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Chapter 5
CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS
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Chapter 5 Chemicals of Consumers5.1 Soap and detergent
SoapSodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acid
General formula:RCOONa or RCOOK
(sodium soap) (potassium soap)Examples:
Soap Formula
Sodium/ Potassium laurateCH3(CH2) 10 COO
Na+
/K+
Sodium/Potassium palmitate CH3(CH2) 14 COO Na+/K+ Sodium/Potassium stearate CH3(CH2) 16 COO Na+/K+ Sodium/Potassium oleate CH 3(CH2) 7 CH=CH(CH2) 7COO
Na+/K+
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Detergent
Sodium salts of sulphonic acid
Two common types1.Sodium alkly sulphate (ROSO4Na)
2.Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate
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Preparation of detergent :
1.(a) SulphonationConcentration sulphuric acid Alkyl sulphonic acid + Water
(b) NeutralisationAlkyl sulphonic acid + Sodium hydroxide solution
Sodium alkyl sulphate + Water
2. (a) Sulphonation> Alkylation
Long-chain alkene + benzene alkylbenzene> Sulphonation
Alkylbenzene + Cocncentration sulphuric acidAlkylbenzene sulphonic acid + Water
sulphonation
neutralisation
alkylation
sulphonation
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Cleansing action of soap and detergent
Soap and detergent are surfactants.
Surfactants are organic compounds that lower the surfacetension of a liquid.
It act as emulsifiers and foaming agents .
Anion soap consists of carboxylate ion (hydrophilic = soluble inwater) and long hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic = soluble ingrease /oils).
Anion detergent consists of sulphate ion / sulphonate ion(hydrophilic = soluable in water) and long hydrocarbon tail(hydrophobic = soluble in grease / oils).
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The action process
Soap or detergent is added to water.This has lower the surface tension of water and increasesthe wetting ability of water. Hydrophilic part of the anion dissolves in water. Hydrophobic part dissolves in grease.
Scrubbing helps to pull the grease free and break thegrease into small droplets.These droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on thesurface of the cloth. It is because the repulsion betweennegative charges on the surface.The droplets are suspended in water forming an emulsion.Foam produces to float the emulsion.Rinsing helps to remove these droplets.
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The effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent
The effectiveness of soap as a cleansing agent reduces when itis used in :
a) Hard water which contains calcium and magnesium ionsb) Acidic water which contains hydrogens ions
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d) Stabilizers
Added to food with the purpose of making the food stable.
Normally added to food that contain oil and water. Examples: lecithin,mono-and di-glycerides of fatty acid.
e) Thickening agents Added to food with the purpose of thickening the liquid in the
food and preventing the food from becoming to liquid. It have the ability to absorb water in food Examples: Pectin and gelatine
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f) Dyes
Added to food with the purpose of improving their appearanceand making the food more attractive.
The purpose of adding dyes to food are to restore the colourwhich is last during processing of the food and to make thatfood more attractive.
Effect of food additives on health : Allergy some people may be allergic to food additives such
as sodium sulphite and monosodium glutamate.They may getstomach pain
Cancer some food additives such as sodium nitrite can causecancer when they react with certain compound
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5.3 MedicineMedicine is a substance used to prevent or cure diseases or to reducepain and suffering due to illness.It is classified as :
a) Traditional medicine Is a medicine derived from natural resourses without being
processed chemically . Can be obtained from plants and animals . Any medicinal plant containing alkaloid is potentially toxic to liver . Some of it interacts with medications resulting in serious side reactions Exp: garlic capsules combined with diabetes medication can cause a
sudden decrease in blood sugar .
*source : living thing - animals , plants & minerals
Source Function
Aloe vera To treat skin wounds
Centella asiatica To treat depression and for longevity
Centipede To treat lockjaw and convulsions
Ant To treat hepatitis B
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ii. Antibiotics
-Chemicals that destroy /prevent the growth of infectedmicroorganisms .
-Will not cure the infection caused by viruses such as cold and flu .-Obtained from bacteria / fungi .
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iii. Psychotherapeutic medicines
-A group of drugs for treating mental / emotional ilness