NASTO Air Quality Committee 1
Regional Responses to Air Quality and Climate Change:
The Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials (NASTO) Perspective
Presented to the 5th Mid-Atlantic Regional Planning Roundtable
Friday, November 7, 2008
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Michael BakerChairman, NASTO Air Quality CommitteePennsylvania Department of [email protected]
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Presentation Outline
1. NASTO
2. National Issues
3. Regional Issues
4. State Examples
5. Summary
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Who / What is NASTO???Members:
– Connecticut– Delaware– District of Columbia– Maine– Maryland– Massachusetts– New Hampshire– New Jersey– New York– Ontario– Pennsylvania– Quebec– Rhode Island– Vermont
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NASTO Mission
• Advancement of transportation policies and practices beneficial to the Northeast Region of the U.S. and the Eastern Provinces of Canada.
• Focal point for discussion and research on transportation issues of interest to members.
• Strong emphasis on promoting cooperation and partnership.
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National Issues• Greenhouse Gases (CO2 and others): global warming,
causing climate change. – Primarily from fossil fuel consumption.
• GHG emissions are increasing– Partic. electricity & transportation.
• 3 Areas of Concern: – Mitigation (reduce GHG emissions &future impacts)– Adaptation (accommodate likely impacts)– Science and Research
• Total overall GHG reductions needed from 1990 Base to contain CC:– ~ 10 - 20% by 2020 – ~ 60 - 80% by 2050
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Climate Change Impacts
• Rising Sea Levels – Threaten cities, infrastructure, agriculture, habitat.
• Weather Events - More often & frequent– Flooding & other natural disasters– Loss of homes, businesses, infrastructure, land. – Significant retrofit effort.
• Temperature Increases / Weather Changes– Agriculture, forestry, species threatened. – Infrastructure threats & operational costs due to heat.
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GHG Emissions Projections
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
MM
tCO
2e
Electricity (Consumption Based) Fossil Fuel Industry RCI Fuel Use
Onroad Gasoline Use Onroad Diesel Use Jet Fuel/Other Transportation
Agriculture ODS Substitutes Other Ind. Process
Waste Management
Gasoline Vehicles
Electricity
Source: US EPA, 2008
Other Fuels
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Transportation GHG Emissions
• Transportation accounts for:– 28% of GHG equivalents; 33% of CO2
– Highway vehicles - 78% of transportation GHG emissions.
Source: 2004 U.S. Sector Emissions of CO2Energy Information Agency, Annual Energy Outlook 2005
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Nationwide CO2 Trend
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Year
1990
= 1
.00
VM T
M iles Per Vehicle
CO 2
Gallons Per M ile
# of Vehicles
1990-2020 CO2 Growth39%
Sources: FHWA, AEO 08, Michael Baker Jr., Inc.
Highway Vehicle CO2 Growth TrendIncludes 2007 Energy Independence & Security Act
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Regional Initiatives
• Activity to date by states and cities
850 Cities - Mayor’s Climate Plan
Plus: Many MPOs
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Selected NASTO Member Examples
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Delaware
• Situation– Tidal coastline of 381 miles: 357 miles on the
Delaware Bay. – Since 1900
• Sea level rose 12 inches in the 1900s, Forecast another 23 inches by 2100.
• Avg. temperature up 1.9º F Precipitation up 10%
• Impacts– Flooding: Emergency Evacuation Routes, local roads – Travel disruptions – Higher levels of ground level ozone and other
photochemical pollutants – Increase in roadway incidents due to storms.
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DE Climate Action Plan
• Initiated 1998 via Climate Change Consortium.
• DE Energy Office w/ US EPA, Univ. of DE.• Base year and future year forecasts.
– Unchecked, DE CO2 emissions would increase 22% from 1988 to 2010 (to 20 MMT).
• Adopted a GHG reduction target.– 7% below the 1990 base year by 2010 (23%
reduction by 2010)
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Effects of Sea Level Rise on Land Area
By 2100 if GHG unchecked: • Loss of red and orange
areas. – Impact land use, coastal
roadway network.
• Increased salinity in Delaware Bay – salt water intrusion – Paved surfaces – roadway
failures.– Agricultural losses.– Water supply issues.
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Effects of Sea Level Riseon Land Area (cont’d)
• Three main evacuation routes partially or completely submerged by 100 year flood events.– Improve infrastructure. – Add/modify evacuation
routes & plans. • Increased frequency and
duration of storms– Increased likelihood of
coastal flooding events.– More accidents/incidents.– Retrofit drainage system.
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DelDOT Plans
• Inventory flood-prone bridges &roadways.– Develop action plan for necessary improvements.
• Infrastructure Sensors – Monitor physical condition & shifts in climate.
• Rethink Transportation Design Standards– Increase drainage capacity for projects.– Develop heat resistant materials / standards for
bridges and roadways.
• Land Use / Transportation– Avoid vulnerable locations.
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District of Columbia
Through Metro Washington Council of Gov’ts.Regional Climate Change Steering Cmte (April 2007)
• Regional GHG Inventory• ID Best Practices & Policies• Examine Impacts• Recommend GHG Reduction Goals• Recommend Governance Structures for CC• Propose Advocacy Positions • Public Comment in Process for Draft Report (July
2008)
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District of Columbia
• MWCOG Draft Report Recommendations– GHG Reduction Goals
• 10% below BAU by 2010• 20% below 2005 by 2020• 80% below 2005 by 2050
– Transportation Measures Recommended• Reduce VMT • Smart Growth• Alternative fuels • Tree Canopy• Fuel Efficiency • Comprehensive Planning• Finance • Outreach
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District of Columbia
• Petition to join Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)
• Clean Cars Act of 2008 (dep. on EPA waiver to CA)
• Green Building Act of 2006– LEED Silver for city projects > 10,000 SF– ’09 - ‘11: Green Building Checklist for private
commercial projects > 50,000 SF – ‘12: LEED Silver standard for private
commercial projects > 50,000 SF
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District of Columbia
• Green Jobs Program– Leverage “green” job training, job placement
& contract opportunities
• Clean & Affordable Energy Act of 2008– Sustainable / Renewable Energy Sources -
20% by 2020– Energy Efficiency & Retrofits– “Green Collar” Workforce Development
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D.C. Ongoing Efforts
• D.C. Green Agenda– Joined Climate Registry (June 2006)– Joined Mayor’s Climate Protection
Agreement, US Conference of Mayors (Jan 2007)
– GHG inventory – 2005 base year• Establishing baseline for reductions with ICLEI
– Energy Audits of all facilities in progress– Green Roofs– Tree Planting Program
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Maryland• MD Climate Change Commission
(convened 2008) • Long term effort w/ annual reports. • Recommend goals, actions,
timetable actions to Governor, Legislature
• Major MD concerns:– Rise of coastal waters– Loss of aquatic life (impacts to
oysters, rockfish and the bay ecosystem)
– Potential for extreme weather conditions
– Subtropical Chesapeake Bay– More ……..
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• 4,360 miles of tidal shoreline.
• Avg. temperature in College Park increased 2.4° since 1900.
• Chesapeake Bay Sea level up 1 foot in 100 yrs.
• 13 islands already lost.
• Sea level projected to rise additional 2 – 3 feet by 2100.
Maryland
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Current MDOT Measures with GHG Reductions
• MD Clean Car (dep. on EPA waiver to CA)
• On-Going VMT Reduction Strategies:-- Park and Ride -- GRH-- Transit Expansion -- Ridesharing-- Telecommuting -- Bike/Ped Projects
• On-Going Emission Reduction Strategies (Non-VMT Based):-- Idling reductions -- Bio-diesel-- ITS -- Tree Planting-- Clean Diesel Locomotives -- Hybrid Buses -- Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)
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Transportation / Land Use Policy Options
• VMT Reduction Measures– Land Use and Location Efficiency (Including VMT
Reduction Goals)– Transit– Intercity Travel: Aviation, Rail, Bus– Pay-as-you-drive Insurance– Bike / Ped Infrastructure– Pricing Measures (Including Carbon Fuel Tax)– Evaluate GHG Impacts of Projects
• Reduce Carbon per Unit of Fuel– Low GHG Fuel Standard (not recommended for
immediate implementation)
• Reduce Carbon per Mile and/or per Hour– Vehicle Technologies
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• Consideration expected in 2008 Legislative Session– Goals– Measures– Timeframes
• Commission Annual Report each November.
2012 10%
2015 15%
2020 25% - 50%
2050 90%
Preliminary Total Reduction Goals(below 2006 emissions)
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New Jersey
Global Warming Response Act Signed by Governor Jon S. Corzine on July 6, 2007.
Targets:• 1990 levels by 2020.• 80% below 2006 levels by 2050.
NJDEP lead on GHG Plan• NJDOT and Other departments collaborating.• Plan under development.
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NJ Potential Transport Strategies
Vehicle Efficiency• LEV Vehicle Program (dep. on EPA waiver to CA)
• Incentives for Purchase/Use of Highly Efficient Vehicles.
• “Green” the State-Owned Fleet.
• Diesel Idling Infrastructure Alternatives.
• Encourage Efficient Trucks.
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NJ Potential Transport Strategies
Carbon Intensity of Fuels
• Low Carbon Fuel Standard.
• Promote Residential Equipment to Facilitate and Support the Non-Liquid Transport Fuels.– CNG– Electric
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NJ Potential Transport Strategies
VMT Reduction Targets
• VMT Target: Annual VMT Growth < 1 %
• “Green VMT” Target:– 50 percent of the overall NJ VMT by “green
vehicles*” by 2020.– Green Vehicles: CA GHG score 9 or better
(≤ 239 grams/mile CO2 e)
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NJ Potential Transport Strategies
Additional Transportation Strategies• Maintain Existing Transit, Expand Capacity.• Traffic Management • “Green Corridors” Pilot Study• Strengthen, expand Commuter Option Programs• Invest in freight rail infrastructure
– Implement “Rail Shuttle” Projects
Shift some freight movements from trucks to rail.
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New Jersey
Challenges and Issues• VMT
– How meet proposed goal ?• Metrics
– Develop effective method to measure “Carbon Footprint” of transportation activities ?
• Decision Making – Weigh GHG vs. other issues (system preservation,
safety, congestion relief, etc.) in project selection ?• Financing
– How incorporate green incentives and long-term stability ?
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New York State
• General Approach– Think Globally, Act Locally – Consider Vehicle Technology, Fuels, VMT– States have greatest opportunity to affect
GHG via VMT / Demand Issues – Support Vehicle Technology & Fuel
Improvements– Cumulative Effect of Small Actions.
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New York State
Already doing many of these
Should do more Quantify
improvements Institutionalize
energy/climate change awareness
Mass transit Emissions reporting Traffic signals Freight management Managed lanes Smart growth/land use Idle reduction Commuter Choice Air quality education Alternative fuels Research
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New York State
NY only state to Report Energy and GHG emissions for adoption of TIPs and Long Range Plans
Results to Date: ~ 11% improvement v. business- as-usual.
Examines GHG and Energy in Project Alternative Selection
Modeling Improvements Needed.
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New York State
NYSDOT Climate Change/Energy Efficiency TeamGoals:
Reduce energy costs for public Promote energy efficient programs & projects Reduce NYSDOT’s carbon footprint
5 Workgroups ~ 70 people1. Transp. Partners2. NYSDOT Vehicles3. Fuel4. Adaptation5. Outreach
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New York State
Workgroup Recommendations (June ’08) Compressed work week: NYSDOT employees NYS version of Gulf Coast Study TIP direction to include GHG, CC, energy Involvement with RGGI Collaboration with other agencies:
NYSDEC, NYSERDA, FHWA, more
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New York State
GHG goal: 10% reduction in 10 years Integration with:
Governors Renewable Fuels Task Force NYSDEC (lead state agency) State Energy Plan & Governor’s Exec. Order
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Pennsylvania
• Energy Independence Strategy (2007) – Renewable Fuels initiative ($650 million)
• Climate Change Advisory Committee – Senate Bill 266 of 2007.
• Ongoing Energy Efforts.
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Pennsylvania
• Initiatives In Place: – Climate Change Advisory Committee
• Action plan due Oct 2009 and triennially thereafter• Include scientific predictions, impacts, economic
opportunities, mitigation measures
– PA Clean Car (pend. EPA waiver to CA) – HDDV Anti-Idling Regulation– State Biofuels Plan (SB 22)
• Targets for Biodiesel, Cellulostic Ethanol
> U.S. Energy Independence & Security Act ‘07
– Local Gov’t Pilot Grants
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Pennsylvania
• PennDOT Ongoing Activities– Transit Operations, Capital Support– Alt. Fuels for Transit Vehicles– TMA Program – Encourage Demand Mgm’t. – CMAQ-funded Projects
• Alt. fuels, vehicle technology, congestion mitigation, transit services & vehicles, TDM.
– Rideshare / Carpool Programs– Smart Transportation / Growth– Traffic Signal Prioritization
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Special Thanks
Contributors:
Mark Glaze, DelDOTHoward Simons, MDOTMark Rawlings, DDOTAndy Swords, NJDOTJohn Zamurs, NYSDOT
Bob Kaiser, Michael Baker Jr., Inc.
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Questions?
Michael Baker
Chairman, NASTO Air Quality CommitteePennsylvania Department of Transportation