19th Century Nationalism & Revolutions
I. The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)
I. The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)
Europe in 1812Europe in 1812
Key Players at Vienna
Key Players at Vienna
The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich
(Aus.)
Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)
Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)
Main ObjectivesMain Objectives Undo everything that Napoleon
had done
o Reduce France to its old boundaries
o Restore the old monarchies
Metternich: conservative, cautioned against liberal & nationalist movements
Undo everything that Napoleon had done
o Reduce France to its old boundaries
o Restore the old monarchies
Metternich: conservative, cautioned against liberal & nationalist movements
Europe After the Congress of ViennaEurope After the Congress of Vienna
II. European Revolutions
A. France Louis XVIII & the Restoration
Era (1814-1830) 1814 “Charter” or Constitution
of the Restoration period: Limited royal power, granted legislative power, protected civil rights, upheld Napoleonic Code.
“White Terror” - Royalist mobs killed 1000s of former revolutionaries.
Louis XVIII moved the govt. more to the right: decreased eligible voters, censorship imposed.
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
France
King Charles X ‘s Goals:(Charles X was brother of Louis XVIII)
Lessen the influence of the middle class.
Limit the right to vote.
Public money used to pay nobles for the loss of their lands during the French Revolution.
Dissolves Parliament!King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)
France
• To the Barricades Revolution, Again!!
• Charles X flees to England.
FranceLouis Philippe, r.1830-
1848 The “Citizen King” Govt under the control of the
wealthy middle class, but workers ignored.
Property qualifications reduced enough to double eligible voters.
Press censorship abolished. The King ruled by the will of the
people, not by the will of God.
FranceRevolution of 1848:
Workers strike, want electoral reform
Protestors fired upon Louis Philippe loses
control, abdicates thrown
A caricature ofLouis Philippe
France
“February Days” – middle class v. socialists/workers
“June Days” Upper- and middle-class control
government Workers/socialists turn violent Bourgeoisie win Second
Republic
France
Second Republic: Conservative, but… Universal Male Suffrage
Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon
Bonaparte) Elected Conservative Named himself emperor
w/ 90% plebiscite vote
French Revolution of 1848:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?
B. Belgium Revolution, 1830
Belgium
“When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.”
--Metternich
Congress of Vienna had united Belgium with Holland, but…
Belgians: Catholic, manufacturers, speak French Dutch: Protestant, traders, speak Dutch
A Success: Belgium independence, 1831
Belgium Revolution:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?
C. Poland
Poland
Late 1700s: Poland divided Poles in Russia, Austria, Prussia
Congress of Vienna: gives most of Poland to Russia
Poles revolt, very bloody A Failure
Polish Revolution:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?
D. Italy
Nationalists kick out Hapsburg rulers & Pope
Revolt then crushed by Austrian Army
A Failure
E. The German States
Divisions: Republic or monarchy ? Include Austria?
Liberals offer Prussian King Frederick William IV the crown of a united Germany he rejects because it is “from the gutter”!
A Failure!
F. Nationalism in the Austrian Empire
Austria Governed by German-speaking Austrians Hungarians want self-rule. Austrian loses war w/ Prussia more pressure
from Hungarians Formation of dual monarchy: Austria-Hungary,
one empire w/ two states Hungarians happy, but other
ethnic groups envious, upset
Franz Joseph (Hapsburg ), Emperor of Austria, 1848-1916
Hungarian Revolution in Austria:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?
III. Revolutions in Latin America
A. Social Classes
1. Peninsulares – 2. Creoles –
• Bitterly hated their second-class status, but…• Middle-class, landowners• Hated mercantilist policies
3. Mestizos – 4. Mulattoes – 5. Native Americans 6. Enslaved Africans
B. Causes
Enlightenment ideas spread Creoles traveling in Europe
observe other revolutions Napoleon invades Spain
weakness & opportunity
Declaration of Independence,
1776
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789
C. Haitian Revolution, 1791
French colonized for sugar Slaves, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, revolt Slaves fight French, mulattoes,
British, & Spanish
Haiti
Bloodiest American revolution 1798 – slaves win freedom & control, but… 1802 – Napoleon sends more troops 1804 – Haiti declares its independence
Haitian Revolution:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?
D. Mexico, 1810
Father Miguel Hidalgo (Creole) “el Grito de Dolores” – Supported by poor mestizos &
Native Americans, (Creoles) Demands: independence,
abolish slavery, reforms for Native Americans
Hidalgo captured, executed
Mexico
Father Jose Morelos (Mestizo) Continues the fight Captured, executed
Agustin de Iturbide (Creole) Conservative Creole (fears new
Spanish govt will be too liberal) 1821 – Independence
(Iturbide later overthrown & liberal Mexicans take over)
Mexico
Iturbide ‘s Goals: the United Provinces of Central America
Outcome: Guatemala,El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Mexican Revolution:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?
E. South American Revolutions
Simon Bolivar – Creole Timing: Venezuelan independence “The Liberator”
South America
Jose San Martin (Creole) Independence for Argentina
South America
Bolivar & San Martin: Independence for:
Chile, Peru
Goal: Gran Colombia Outcome: split (Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador)
F. Brazil
Napoleon invades Portugal royal family flees to Brazil, Dom
Pedro remains Dom Pedro proclaims
independence & himself emperor
Constitutional monarchy
G. Legacy…