8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
1/39
MINGJIANG TAO, PH.D., P.E.
WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
JANUARY, 2011
Update LADOTD Policy on Pile Driving
Vibration Management (09-1GT)
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
2/39
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
3/39
Research Incentives
http://www.georisk.se/web/page.aspx?pageid=29013
How large a vibration monitoring area is enough?
Strongly dependent on:
soil conditions
dynamic sources
susceptibility ofstructures
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
4/39
Research Objectives
Update current LA DOTD policy, and provide
implementable recommendations for monitoringand control of ground and structure vibrations
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
5/39
Methodology
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
6/39
Methodology
Literature Review
Questionnaire Survey
Collect data from case history project in Louisiana
Data analysis
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
7/39
Pile driving, wave propagation, & wave
attenuation
Scaled-distance concept
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
8/39
Preconstruction survey distance vs.
vibration monitoring distance
Pile
Rsurvey
Rmonitoring
structural damage:PPV
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
9/39
Determine pre-construction survey
distanceEstimate the Monitoring Area Range
1. Upper limit PPV
2. Determinethreshold PPV
value
3. SDcorresponding to
threshold PPV
Chart PPV vs. SD
0.01
0.1
1
10
0.1 1 10
PPV(in./s
)
Scaled distance(ft/sqrt(ft-lbs))
Scaled Distance(horizontal, Max Rated Energy)-PPV
k=0.93, n=1
0.5
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
10/39
Determine pre-construction survey
distance
MonitoringDistance(f
t)
Rated Energy (ft-lbs)
Monitoring Distance vs. Rated Energy
Rated Energy of the
Hammer Applied
Vibration Monitoring
Distance
Step 44. Vibrationmonitoring
distance
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
11/39
Step 1: Determine vibration monitoring
distance
A statistical approach:
Best-fit line Confidence level line
Prediction level line
Back-calculation approach (best-fit line)
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
12/39
Determine vibration monitoring distance:
Step 1
Confidence level line: 95 % Confidence Interval
if you collected ground vibration data many times, 95times out of 100, the mean of the dataset would be inthis range.
Prediction level line: 95 % Prediction Interval
means that about 95 % of the time, the next groundvibration measurement you make will be inside thisinterval.
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
13/39
Step 2: Threshold PPV value
Maximum Peak Particle Velocity That Varies withFrequency
0.1
1
10
1 10 100
PARTICLE
VELOCITY,
in/sec
FREQUENCY, Hz
RI 8507 APPENDIX B. -- ALTERNATE BLASTING LEVELCRITERIA
0.5 in/s Plaster
0.75 in/s Drywall
OSM Modificaton
0.03 in
0.008 in
2 in/s
0.5 in/s
0.75 in/s
1. USBM criteria
Current LA DOTDspecification
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
14/39
Determining threshold PPV value
2. Germany criteria
Current LA DOTDspecification
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
15/39
Determining threshold PPV value
3.The Swedish Standard
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
16/39
Determining threshold PPV value- The
Swedish Standard
Residential house:
V= 9 x 1.00 x 0.75 x 0.60 = 4.05 mm/s (0.16 in/s) This value is less than 6 mm/s (0.24 in/s) used as a
limit for human response in the German Standard
DIN 4150 (1986).Industrial building:
V = 9 x 1.20 x 1.20 x 1.00 = 12.96 mm/s (0.51 in/s)
This value is very small for industrial building builtwith reinforced concrete, steel, and pile foundations.
Too conservative
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
17/39
Determining threshold PPV value-Russia
criterion
4. Russia Limits of Structure Vibration
The frequency-independent safe limit of 51 mm/s (2in/s) can be chosen for the PPV of structural (notground) vibrations for multi-story residential,
commercial and industrial buildings.
There will be practical obstacles for LA DOTD
implementing this criterion
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
18/39
Determining threshold PPV value
5.Maximum Peak Particle Velocity Independent ofFrequency (by Woods 1996)
Structure and ConditionLimiting Particle Velocity
(in./sec) (mm/sec)
Historic and some oldstructures
0.5 (12.7)
Residential structures 0.5 (12.7)
New residential structures 1.0 (25.4)
Industrial building 2.0 (50.8)
Bridges 2.0 (50.8)
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
19/39
Threshold PPV limits for LA DOTD
Structure and ConditionLimiting Particle Velocity
(in./sec) (mm/sec)Historic and some old
structures0.1 (2.5)
Residential structures 0.5 (12.7)
New residential structures 1.0 (25.4)
Industrial building 2.0 (50.8)
Bridges 2.0 (50.8)
o Simple and easy to be implemented.o Reasonably conservative: assumed a magnification factorof 4, structural vibration is 2 in./sec.
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
20/39
Threshold PPV limits-Further confirmation
with dynamic FEM simulations
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
21/39
Results
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
22/39
Collected Available Data
(a) a list of necessary data and information required
for pile-driving vibration risk managementAvailable Information Huey P. Long
Bridge WideningProject
Millerville Roadover Honey CutBayou
Bayou PlaquemineBridge ReplacementProject
The RigoletsPass BridgeProject
Project Description
Hammer and Pile Details
Penetration Depth Data
Energy transferred to Plies
Vibration Monitoring
Soil Profile
PPV 3 directional Velocity
Velocity Vector
Max PPV
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
23/39
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
0.1 1 10
PeakParticleVelocity(in./s)
Scaled Distance (ft/sqrt(ft-lbs))
Millerville Bayou Road Rigolets Bayou Degleises
Causeway Tickfaw Amite HPL
PPV = 0.080(SD)-0.679
R2=0.404
PPV = 0.015(SD)-1.494
Woods & Jedeles, Soil II
PPV = 0.081(SD)-1.11
Woods & Jedeles, Soil III
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
24/39
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
0.1 1 10
PeakParticleVelocity(in./s)
Scaled Distance (ft/sqrt(ft-lbs))
Millerville Bayou Road Rigolets Bayou Degleises
Causeway Tickfaw Amite HPL
PPV = 0.350(SD)-1.0
PPV = 0.080(SD)-0.679
R2=0.404
PPV = 0.211(SD)-1.0
PPV = 0.015(SD)-1.494
Woods & Jedeles, Soil II
PPV = 0.081(SD)-1.11
Woods & Jedeles, Soil III
PPV = 0.1(SD)-1.0
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
25/39
0.01
0.1
1
10
0.1 1 10
PeakParticl
eVelocity(in./s)
Scaled Distance, SD (ft/sqrt(ft-lbs))
Millerville Bayou Road Rigolets
Bayou Degleises Causeway Tickfaw
Amite HPL
PPV = 0.350(SD)-1.0
PPV = 0.211(SD)-1.0
0.5
0.70.4
Pre-Construction Survey Distance
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
26/39
Determine vibration monitoring rangeStep 4 ( , PPV=0.5 in./s, (Hammer energy
transfer efficiency=50%)
HammerModel
Ratedenergy
(W)(ftlbs)
Monitoring
distance(ft)
Monitoring
distance(ft)
Monitoring
distance(ft)
BruceSGH3013hydraulichammer 282,100 158.5 262.9 133
DELMAGD4623,DieselHammer 105,000 96.7 160.4 81
PILECO,D19
42,
Diesel
Hammer 42,480 43.8 72.6 52
Boh/Vulcan08 24,000 50.0 82.9 39
Boh/Vulcan09 27,000 56.0 92.9 41
Boh/Vulcan010 32,500 61.5 102.0 45
Conmaco300E5,AirHammer 149,600 46.2 76.7 97
I.C.E42S,SingleActingDiesel 42,000 49.0 81.3 51
I.C.E60S,
Single
Acting
Diesel 60,000 53.8 89.2 61
I.C.EI46v2,SingleActingDiesel 10,700 115.4 191.4 26
APEModelD3042
37,824 61.2 101.4 49
67,274 73.1 121.2 65
74,750 30.9 51.2 68
I.C.EI30DieselHammer 35,385 58.0 96.3 47
71,700 70.2 116.4 67
99%PL k=0.35;n=-1
FLDOTk=0.21; n=-1
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
27/39
10
100
10,000 100,000
Monitoringdistance(ft)
Rate energy of driving hammer (ft-lbf)
99% Prediction level BackCalculation (k=0.35; n=1)
Fl DOT specification
0.25W
Use the chosen pile driving hammer to determine Vibration MonitoringDistance (based on 50% energy transfer efficiency of hammer and
threshold PPV=0.5 in/s)
0.30W
0.49W
Current LADOTDspecification
W(ftlbs) D(ft)
100,000 79.1
100,000 94.4
100,000 156.5
200
500
200,000
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
28/39
10
100
1000
10,000 100,000
Monitoringd
istance(ft)
Rate energy of driving hammer (ft-lbf)
99% prediction level (k=0.211, n=-1);
threshold PPV=0.1 in./s
Use the chosen pile driving hammer to determine Vibration MonitoringDistance (based on 50% energy transfer efficiency of hammer and
threshold PPV=0.1 in/s) for special conditions
500
1.49W
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
29/39
Conclusions and Recommendations
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
30/39
Vibration Monitoring Distance for LA
DOTD
The current LA DOTD specification is too
conservative (500 ft)
Use 200-ft for general conditions
Use 500-ft for special cases (loose sand deposits;historic buildings; etc.)
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
31/39
Foragivenpiledrivingprojectwith:Designedpile
bearingcapacity&chosendrivinghammer
o Preconstruction
survey
o EstimatedVibrationMonitoringDistance(VMD)
Incorporatesitespecificconditions:
oDistancesof
surrounding
buildings
from
driven
piles
oAnyhistoricbuildingswithinEVMR
oAnybuildinghousingsensitiveequipmentwithinVMD
Verifyadequacy
of
actual
VMD
duringdrivingtestingpiles
UseverifiedVMDfordriving
productionpiles
ModifyVMDand/ordrivingdesign
ifactualVMDisnotadequate
Implementation Flow-chart
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
32/39
Engineering Mitigation Measures
Pre-poring prior to pile installation
Selecting proper hammers to reduce hammersenergy
Using cast-in-place piles or non-displacement piles
Drilling shaft foundation instead of driven piles
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
33/39
Conclusions and Recommendations
Threshold PPV limits are determined for LA DOTD.
A procedure to determine Pre-construction surveyarea & Vibration Monitoring Distance is developed.
An updated specification to managing pile-drivinginduced risk has been developed.
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
34/39
Questions
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
35/39
Acknowledgements
The project is financially supported by the LouisianaTransportation Research Center and LouisianaDepartment of Transportation and Development (LADOTD) (09-1GT).
Gavin Gautreau, Dr. Doc Zhang, Dr. Ching Tsai, and
other PRC members Mo Zhang (WPI graduate student)
Mark Svinkin (Vibroconsult)
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
36/39
Dynamic settlement (presence of loose sand)
Consolidation settlement (presence of soft clay)
Threshold shear strain concept
Determining threshold PPV value
Relativedensity,Dr(%) Description
020 Very
loose
2040 Loose
4060 Medium
6080 Dense
80100 Very
dense
NHI (2002) Manual on Subsurface Investigations: Geotechnical Site Characterization
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
37/39
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
38/39
Compare of loose sand to
the t (0.01%).
Determineifloose
sand
exists
based
on
CPTorSPTresults
Dynamic settlement is not
a concerned issue.
No Yes
Determining threshold PPV value
8/12/2019 PPV Measurement
39/39
0.01%>The shear wave velocities are in therange of 300-500 ft/s for mostsands
The threshold PPV values forpreventing dynamic settlement are
calculated as a range of 0.36-0.6in/s
Replaced withPPV =k(SD)(-n)
Determining threshold PPV value