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ESE - 19CIVIL Engineering
(Volume - I)(Building Materials, Solid Mechanics, Structural Analysis, Design of Steel Structures,
Design of Concrete and Masonry Structures, Construction Practice, Planning and Management)
Previous years Objective Questions with Solutions, Subject wise & Chapter wise(1991 - 2018)
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ForewordUPSC Engineering Services in Civil Engineering
Volume - I Objective Questions: From 1991– 2018
The Stage-I (Prelims) of ESE – 2018 consists of two objective papers. Paper-I is of General Studies &
Engineering Aptitude. Paper-II is of Civil Engineering of 300 Marks and 3 hours duration. In stage-II
(Mains), the technical syllabus is divided into two papers. The subjects included in this volume are:
1. Building Materials 2. Soil Mechanics
3. Structural Analysis 4. Design of Steel Structures
5. Design of Concrete and Masonry Structure 6. Construction Practice, Planning & Management
Keeping in view of the above topics, the present Volume-I for prelims of new pattern is redesigned using the previous
questions from 1992 onwards.
The style, quality and content of the Solutions for previous ESE Questions of Civil Engineering, will encourage the reader,
especially the student whether above average, average or below average to learn the concept and answer the question in the
subject without any tension. However it is the reader who should confirm this and any comments and suggestions would be
pleasantly received by the Academy.
It is observed that majority of ESE objective Questions are being asked as it is in many PSUs, state service commission,
state electricity boards and even in GATE exam. Hence we strongly recommend all students who are competing for various
competitive exams to use this book according to the syllabus of the exam concerned. This book can also be used by fresh
Teachers in engineering colleges to improve their Concepts.
We proudly say that questions and solutions right from 1992 onwards are given in this book. The questions which appeared
early 90’s are most conceptual oriented and these are being repeated in the recent exams in a different way. Hence we advise
the students to practice these questions compulsorily. The student is also advised to analyze why only a particular option is
correct and why not others. Evaluate yourself, in which case, these other options are correct. With this approach you yourself
can develop four questions out of one question.
The student is advised to solve the problems without referring to the solutions. The student has to analyze the given question
carefully, identify the concept on which the question is framed, recall the relevant equations, find out the desired answer,
verify the answer with the final key such as (a), (b), (c), (d), then go through the hints to clarify his/her answer. The student
is advised to have a standard text book ready for reference to strengthen the related concepts, if necessary. The student is
advised not to write the solution steps in the space around the question. By doing so, he loses an opportunity of effective
revision.
With best wishes to all those who wish to go through the following pages.
Y.V. Gopala Krishna Murthy,M Tech. MIE,
Chairman & Managing Director,ACE Engineering Academy,
ACE Engineering Publications.
Weightage of Subjects in Engineering Services Examination
Civil Engineering (2012 – 2018)
Volume - I (OBJECTIVE)
SUBJECTNo. of Questions
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Building Materials 26 20 29 23 25 12
Solid Mechanics 32 22 31 43 28 21
Structural Analysis 15 19 17 11 12 14
Design of Steel structures 15 13 17 15 07 06
Design of Concrete & Masonry Structures 22 11 11 16 18 09
Construction Practice, Planning & Management 10 35 15 12 30 04
Total 120 120 120 120 120 66
ESE – 2018 (Prelims, Subjectwise Weightage)
SUBJECT No. of Questions SUBJECT No. of
Questions
Building Materials 13 Hydrology 07
Solid Mechanics 16 Irrigation Engineering 03
Structural Analysis 12 Environmental Engineering 16
Design of Steel structures 08 Geotechnical Engineering 17
Design of Concrete & Masonry Structures 08 Surveying 05
Construction Practice, Planning and Management 02 Geology 0
Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines 32
Transportation Engineering (Highways, Railways, Airports, Docks & Harbours,Tunnels)
11
TOTAL 150
Previous years Questions with Solutions, Subject wise & Chapter wise Civil Engineering (1991 – 2018)
MAIN INDEX
S.No. Name of the Subject Page No.
1 Building Materials 01 – 136
2 Solid Mechanics 137 – 412
3 Structural Analysis 413 – 622
4 Design of Steel Structures 623 – 724
5 Design of Concrete and Masonry Structures 725 – 874
6 Construction Practice, Planning and Management 875 - 1009
PageNo.1
UPSC Engineering Service (ESE)
SYLLABUS
Building Materials:
Stone, Lime, Glass, Plastics, Steel, FRP, Ceramics, Aluminum, Fly Ash, Basic Admixtures, Timber,
Bricks and Aggregates: Classification, properties and selection criteria; Cement: Types, Composition,
Properties, Uses, Specifications andvarious Tests; Lime & Cement Mortars and Concrete: Properties
andvarious Tests; Design of Concrete Mixes: Proportioning of aggregate sand methods of mix design.
PageNo.2
PreviousESEQuestions&Solutions
To BuildingMaterials
PageNo.3
ChapterNo.
NameoftheChapter QuestionsPageNo.
SolutionsPageNo.
01 Timber 04–17 18–31
02 Bricks 32–42 43–51
03 Cement 52–66 67–75
04 Aggregates 76–82 83–86
05 CementMortars 87–92 93–95
06 ConcreteandReinforcement 96–116 117–128
07 BrickMasonry 129–131 132–133
08 MiscellaneousTopics 134–134 135–136
CONTENTS
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01. According to the relevant IS code, the weight
of the timber is to be reckoned at a moisture
content of (ESE – 1995)
(a) Zero (b) 4% (c) 8% (d) 12%
02. The strength of timber is maximum when
load applied is (ESE – 1995)
(a) Parallel to grain
(b) Perpendicular to grain
(c) Inclined at 45o to grain
(d) Inclined at 60o to grain
03. Assertion (A): Dimensional changes in
wood result due to variation in the moisture
content of the wood with atmospheric
condition.
Reason (R): The cell walls in wood are
highly hygroscopic and when exposed to
moisture, absorb large amounts of water and
swell. (ESE – 1995)
Codes:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
04. The nail diameter should not be more than
(t = least thickness of the wooden member to
be connected. (ESE-1996)
(a) t/6 (b) t/ 8 (c) t/ 10 (d) t/12
05. The expansion and shrinkage of ply woods
are comparatively very low as (ESE-1996)
(a) They are held in position by adhesives
(b) They are glued under pressure
(c) Plies are placed at right angles to each
other
(d) They are prepared from veneers
06. Seasoning of timber is required to
(ESE-1996)
(a) Soften the timber
(b) Harden the timber
(c) Straighten the timber
(d) Remove sap from the timber
07. Assertion (A): While painting on flush doors
of plywood, putty-filling is done after prime
coat.
Reason (R): This reduces the quantity of
paint and effort involved in the regular coats
of the paints. (ESE-1996)
Timber 1Chapter
: 5 : Timber
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08. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists.
(ESE-1997)
List-I List-II
A. Deciduous 1. Soft wood
B. Conifer 2. Hard wood
C. Endogenous 3. Eucalyptus
D. Exogenous 4. Bamboo
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 1 2 4 3
09. During the conversion of timber by sawing, in
order to obtain strong timber pieces, the cuts
should be made by (ESE-1997)
(a) Ordinary sawing (b) Tangential sawing
(c) Quarter sawing (d) Radial sawing
10. A timber beam of effective span L and of
cross-section b d is said to be laterally
supported if d/b and L/b are respectively
(ESE-1997)
(a) Less than 1 and less than 48
(b) Less than 2 and less than 49
(c) Less than 3 and less than 50
(d) Less than 4 and less than 51
11. A timber column is made up of two individual
members with longitudinal axes parallel,
separated at the ends and middle points of
their length by blocking, and joined at the
ends by timber connectors. Such a column is
called (ESE-1997)
(a) Built-up column (b) Composite column
(c) Spaced column (d) Flitched column
12. The modulus of elasticity of timber is about
(ESE-1997)
(a) 24 mm/N100.1to5.0
(b) 24 mm/N105.1to0.1
(c) 24 mm/N100.2to5.1
(d) 24 mm/N105.2to0.2
13. The moisture content in structural timber
should be (ESE-1998)
(a) Less than 5% (b) 5 to10%
(c) 10 to 20% (d) 15 to 25%
14. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists:
(ESE-1998)
List-I
A. The innermost part of core of the stem of
a tree
B. The vascular tissue which encloses the
pith
C. A cellular tissue and woody fibre
arranged in distinct concentric circles
D. The thin layer below the bark not
converted into sapwood as yet
List-II
1. Transverse septa (medullary rays)
2. Annual rings
3. The cambium layer
: 6 : Building Materials
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4. The outermost cover or skin of the stem
5. Medulla (pith)
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 5 3 4 (b) 5 1 2 3
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 5 1 4 3
15. Consider the following statements:
Casein glue is
1. obtained from milk
2. obtained form the blood of animals
3. used in painting of metals
4. used in the plywood industry
5. white in colour
6. red in colour
Which of these statements are correct?
(ESE-1998)
(a) 1, 3 and 5 (b) 1, 4 and 5
(c) 2, 3 and 6 (d) 2, 4 and 6
16. Match List-I (Component of scaffolding)
with List-II (Function) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists:
(ESE-1998)
List-I List-II
A. Putlog 1. Diagonal member
B. Ledger 2. Vertical member
C. Brace 3. Horizontal member
D. Standard 4. Transverse member
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 1 2 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 3 4 2 1
17. Assertion (A): Within a given species, green
timber of large moisture content dries in the
same length of time as that of lower moisture
content.
Reason(R): The sapwood which contains
most of the moisture, dries more
rapidly than the heartwood.
(ESE-1999)
18. Consider the following methods of
preservation of timber:
1. Dipping
2. Brushing or spraying
3. Pressure impregnation
The correct sequence in decreasing order of
the effectiveness of these methods of
preservation is (ESE-1999)
(a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 2, 1, 3
(c) 3, 1, 2 (d) 3, 2, 1
19. Radial splits in timber originating from
‘bark’ and narrowing towards the ‘pith’ are
known as (ESE-1999)
(a) Heart shakes (b) Star shakes
(c) Cup shakes (d) Knots
20. The moisture content in a properly seasoned
timber will be in the range of
(ESE-2000)
(a) 5% to 8% (b) 8% to 10%
(c) 10% to 12% (d) 12% to 15%
: 7 : Timber
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21. The strength of timber is maximum in the
direction (ESE-2000)
(a) Perpendicular to the grains
(b) Parallel to the grains
(c) 45o to the grains
(d) At all angles
22. On application of external stress on timbers, it
behaves like (ESE – 2001)
(a) An elastic material
(b) Non-elastic material
(c) Visco elastic material
(d) Non-visco elastic material
23. The ratio of tangential shrinkage to radial
shrinkage of wood due to reduction in
moisture content is (ESE– 2001)
(a) In the range from 3.1 to 5.1
(b) In the range from 2 to 3
(c) In the range from 1 to 2
(d) Less than or equal to 1
24. The compressive strength in structural timber
is minimum in a direction (ESE – 2001)
(a) Parallel to the grains
(b) Perpendicular to the grains
(c) Along an axis inclined at 45o to the grains
(d) Along an axis inclined at 60o to the grains
25. Assertion (A): Trees which have broad
leaves and shed in the autumn are classified
as hard woods, while trees having needle-like
leaves, broadly evergreen are classified as
soft woods.
Reason (R): The term hard wood and soft
wood in relation to a species of tree do not
necessarily indicate relative hardness or
density. (ESE-2002)
26. Assertion (A): Knots, one of the common
features in wood, are associated with the
beginning of branches.
Reason (R): Knots greatly improve the
workability. (ESE-2002)
27. Timber can be made reasonably fire-resistant
by (ESE-2002)
(a) Soaking it in ammonium sulphate
(b) Coating with tar paint
(c) Pumping creosote oil into timber under
high pressure
(d) Seasoning process
28. Which one of the following statements is the
correct description of the structure of fibre
board? (ESE-2002)
(a) Thin slices of superior quality of wood
are Glued and pressed on the surface of
Inferior wood.
(b) Steamed mass of wood dusts, wood wool
and other vegetable fibres are pressed
hard a thickness varying from 3 mm to
12 mm.
(c) Thin and narrow wood shavings are
soaked in a refractory binder material
and pressed Hard.
(d) Wood veneer backed by fabric mat.
: 8 : Building Materials
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29. Consider the following methods of
preservation of timber:
1. Pressure application
2. Brush application
3. Dipping
4. Open tank application
The correct sequence of this method in the
increasing order of their effectiveness is
(ESE-2002)
(a) 1, 3, 4, 2 (b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(c) 2, 3, 4, 1 (d) 4, 2, 1, 3
30. Match List-I (Name of defect) with List-II
(Definition) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists:
(ESE-2002)
List-I
A. Cupping
B. Bowing
C. Chucks
D. Knots
List-II
1. Caused by wood limbs encased by the
wood of the free trunk
2. Caused by grain irregularities in the board
and can be eliminated by proper stacking
3. Small cracks appearing at the ends of
boards caused by too rapid drying
4. Unequal shrinking in the radial and
tangential direction
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 4 2 3 1
31. The maximum deflection in timber beams or
joints should not be greater than (ESE-2002)
(a) span/300 (b) span/325
(c) span/360 (d) span/380
32. Assertion(A): Timbers used for engineering
construction are derived from deciduous
Trees.
Reason (R): Deciduous trees yield hard
wood while conifers yield soft wood.
(ESE-2003)
33. Assertion(A): Dry rot is a disease in wood
caused by spores germinating in wood Cells.
Reason(R): Decomposition and putrefaction
of tissues of a standing tree are indicators of
dry rot. (ESE-2003)
34. A well-seasoned timber has a moisture
content of about (ESE-2003)
(a) 15% to 20% (b) 10% to 12%
(c) 5% to 8% (d) 2% to 3%
35. Dry rot in timber is caused by (ESE-2003)
(a) lack of ventilation
(b) lack of light
(c) immersion in water
(d) alternate wet and dry atmosphere
: 9 : Timber
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36. Wood is impregnated with creosote oil in
order to (ESE-2003)
(a) change its colour
(b) protect against fungi
(c) protect the annular layers
(d) fill up the pores
37. Consider the following statements:
Hardest timber is obtained from the wood
grown in
1. the moderately dry climatic regions
2. the Himalayan slopes
3. the open areas
4. the thin jungles
Which of these statements are correct?
(ESE-2004)
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 and 4
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
38. Consider the following statements:
Dry rot in timber is due to
1. stacking wood in open areas
2. lack of ventilation
3. decomposition of sap
4. lack of preservatives
Which of these statements are correct?
(ESE-2004) (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 4
39. In static bending test Match List-I (Type of
failure) with List-II (Figure) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below
the lists: (ESE-2004)
List-I
A. Simple tension
B. Crossing grain tension
C. Splintering tension
D. Brash tension
List-II
1.
2.
3.
4.
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 1 4 2 3
40. Match List-I (Product) with List-II (it use)
and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the lists: (ESE-2004)
List- I
A. Fibre board
B. Heartwood
C. Laminated timber
D. Plywood
List-II
1. Panelling
2. Insulation
3. Scantling
4. Arches/Trusses
: 10 : Building Materials
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Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4
41. Match List-I (Term) with List-II (Brief
description) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists:
(ESE-2005) List-I A. Heart shakes
B. Knot
C. Rot
D. Sap wood
List-II
1. Disintegration caused by fungi
2. Outer layers of a log of wood
3. A branch base embedded in timber by
natural growth
4. Cracks widest at centre and diminishing
towards the outer circumference
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 3 4 2 (b) 4 2 1 3
(c) 1 2 4 3 (d) 4 3 1 2
42. Consider the following statements:
The disease of dry rot in timber is caused by
1. complete submergence in water
2. alternate wet and dry condition
3. lack of ventilation
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(ESE-2005)
(a) 1 only (b) 3 only
(c) 2 only (d) 2 and 3
43. Which one of the following is the correct
statement? (ESE-2005)
The strength of timber
(a) is maximum in a direction parallel to the
grain
(b) is maximum in a direction perpendicular
to the grain
(c) is maximum in direction 45o to the
grain
(d) remain same in all directions
44. Consider the following statements:
Kiln seasoning of timber results in
1. reduced density
2. reduced life
3. dimensional stability
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(ESE-2005)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 only
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3
45. In a tree, the cambium layer is situated
between (ESE-2005)
(a) the outer bark and inner bark
(b) the inner bark and sap wood
(c) the sap wood and heart wood
(d) the pith and heart wood
: 11 : Timber
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46. The timber preservative “creosote” belongs to
the group of (ESE-2006)
(a) water soluble salts
(b) organic solvent type
(c) tar oil type
(d) inorganic solvent type
47. The strength of timber is maximum in a
direction (ESE-2006)
(a) parallel to the grains
(b) perpendicular to the grains
(c) 45o to the grains
(d) 30o to the grains
48. Match List-I (Species) with List-II (Uses)
and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the list: (ESE-2006)
List-I List-II
A. Babul 1. Tennis rackets
B. Ben teak 2. Boats
C. Bijasal 3. Agricultural tools
D. Mulberry 4. Furniture
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 1 3 2 (b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 4 2 3 1 (d) 3 1 4 2
49. Which one of the following is the most
preferred wood for high quality and durable
furniture? (ESE-2007)
(a) Sandalwood (b) Deodar wood
(c) Teakwood (d) Shisham wood
50. As a natural material, timber is which one of
the following? (ESE-2007)
(a) Isotropic (b) Anisotropic
(c) Homogeneous (d) Heterogeneous
51. Shear strength of timber depends on which
one of the following? (ESE-2007)
(a) Lignin with fibres (b) Medullary rays
(c) Heartwood (d) Sapwood
52. The defect which develops due to
uncontrolled and non-uniform loss of
moisture from wood is known as which one
of the following?
(ESE-2007)
(a) Knot (b) Shake
(c) Warping (d) Cross gain
53. Assertion (A): Wooden window shutters
should be fitted, leaving proper tolerances for
dimensional changes.
Reason (R): Timber sections change in
volume with change in seasons.
(ESE-2007)
54. Match List-I (Wood element) with List –II
(Description) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists:
(ESE-2008) List –I
A. Pith B. Sapwood
C. Heart wood D. Cambium layer
: 12 : Building Materials
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List-II
1. Innermost portion of the tree
2. Inner annual rings surrounding the pith
3. Outermost annual rings
4. Thin layer of sap between sapwood and
inner Bark
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 2 4 2 3
(c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 2 3 1 4
55. In respect of moisture content in wood, the
fiber saturation point refers to which one of
The following? (ESE-2008)
(a) Free water present in the cells
(b) Free water present in cell walls and cell
(c) No moisture present in cell walls and cell
cavities
(d) No free water exists in cell cavities but
cell walls are saturated
56. The moisture content of timber used in
building frames can be (ESE-2008)
(a) 2% to 5% (b) 8% to 12%
(c) 12% to 18% (d) >20%
57. Match List – I (Disease of timber) with
List – II (Effect of disease) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below
the lists: (ESE-2008)
List-I
A. Dry rot B. Grey rot
C. Wet rot D. White rot
List-II
1. Attack of sapwood by fungus
2. Damage to wood fibers due to chemical
decomposition of wood
3. Destruction of cellulose of wood due to
fungal attack
4. Destruction of lignin of wood due to
fungal attack
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 2 3 1 4 (d) 2 4 1 3
58. What is the ratio of the elastic modulus of
structural timber in longitudinal direction to
that in the transverse direction?
(ESE-2009)
(a) 1/2 to 1 (b) 1/10 to 1/20
(c) 1 to 2 (d) 10 to 20
59. What is the modulus of elasticity of standard
timber (Group B) in (MN/cm2)?
(ESE-2009)
(a) 0.5 to 1.0 (b) 1.0 to 1.25
(c) 1.25 to 1.5 (d) 1.5 to 1.75
60. What is the treatment for making timber fire
resistant? (ESE-2009)
(a) ASCU treatment (b) Abel’s process
(c) Creosoting (d) Tarring
: 13 : Timber
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61. How is the process of treatment of wood
using a preservative solution and forcing in
at a pressure designated? (ESE-2009)
(a) Rueping process (b) Lawry process
(c) Full cell process (d) Empty cell process
62. Consider the following statements:
1. Cambium layer is between sapwood and
heartwood.
2. Heartwood is otherwise termed as
deadwood.
3. Timber used for construction is obtained
form heartwood.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(ESE-2010)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only (d) 2 only
63. The advantages in using plywood is that the
(ESE-2010)
(a) tensile strength is equal in all directions
(b) higher tensile strength in longer direction
(c) higher tensile strength in shorter direction
(d) lower tensile strength in longer direction
64. Which one of the following statements is
correct as regards tensile strength of wood?
(ESE-2010)
(a) Minimum in the direction parallel to the
grains
(b) Maximum in the direction parallel to the
grains
(c) Maximum in the direction across the
grains
(d) Same in all directions
65. Consider the following characteristics
regarding timber: (ESE-2010)
1. Stronger variety
2. Ability to take very smooth finish
3. Toughness
4. Difficult to season
Which of the above characteristics is/are
essential for timber to be used as beams?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 3
66. Consider the following statements:
1. Dry rot in sap wood is caused by fungal
attack.
2. Brown rot in coniferous wood is a result
of fungal attack.
3. Alternate wetting and drying of
unseasoned timber causes ‘powdery’
form of decay in wood.
Which of these statements are correct?
(ESE-2011)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
67. Consider the following statements:
Fibre saturation point in wood is reached
when
1. Free water is removed.
2. Cell water is removed
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3. Shrinkage of wood is rapid
4. Strength gain is rapid
Which of these statements are correct?
(ESE-2011)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4
68. The radial splits which are wider on the
outside of the log and narrower towards the
pith are known as (ESE-2012)
(a) star shakes (b) annular rings
(c) cup shakes (d) heart shakes
69. Consider the following distinguishing
characteristics of hardwood:
1. They have distinct annular rings
2. They are non resinous
Which of these characteristics of hardwood
is/are correct? (ESE-2012)
(a)1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
70. Consider the following statements on the
specific gravity of wood:
1. It is always greater than 2.
2. It is less than 1.
3. It is not dependent upon temperature and
equilibrium moisture content.
4. It is dependent upon type of species.
Which of these statements are correct?
(ESE-2012)
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 2 and 4 only
71. The age of a log of timber can be estimated
by (ESE-2012)
(a) diameter of pith
(b) thickness of bark
(c) number of annular rings
(d) number of medullary rays
72. Consider the following statements:
Seasoning of timber results in
1. increased strength
2. increased durability
3. reduced resilience
4. increased dimensional stability
Which of these statements are correct?
(ESE-2012)
(a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
73. Match List – I with List – II and select the
correct answer using the code given below
the lists: (ESE-2012)
List – I
A. Plywood
B. Fiberboard
C. Laminated timber
D. Commercial block-board
List – II
1. Furniture
2. Cantilever arches
3. Insulation
4. Lining of form-work in concrete
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Codes:
A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 1 3 2 4
(d) 4 2 3 1
74. Statement – I: Planks sawn from trees with
twisted fibers are stronger than those cut
from trees with normal growth.
Statement – II Timber from trees with
twisted fibers is used as poles.
(ESE-2012)
75. Statement-I: Timber suitable for tension
members is obtained from coniferous trees.
Statement-II: Coniferous trees have distinct
annular rings and straight grains.
(ESE-2012)
76. Which of the following statements are
correct?
1. Knots in a tree affect the continuity of
fibres.
2. Nail knots do not influence the strength
of timber.
3. Druxiness of wood is not a defect
4. Tall trees with twisted fibres given good
timber for poles (ESE – 2013)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3 only (d) 2, 3 and 4 only
77. Excrescences in wood are:
1. Defects found in trees
2. Formed due to injuries inflicted on trees
when they are growing
3. Defects which render wood suitable as
firewood only
(ESE – 2013)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only
78. What treatment is adopted for making timber
fire-resistant? (ESE – 2013)
(a) ASCU treatment (b) Abel’s process
(c) Creosoting (d) Tarring
79. Deterioration of structure of timber due to
dry rot is:
1. Caused by fungi
2. Due to dry-spell after heavy rains
3. Due to attack of termites
4. Indicated by surface stripes on
scantlings (ESE – 2013)
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 and 4
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 4
80. Alternate wetting and drying of timber:
1. Results in shrinkage and swelling
2. Brings about wet rot onset
3. Increases the durability
4. Causes transmission of spores from
germination (ESE – 2013)
(a) 1, 2 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3 only (d) 2, 3 and 4 only
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81. Which IS code is used for classification of
timber for seasoning purposes?
(ESE – 2014)
(a) IS: 4970-1973 (b) IS: 1708-1969
(c) IS: 1141-1958 (d) IS: 399-1963
82. Consider the following with regard to ‘the
application of preservation of timber ’:
1. increase in the life span of the member
2. increase in the strength of the timber
3. removal of moisture
4. prevention of growth of fungi by killing
them
Which of the above are correct?(ESE – 2014)
(a) 1,2,3 and 4 (b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only (d) 2 and 3 only
83. The plies in plywood are so placed that the
grains of each ply are (ESE – 2014)
(a) parallel to each other
(b) at right angle to one another
(c) 45 oblique to adjacent grain
(d) not constrained by any consideration
84. AsCu, a preservative for wood, developed by
the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun,
comprises of chemicals:
As2O5 . 2H2O, CuSO4. 5H2O and K2 Cr2O7 in
the proportion of
(ESE – 2015)
(a) 1 : 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 : 3
(c) 1 : 2 : 4 (d) 1 : 3 : 4
85. The minimum number of annular rings to be
seen in every 2.54 cm in the radial direction
from the core for timber to be classified as
‘Dense’ is (ESE – 2015)
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 30
86. Statement (I): Timber suitable for furniture
is obtained from conifers only.
Statement (II): Woods with distinct annual
rings are conifers. (ESE – 2015)
87. Statement (I): Seasoning of timber gives
dimensional stability, safety against attack by
fungi and improved workability.
Statement (II): Seasoning of timber removes
moisture in the form of sap from timber.
(ESE – 2015)
88. Consider the following statements:
1. There will be no defects in select grade
timbers.
2. The codal values for strength of grade-II
timber without defects may be reduced
by 37.5%
3. For timber used as columns, the
permissible stress in ungraded timbers is
adopted with a multiplying factor of
0.50.
4. In case of wind force and earthquakes a
modification factor of 1.33 is adopted.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(ESE – 2016) (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only (d) 2 and 3 only
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89. Consider the following statements regarding
timber:
1. The strength of timber increases by Kiln
seasoning.
2. Cutting of wood is to be done prior to
treatment.
3. Water seasoning is good for prevention
of warping.
4. ASCU treatment enhances the strength
of wood.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(ESE – 2016)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
90. Gas(es) emitted during rotting or
decomposition of timber is/are mainly
(ESE – 2016)
(a) Methane and Hydrogen
(b) Hydrogen Sulphide
(c) Carbonic acid and Hydrogen
(d) Ammonia
91. In the cross-section of a timber, cambium
layer can occur in (ESE – 2016)
(a) Inner Bark and Sap Wood
(b) Pith and Heart Wood
(c) Sap Wood and Heart Wood
(d) Outer Bark and Sap Wood
92. Statement (I): Splitting of fibres is a type of
seasoning defect in wood
Statement (II): Seasoning of timber is a
general requirement for structural purposes.
(ESE – 2016)
93. Statement (I): Hardwoods are used in
special purpose heavy constructions.
Statement (II): Hardwoods too are porous in
nature. (ESE – 2016)
94. Statement (I): ‘Compreg’ timbers have
higher specific gravity of up to 1.30 and are
stronger than other timbers.
Statement (II): Impregnation of resins and
special curing methods are adopted to
develop ‘Compreg’ timbers (ESE – 2017)
95. Statement (I): Air seasoning of structural
timber renders it more durable, tough and
elastic.
Statement (II): Air seasoning of timber is
the most economical and eco-friendly
method of treatment when time is not a
constraining criterion. (ESE – 2018)
`
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Key Sheet
01. (d) 02. (a) 03. (a) 04. (a) 05. (c) 06. (d) 07. (a) 08. (c) 09. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (c)
51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (b)
61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (b) 65. (d) 66. (a) 67. (d) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (d)
71. (c) 72. (d) 73. (b) 74. (d) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (b)
81. (c) 82. (c) 83. (b) 84. (d) 85. (a) 86. (d) 87. (a) 88. (b) 89. (a) 90. (c)
91. (a) 92. (b) 93. (b) 94. (a) 95. (a)
01. Ans: (d)
Sol: According to IS:399 weight of timber is
taken at standard moisture content ≯ 12%.
02. Ans: (a)
Sol: For good tensile strength, load should be
applied parallel to grains.
For good compressive strength, load should
be applied perpendicular to grains.
Tensile strength perpendicular to grains
is 10-20 times more than its strength
perpendicular to grains.
Tensile strength depends on density of
wood.
Compressive strength of wood is half of
the corresponding tensile strength.
Shearing strength of wood is 10 to 15%
of its tensile strength.
Solutions
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In the question maximum strength of
timber is asked. It must be tensile
strength of timber.
Therefore, tensile strength is maximum
parallel to grains.
03. Ans: (a)
Sol: Moisture gets deposited on cell walls of
wood due to atmospheric changes.
Therefore volumetric changes occur in
wood.
Cell walls of wood are highly hygroscopic
(they absorb moisture from air) in humid
climatic conditions.
Due to increase in moisture level volumetric
and dimensional changes occur.
(The student should think logically to pick
up right answer)
04. Ans: (a)
Sol: The diameter of nail should be within a
range of 4
1 to
6
1 of thickness of wooden
block.
05. Ans: (c)
Sol. Ply arrangement should be right angular to
each other in alternate layers to have less
shrinkage and expansions.
06. Ans: (d)
Sol: Seasoning is the process of removing
sapwood and moisture in timber. Seasoning
will not soften or harden the timber. It will
not increase the strength.
Due to seasoning strength, elasticity and durability properties are developed.
07. Ans: (a)
Sol: After prime coat, the minute voids on
timber surface are filled up, then putty is
applied, so that the total quality of paint
used can be reduced.
08. Ans: (c)
Sol: Endogeneous- Bamboo (C-4)
Deciduous – hardwood (A-2)
Endogenous trees: These trees grow along
length Bamboo, Canes, Palms, Coconuts,
limited engineering use.
Exogenous trees:
Grow outwards Conifers (narrow leaves) like pine and
fir and all deciduous (broad leaves) teak & rose wood.
These are engineering timbers. Deciduous: The trees which shed leaves in
autumn are deciduous.
These are widely used in engineering
construction
Eg: Oak, Maple, Lemon
These give hard wood
Conifers:
Tree with narrow leaves Gives soft wood.
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09. Ans: (d)
Sol: Radial sawing gives strong timber so that
the layer distribution is uniform.
Quarter sawing:
Also called quarter cutting
Growth rings are parallel to the short
face.
Long face of every board is close to
radial face.
Best for hard wood which collapse
during drying.
Advantages:
Best grains show on face
Good wearing surface for floors,
furniture.
Low width shrinkage on drying
Less wrap and cupping
Can be easily reconditioned
Disadvantages:
Slower seasoning
Nailing on face more prone to splitting
Tangential Cutting / Back Sawn Cutting
Helps to obtain high grade timber from
legs
In this short face is close to a radial face
and long face is close to a tangential
face.
For asesthetic appearance this method is
used.
The maximum depth can be just less
than the diameter of the log
Advantages:
Gives strongest boards used for beams &
boards
Seasons more rapidly
Good figure on face
Less prone to splitting when nailing
Wide sections are possible
Few knots on edge
Disadvantages:
Shrink more across when drying
More likely to warp and cup.
Collapsed timber is more difficult to re-
condition.
Radial Sawn Timber:
It makes optimal usage of logs
Because of cutting pattern, each piece of
radially sawn timber is a wedge shape. It
has sap wood on the wider edge and pith
or core wood at the point.
Used for flooring, clading, decking,
poles, wedges and timber screens.
Advantages:
Dimensional stability
Less prone to warping, cupping
Less waste in milling
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Disadvantages:
Wedge shape cross-section
More difficult to detail
More difficult to stack
Through sawing/ ordinary sawing:
This is most common method of sawing
The log is cut in parallel cuts in the
direction of the grains.
Advantages:
Low cost and fast
Maximum width of logs obtained from
log
Little wastage
Reveals attractive grain pattern, especially
in softwoods.
Disadvantages:
Not suitable for structural timber
With this method cupping caused by
tangential shrinkage is a problem (cupping
is the warping of the plank away from the
heart of the face)
12. Ans: (a)
Sol: Modulus of Elasticity of timber
Group A > 12.5 kN/mm2
Group B 9.8 – 12.5 kN/mm2
Group C 5.6 – 9.8 kN/mm2
13. Ans: (c)
Sol: Moisture content of good timber will be
around 10-20% according to atmospheric
humidity of a place.
Most appropriate answer is (c)
14. Ans: (b)
Sol: Innermost core of the stem of a tree is
pith (A should match to 5)
Concentric circles in a stem are annular
rings (C should match to 2)
15. Ans: (b)
Sol: Casein is the name for a family commonly
found in milk. This is white in colour.
Casein is also used in plywood industry as a
binder.
Through sawing Radial sawing
Tangential sawing Quarter sawing
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FRAME
LEDGE
BRACES
BATTENS
16. Ans: (a)
Sol: In a door ledger is a horizontal member
(B-3)
Brace is a diagonal member (C-1)
Standard / Batten is a vertical member
Put log is a log placed transverse /
perpendicular to the wall
18. Ans: (c)
Sol: The correct sequence of preservative based
on its effectiveness is
Pressure impregnation: All the voids by
pressure are filled by preservatives.
Dipping: by gravity voids are filled by
preservatives.
Brushing or spraying: only surface is
treated by preservatives.
19. Ans: (b)
Sol: Star shakes:
20. Ans: (c)
Sol: A well seasoned piece of wood should on
other hand contain only 10 to 12 percent
moisture.
An important object of seasoning is to dry
the timber to the equilibrium moisture
content before use, so that gross
dimensional changes through shrinkage,
which inevitably occurs in green wood as it
tends to attain equilibrium with the
surrounding atmosphere, are eliminated.
21. Ans: (b)
Sol: In tension load applied parallel to grains
will give higher strength.
22. Ans: (a)
Sol: Even though timber is a brittle material on
application of confining pressure, its
elasticity can be increased.
23. Ans: (a)
Sol: Linear shrinkage = 0.1 to 0.3
Radial shrinkage = 3 to 6 %
Tangential shrinkage = 7 to 12 %
Ratio of tangential shrinkage to the radial
shrinkage of wood = 3
7to
6
12%
24. Ans: (b)
Sol:
Perpendicular to the grains compressive
strength will be minimum
Star shakes
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25. Ans: (b)
Sol: Broad leaved trees (Deciduous trees like
teak wood) give hardwood.
Needle like or ever green trees(coconut)
give soft wood.
Hard wood and soft woods are relative
terms which give hardness or softness.
26. Ans: (d)
Sol: Knots are defects in wood sometime
associated with the starting point of
branches.
Knots, generally, reduce workability,
due to irregular texture of timber.
Reason is a wrong statement.
27. Ans: (a)
Sol: Soaking timber in Ammonium sulphate
increases its fire resistance. Fire resistant
timber is also called refractory timber
28. Ans: (b)
Sol: Fibre board is a type of engineering wood
product that is made of wood fibres.
Adhesives like urea-formaldehyde (UF) (or)
Phenolic- formaldehyde resins (PF) are used
for attachment with high pressure.
This includes particle board, medium
density fibre board (MDF) and hard board.
Applications:
1. Sound proofing
2. Structural sheathing
3. Low slope roofing
29. Ans : (c)
Sol: Increasing order of the effectiveness of
timber preservatives.
Brushing: only surface is protected
dipping, only top layer is protected
Soaking in open tank: most of the parts of
wood are protected.
Pressure application: All the minute pores
are filled with preservative and protects
timber more effectively.
30. Ans: (d)
Sol: Cupping: Unequal shrinkage in radial &
tangential directions cause the wood to form
a cup.
Bowing: Bending in the form of a bow. Due
to irregularities in the board can be
eliminated by proper stacking while
seasoning.
Chucks: Splits at the end of boards due to
rapid drying.
Knots: Circular form of fibres due to
cutting of limbs (or) branches of a tree on
main stem.
31. Ans: (a)
Sol: Maximum deflection of timber beams ≯
span/300.
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32. Ans: (a)
Sol: Deciduous trees shed leaves in autumn,
have hard wood, which can be used in
engineering practices.
Coniferous, ever green trees, yield soft
wood.
Wet rot: This is due to cellar fungus
(Coniophora puteana).
Wet rot fungi obtain food by breaking
down the walls of wood cells resulting in a
loss of strength of wood.
These fungus are not destructive as dry rot
but spreads in wet area.
Timber affected by wet rot will feel spongy
and look darker than surrounding timber.
When dry timber can crumble and crack
into finer particles.
33. Ans: (a)
Sol: Dry rot or brown rot is a disease due to
fungal (Serpula Lacryans) effect. White
powder develops on the surface of wood.
Dry rot is not due to decomposition of
wood. Dry rot is most serious problem in
timber. This can spread and destroy timber
seriously. Dry rot occurs in dried timber of
ships (or) buildings and caused by internal
fermentation or decomposition.
34. Ans: (b)
Sol: Well seasoned timber to be used for
engineering purposes, should have moisture
content around 10 to 12%
35. Ans: (d)
Sol: A wet winter followed by warm summer is
the ideal conditions for the growth of dry
rot fungus also called as brown rot. Dry
rot needs air and very little moisture.
36. Ans: (b)
Sol: Creosote oil (coal tar) is impregnated into
timber with high pressure to prevent fungal
effect, Insect bite and rodent attack.
37. Ans: (a)
Sol: In tropical countries like India hard wood is
obtained from deciduous trees. Which are
Broad leaved trees (like teak wood) .
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38. Ans: (c)
Sol: Dry rot is due to improper ventilation .
Dry rot needs air and very little moisture.
Stacking in open areas causes dry rot
Dry rot is due to decomposition of wood by
fungus.
39. Ans: (a)
Sol: Student should remember these failure
modes.
40. Ans: (c)
Sol: Scantling: A piece of sawn timber, such as
rafter in a truss, that has a small cross-
section. For rafters strong (Heart) wood is
used.
Ply wood is used for paneling purpose,
in partitions, flooring etc.
Laminated timber is used in arches/
trusses
Fiber boards are of medium density.
They are used for insulation electrical
boxes.
41. Ans: (d)
Sol: Heart shakes: Widest at the centre and
diminishing towards outer circumference
(A-4)
Knot: Damaged branch of a tree, which
causes twists in the grain arrangement.(B-3)
Dry rot and wet rot are due to fungal
effects (C – 1)
42. Ans: (c)
Sol: Dry rot is very aggressive when wood is
stored in a place where air circulation is
very high and the wood is subjected to
alternate dry and wet seasons.
43. Ans: (a)
Sol: Maximum tensile strength of wood can be
obtained by applying tensile force parallel
to grains.
44. Ans: (d)
Sol: Kiln seasoning of timber reduces density by
removing excess moisture, therefore, no
shrinkage or warping when it is used for an
engineering purpose. The life of timber
increases due to kiln seasoning.
45. Ans: (b)
Sol: Cambium layer is situated between inner
bark and sap wood.
46. Ans: (c)
Sol: Creosote is a purified coal tar. It is a good
preservative for timbers when used under
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soil. The timber treated by creosote losses
its appearance.
Becomes black in colour.
It is effective in preventing fungus, Insect
and Rodent attack.
47. Ans: (a)
Sol: Tensile strength of timber is maximum when
tensile force is applied parallel to the grains.
48. Ans: (b)
Sol: Babul: Agricultural instruments, bullock
cart wheels, tool handles etc (A – 3)
Mulberry: Hockey sticks, tennis rockets
etc (D-1)
49. Ans: (c)
Sol: Teak wood is the best for furniture work.
Which takes good polish and easy to carve
also.
50. Ans: (c)
Sol: Timber is a homogeneous and orthotropic
material.
Homogeneous: Material. A material of
uniform composition throughout that cannot
be mechanically separated into
different materials.
Orthotropic: Materials have material
properties that differ along three mutually-
orthogonal axes.
51. Ans: (a)
Sol: Alignment of layers of wood is an important
factor for acquiring shear strength.
52. Ans: (c)
Sol: Differential shrinkage of timber causes
warping of timber.
53. Ans: (a)
Sol: Due to seasonal change in moisture content
of timber, its dimensions may change.
While fixing dimensions of the window or
door shutters proper tolerances should be
considered.
54. Ans: (a)
Sol: Pith: inner most portion of the trunk of a
tree (A-1)
Cambium layer: The layer between sap
wood and inner bark (D-4)
55. Ans: (d)
Sol: Fiber saturation point (FSP): The
moisture content at which all of the free
water is removed - the cell cavities are
empty - but the cell walls are still
completely saturated.
This is a key concept in wood design since
moisture affects the physical and
mechanical properties of wood
56. Ans: (b)
Sol: For building frames moisture content can be
upto 12%
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57. Ans: (a)
Sol: Due to Dry (Brown) rot: Sapwood is
attacked by fungus.
Wet rot: Damage of wood fibres due to
chemical decomposition of wood.
Grey rot: Destruction of cellulose into
grey colour due to fungal attack.
White rot: Destruction of lignin (an
amorphous, cellulose like, organic
substance which acts as a binder for
cellulose in wood and adds strength and
stiffness to cell walls) due to fungal attack.
58. Ans: (c)
Sol: 2to1E
E
transverse
allongitudin
59. Ans: (b)
Sol: Modulus of Elasticity of timber
Group A > 12.5 kN/mm2
Group B 9.8 – 12.5 kN/mm2
Group C 5.6 – 9.8 kN/mm2
60. Ans: (b)
Sol: To make timber fire resistant Sir Abel’s
process is adopted. In this process lime and
sodium silicate are used.
ASCU treatment is used to preserve timber
using Arsenic upper sulphate solution.
Creosoting is mixture of coal tar chemical
used to preserve timber against fungus and
insects.
Tarring, is also used in preservation of
timber tar is sprayed on timber.
61. Ans: (b)
Sol: Rueping process: is used to preserve wood
with the use of minimum amount of coal
tar. Creosote by alternating pressure and
vacuum so that only the walls of the wood
cells are coated and cells themselves are not
filled.
Lawry process: The preservative is forced
into the wood under pressure. The air inside
the wood then expands when the pressure is
released causing excess preservative to be
forced out of wood.
Full-cell process/Bethell process:
In this process wood is sealed in a pressure
chamber and vacuum is applied in order to
remove moisture from the wood cells. Then
pressure is applied with preservatives in
order to inpregnate the full wood cells. Coal
tar substances such as creosote, oil based
chemicals such as penta chlorophenol
(PCP) are used as preservatives. In this
process chemical is completely filled in
cells and slowly dry down. Therefore, high
quantity of preservative is required.
Empty cell process: Are of two types
1. Rupeing process 2. Lawry process
In these process the cell layers are coated
will chemicals and the chemical in cell
space is removed less chemical is required.
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62. Ans: (b)
Sol: Cambium layer is located between inner
bark and sap wood.
Heart wood is strong wood, where
nutrients are not transferred, which gives
strength only. Therefore heart wood is most
suitable for construction work.
Cambium layer, infact, lies between inner
bark and sap wood. The cambium creates
cells that eventually become bark on outside
and cells that add to the sap wood
( Statement 1 is wrong)
Heart wood: The older, harder and
nonliving central wood of trees that is
usually darker, denser, less permeable, and
more durable than surrounding sap wood.
The best timber for construction is obtained
from heart wood. Heart wood supports the
tree. ( Statements 2 and 3 are correct).
63. Ans: (a)
Sol: In ply-wood grains of different layers are
arranged in such away that tensile strength
in mutually perpendicular directions must
be the same. Appropriate answer is (A).
64. Ans: (b)
Sol: Tensile strength is maximum in the
direction parallel to gains.
65. Ans: (d)
Sol: For a beam main important character
required is strength followed by stiffness or
toughness. There is no need to achieve
smooth finish in beam, except in case of
architectural buildings.
66. Ans: (a)
Sol: Dry rot is due to fungal attack.
Brown rot generally occurs in coniferous
(soft) wood is also due to fungal attack.
Dry rot is due to drying and wetting in the
open air.
67. Ans: (d)
Sol: Fiber saturation point (FSP): The
moisture content at which all of the free
water is removed - the cell cavities are
empty - but the cell walls are still
completely saturated.
This is a key concept in wood design since
moisture affects the physical and
mechanical properties of wood
69. Ans: (b)
Sol: Hard wood doesn’t have distinct annual
rings.
70. Ans: (d)
Sol: specific gravity of wood is around one. It
depends on species of timber.
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71. Ans: (c)
Sol: Annular rings on heart wood indicates age
of the tree.
72. Ans: (d)
Sol: Proper seasoning of timber will not effect
strength. It increases durability.
73. Ans: (b)
Sol: Plywood: lining of form-work in concrete.
Fibre board: Insulation
Laminated timber: Cantilever arches
(generally for Arches/ trusses)
Commercial block board: Furniture
74. Ans: (d)
Sol: Planks sawn from trees with twisted fibres
are not stronger
75. Ans: (a)
Sol: Timber from coniferous trees will have
distinct annular rings and straight grains
(like bamboo, coconut) they can be used as
tension members.
76. Ans: (b)
Sol: Drauxiness: Defect in timber, to cambium
layer due to fungal attack. This can be
identified by white spots on timber.
Foxiness: This defect is indicated by red or
yellow tinge in wood or reddish brown
stains or spots round the pith of tree
discolouring timber. This is due to poor
ventilation during storage or by timber.
77. Ans: (b)
Sol: Excrescences are the upsets or irregularities
appear on the body of timber.
The wood can be used for engineering
purposes by removing defected part of
wood.
78. Ans: (b)
Sol: Abel’s process is used to make timber fire
resistant. (Repeated. ESE, 2009)
79. Ans: (a)
Sol:
Dry rot is due to fungal attack. Humid and
dry atmospheric conditions cause dry rot.
Dry season after rainy season is the best
season for growth of fungus.
Dry rot is not related to termites.
No surface strips are formed.
80. Ans: (b)
Sol: Alternate wetting and drying decreases
durability. (Statement -3 is wrong).
81. Ans: (c)
Sol: IS code is used for classification of timber
for seasoning purpose IS 1141 – 1958.
(Memory oriented question)
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82. Ans: (c)
Sol:
Preservatives increases life span of timber
(which preserves timber to last for a long
time)
Strength is a property of timber, which
can not be altered by preservatives.
Improper preservation reduces strength.
Preservative cannot reduce moisture.
Seasoning removes moisture.
Preservatives kills fungus, borers,
thermites etc and gives long life.
83. Ans: (b)
Sol: In plywood grains should be perpendicular
to each other to increase stiffness and
strength.
84. Ans : (d)
Sol: ASCU powder consisting of
Arsenic pentoxide (As2O5 2H2O) 1 part
Copper sulphate (CuSO4 5 H2O) : 3 parts
Potassium dichromate (K2 Cr2O7) : 4 parts
6 Parts of ASCU with 100 parts of water is
mixed to get ASCU solution.
86. Ans: (d)
Sol: Wood obtained from conifers is mostly soft
wood which doesn’t possess strength to be
used for commercial purposes.
87. Ans : (a)
Sol:
Seasoning of timber removes moisture
from sap wood therefore, wood becomes
dimensionally stable
Shrinkage, warping of wood will be
minimum.
88. Ans: (b)
Sol:
In select grade timber defects are not
allowed.
In select grade strength should be
uniform. It has sleek, uniform, and clean
appearance.
For earthquake design the strength
modification factor is 1.33.
89. Ans: (a)
Sol: ASCU treatment cannot enhance hardness
or density of wood. Therefore there is no
enhancement to strength.
Statement -4 is false
The only option without (4) is (a)
90. Ans: (c)
Sol: White rotting of timber gases emitted are
carbonic acid and hydrogen.
91. Ans: (a)
Sol: Cambium layer occurs between inner bark
and sap wood.
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92. Ans: (b)
Sol: Improper seasoning causes splitting of
timber. Seasoning is required to reduce
moisture in timber and to make it as
structural use. Both the statements are
individually true no relation between each
other.
93. Ans: (b)
Sol: Hardwood is non porous. It is dense.
Statement-2 is wrong.
94. Ans: (a)
Sol: ‘Compreg’ timber, pressed with resins, has
high specific gravity and having higher
strength.
The higher strength is achieved by
impregnation of resins.
95. Ans: (a)
Sol: Air seasoning takes a long time but it yields
durable, tough and elastic timber. Therefore
statement-1 is true, statement-2, explains
and supports statement-1