30%
Coal
33%
Oil
20%
o ue
5% Geo
thermal
5%
Others7%
Nuclear
Biomass
HydroSolar WindLiq. Coal
#Presidential Decree No. 5/2006
Energy MIX 2003
Targeted Energy MIX 2025#
Biofuel will have at
least 5% share of
total National Energy
MIX 2025
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BIOFUEL FOR FUEL SUBSTITUTION (2010)FUEL
TRANSPORTATION
(31,7 Million kL)
ELECTRICITY
(7,6 Million kL)
KEROSENE
(10 Million kL)
PREMIUM
(18,529Million kL)
ADO
(12,4 Million kL)
BIOETANOLBIODIESEL BIO OIL
3,8 Million kL 1 Million kL
CASSAVA11 Million tons
MOLASSES600 Million tons
PALM OIL30,2 Million tons
JATROPHA OIL3,84 MIllion tons
RAW
MATERIAL
1,24 Million kL4,8 Mill ion kL
1,85 Million kL
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Note: S1 (Most appropriate), S2 (Appropriate), S3 (less/marginal appropriate)
Potential of Jatropha Curcas L.
Cultivation area distribution in Indonesia
Source: Allorerung et al., 2006
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PROVINCE S1 S2 S3 TOTAL
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam 180,139 160,764 836,001 1,176,904
Sumatera Utara 215,393 - 1,390,475 1,605,868
Sumatera Barat 4,269 - 781,189 785,458
Riau 80,718 - 1,600,844 1,681,562
Jambi 218,284 - 993,134 1,211,418
Sumatera Selatan 530,207 - 3,229,784 3,759,991
Bengkulu - - 602,022 602,022
Lampung 718,823 66,023 706,931 1,491,777
Kepulauan Bangka Belitung 156,319 - 947,881 1,104,200
Jawa Barat 231,011 445,022 306,989 983,022
Jawa Tengah 494,630 74,416 338,824 907,870
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 35,227 33,999 8,454 77,680
Jawa Timur 960,595 574,121 255,722 1,790,438
Banten 134,484 116,576 36,646 287,706
Bali 19,892 51,423 24,265 95,580
Note: S1 (Most appropriate), S2 (Appropriate), S3 (less/marginal appropriate)
Potential of Jatropha Curcas L
cultivation area distribution in Indonesia
Source: Allorerung et al., 2006
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PROVINCE S1 S2 S3 TOTAL
Nusa Tenggara Barat 37,877 428,539 124,466 590,882
Nusa Tenggara Timur 595,421 833,293 322,174 1,750,888
Kalimantan Barat 67,463 984,340 3,897,005 4,948,808
Kalimantan Tengah 171,063 - 3,632,324 3,803,387
Kalimantan Selatan 833,745 48,559 623,326 1,505,630
Kalimantan Timur 3,643,059 680,468 2,878,161 7,201,688
Sulawesi Utara 143,760 - 538,555 682,315
Sulawesi Tengah 506,887 - 373,638 880,525
Sulawesi Selatan 435,483 122,407 613,780 1,171,670
Sulawesi Tenggara 1,015,825 27,248 177,833 1,220,906
Gorontalo 290,146 13,701 - 303,847
Maluku 766,888 162,982 316,223 1,246,093
Maluku Utara 809,470 - 716,909 1,526,379
Papua 980,457 711,030 3,445,699 5,137,186
TOTAL 14,277,535 5,534,911 29,719,254 49,531,700
Note: S1 (Most appropriate), S2 (Appropriate), S3 (less/marginal appropriate)
Potential of Jatropha Curcas L.
Cultivation area distribution in Indonesia
Source: Allorerung et al., 2006
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5. Jatropha Curcas L.
Development
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Why Jatropha?- Non edible oil (toxic), not conflicting with food
- Able to grow in arid zones
- Inter cropping to increase land productivity
- Optimize use of marginal land, decentralized solutions for remote area per hectare
yields (ton)- Potential for biofuel production
Jatropha Curcas L. gained a worldwide reputation as
a plant that can be grown in wasteland and infertile
land, does not require much water, fertilizer,management and has high oil content.
When development of Jatropha Curcas L. Started
later on a commercial basis, these exaggerated
characterizations were cause of numerous
misunderstanding
R & D still needed !!!
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The cultivation of The cultivation of Jatropha Jatropha curcascurcas ininIndonesia is short of high quality clones.Indonesia is short of high quality clones.
There is huge variation in seed yield capacityThere is huge variation in seed yield capacity
and oil concentration in the seeds among theand oil concentration in the seeds among the
seedling used for cultivation or plantation.seedling used for cultivation or plantation.
Jatropha Jatropha tree with the fruits number of 10tree with the fruits number of 10--1515
in one brunch is considered as the abovein one brunch is considered as the above
average quality mother plant (highaverage quality mother plant (high
productivity). productivity).
However that kind of trees are rare.However that kind of trees are rare.
Problems
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Fruits of Fruits of Jatropha Jatropha in one brunch ripe atin one brunch ripe atdifferent time. It causes difficulty duringdifferent time. It causes difficulty during
harvesting, that farmer has to selectharvesting, that farmer has to select
ripening fruits only. This makesripening fruits only. This makes
harvesting time slow and high cost.harvesting time slow and high cost.
Uniformity of maturity will reduceUniformity of maturity will reduce
harvesting cost.harvesting cost.
Some diseases and insects affect theSome diseases and insects affect thegrowth of growth of Jatropha Jatropha
Disease and insect resistance clones isDisease and insect resistance clones is
needed to maintain high productivityneeded to maintain high productivity
Insect inInsect in Jatropha Jatropha
Spots on leaf Spots on leaf
Curly leavesCurly leaves
Problems
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Jatropha Jatropha oil has moderateoil has moderate--highhigh
viscosity, reducing its viscosity mayviscosity, reducing its viscosity may
extend its utilization to all dieselextend its utilization to all diesel
engines.engines.
JatrophaJatropha Oil (JO) wasOil (JO) was tested intotested into
car engine. Converter has to be added car engine. Converter has to be added into machine to warm up and reduceinto machine to warm up and reduce
JO viscosityJO viscosity
The oil contains toxic substances. Does itThe oil contains toxic substances. Does it
also lead to toxic emissions ?.also lead to toxic emissions ?.
Problems
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Development:Development: On Farm TechnologyOn Farm Technology
DNA Marking and breedingDNA Marking and breeding
Clones with superior CharactersClones with superior Characters
Vigor and high seed yield Vigor and high seed yield High seed oil content and seed compositionHigh seed oil content and seed composition
Fruit uniformity of maturation
Disease and insect resistance
Environmental stress resistance
Harvesting method
Etc.
Processing Technology and Product Testing
High quality of Jatropha oil/biodieselBy product procesing
Investigation of jatropha biodiesel emission
Etc.
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Jatropha Curcas R&D:
Indonesian Center for Estate Crops
Research and Development (ICERD)
Source: Prastowo B., ICERD, 2008
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References
Allorerung, D., Mahmud, Z., Arivin, A. R., Effendi, D. S., Anny M. 2006. Teknologi dan BenihUnggul Harapan Indonesia, Lokakarya Status Teknologi Budidaya Jarak Pagar ( Jatrophacurcas L.): Jakarta, 11 – 12 April 2006.
Becker, K., and H.P.S. Makkar. 1999. Jatropha and Moringa. Source of renewable energy for fuel,
edible oil, animal feed and pharmaceutical products- ideal trees for increasing cash income.Presented at Daimler Chrysler/The World Bank Environment Forum, Magdeburg.
Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic Nut ( Jatropha curcas L.). Promoting the conservation and use of underutilised and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research.Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
Henning, R. K. 2004. The Jatropha System. Economy and Dissemination Strategy. International
Conference of Renewable 2004. Bonn 1-4 June 2004, Germany.Prastowo, B. 2008. New Development in Jatropha Curcas R&D in Pakuwon. Indonesian Center for
Estate Crops Research and Development (ICERD), Pakuwon. Sukabumi.
Siang, C.C. 2009. Jatropha Curcas L. Development of a New Oil Crop for Biofuel. The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan.
Soerawidjaja, T.H. 2007. Increasing Economic Viability of Jatropha Curcas Cultication ThroughIntegrated Processing, Jatropha Curcas Conference, IPB, Bogor, June 19, 2007.
Tajuddin,T. And Bolu, W.O.H. 2009. Improvement of Jatropha Curcas L. Through Marker-Assisted Breeding for High Seed Yield and Oil Content. Biotechnology Center – BPPT.
Wirawan, S.S. 2007. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION (Case of Jathropa Curcas L Feedstock).Konferensi Nasional 2007 Jarak Pagar “Menuju Bisnis Jarak Pagar Yang Feasible”. GedungMMA IPB Bogor, 19 Juni 2007.