Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for
Secretion
Cell Type
responsible for
Secretion
Target Organ or
Tissue
1Physiological changes
activated by a stressful
event.
Relaxed and calm states of being Norepinephrine Noradrenaline and levarterenolAdrenal Glands
(adrenal medulla) Chromaffin cells Brain
2 Melatonin receptors Atenolol and luzindole Melatonin N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine Pineal Gland Pinealocytes Brain
3 ACTHRegulate male reproductive
processes Gonadocorticotropic Hormone GnRh
Adrenal Glands
(adrenal cortex) Brain
Anterior pituitary
gland
4Low level of cortisol,
stress, fever Increased levels of cortisol Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Corticotropin Anterior Pituitary Corticotrophs Adrenal cortex
5Syncytiotrophoblast during
pregnancyIt inhibits insulin.
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
(hCS)Growth hormone (GH) Anterior pituitary gland. Somatotroph cells
Peptides released by
neurosecretory nuclei
of the hypothalamus
Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones
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Item #
1
2
3
4
5
Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones
Target
Organ/Tissue
Illustration
Principle ActionConsequences of
deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess
Feed Back
System
Molecular
StructureReference
Fight or flight response to stress, also
known as adrenaline. Prepares the
body for increased activity.
Orthostatic hyptension and
blood vessel disease.Amino acid
Increased heart contraction rate,
constriction of blood vessels,
bronchiole dilation, and increased
metabolic rate.
NegativeNeurogenesis.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Norepinephrine
Influences daily rhythms, sleep and for
some people seasonal changes in
mood.
Insomnia, trouble sleeping Circadin
Increase hormone can cause a
sleeping disorder .( Also sleep can
help growth development and energy.
Only if you sleep for 8-10 hrs.)
Negative
www.springerlink.com/i
ndex/M6621743540748
70.pdf Biology of
Humans
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M
Stimulates the anterior pituitary gland
to release LHUnderproduction of testosterone Peptid Sexual Infantilism Negative
Biology of humans
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Gonadotropin
Stimulates synthesis and release of
hormones from adrenal glands.Hypoadrenalism Peptide Hyperadrenalism Negative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Adrenocorticotropic_hormo
ne
Stimulates growth and cell reproduction
in humans and other animals.Growth failure and short stature Polypeptide
Thickens the bones of the jaw,
fingers and toesNegative
http://medical-
dictionary.thefreedictio
nary.com/human+chori
onic+somatomammotr
opin
Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones
2 OF 16
Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for
Secretion
Cell Type
responsible for
Secretion
Target Organ or
Tissue
6Low levels of thyroid
hormonesHigh levels of thyroid hormones Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyrotropin Anterior Pituitary
Neurosecretory Cells,
ThyrotrophsThyroid Gland
7 T cells (lymphoctes) Low level of T cells Thymosin Thymopoietin Thymus Cortex Lymphoid
8
It is released in response
to atrial stretch and a
variety of other signals
induced by hypervolemia,
exercise or caloric
restriction.
Low blood pressure. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF),
or atriopeptin
It is released in response to
atrial stretch and a variety of
other signals induced by
hypervolemia, exercise or
caloric restriction.
Atrial myocytes Heart
9High Calcium
concentration in bloodLow levels of calcium in blood Parathyroid Hormone PTH and Parathormone Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid chief cell Blood
10Blood glucose levels start
to fall too lowGlucagon-like peptide-1 Glucagon Pancreatic Peptide Pancreas
Alphn cells of b ilet of
langerhansBlood stream
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Item #
16
7
8
9
10
Target
Organ/Tissue
Illustration
Principle ActionConsequences of
deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess
Feed Back
System
Molecular
StructureReference
Stimulates synthesis and release of
thyroid hormones, growth and function
of thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism Glycoprotein Hyperthyroidism Negativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Thyroid-
stimulating_hormone
Promotes maturation if white blood
cells
Decrease T cells can occur in
infection and disease.
Blood (white blood
cells)No consequences Negative
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih
.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2
138952/ Biology of
Humans
ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium
and adipose loads on the circulatory
system, thereby reducing blood
pressure.[1]
Increased blood pressure. Polypeptide Low blood pressure. Negativehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih
.gov/pubmed/8897999
Increases blood levels of calcium
Hypoparathyroidism, increased
concentrations of Calcium, and
decreased concentrations of
Phosphorous.
PeptidPrimary and secondary
hyperparathyroidism.Negative
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-
z-guides/parathyroid-
hormone
Cause liver to convert stored glycogen
into glucose and release it into the
bloodstream, raising blood glucose
levels
Hypoglycaemia 29 amino acid polypeptideCausing pancreatic tumors as
glucagonoma.Negative
http://www.springerlink.
com/content/w0l1768t5
354vk25/
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Glucagon
4 OF 16
Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for
Secretion
Cell Type
responsible for
Secretion
Target Organ or
Tissue
12Mechanical or infant
sucklingAbsence of nipple stimulation Prolactin (PRL) Luteotropic Hormone Anterior Pituitary Lactotrophs Breasts
13 Pregnancy
Aromatase inhibitors work by
inhibiting the action of the
enzyme aromatase
Estrogen AndrogenCorpus luteum, and the
placenta.Developing follicles
Breast and uterus,
brain, bone, liver,
heart and other
tissues.
14Physical stimulation of the
breasts
Stress that causes
catecholamines to be released.
The Catecholamines repress the
oxytocin neurons.
Oxytocin (OT) Pitocin Posterior Pituitary Neurosecretory Cells Breasts and Uterus
15 Phospholipase A2 Decrase the glucose in the
blood strreamInsulin
NPH Insulin, Lente Insulin,
Insulin Aspart, Insulin glarginePancreas B islet cells
Liver and skeletal
muscules
16Falling levels of EPO,
moderate bleeding
Chemotherapy and PO2 is
normal, EPO derease Erythropoietin (EPO) Epoetin alfa Kidneys
Extraglomerular
mesangial Liver
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Item #
112
13
14
15
16
Target
Organ/Tissue
Illustration
Principle ActionConsequences of
deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess
Feed Back
System
Molecular
StructureReference
Stimulates breasts to produce milk. Absence of milk production ProteinEnlarge mammary glands in both
male/females, infertility, galactorrheaNegative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolac
tin
They promote the development of
female secondary sexual
characteristics, such as breasts, and
are also involved in the thickening of
the endometrium and other aspects of
regulating the menstrual cycle.
Low estrogen levels during
pregnancy can reduce future
fertility for female offspring.
Steroid
High estrogen levels during
perimenopause and menopause can
have effects such as headaches,
breast tenderness and even in some
cases breast cancer if left untreated.
Positive
http://www.natural-
hormones.net/estrogen-
high-levels.htm
Stimulates uterine muscle contraction,
and secretion of milk
Impairs maternal skeletal
remodeling, gives problems with
nursing and uterine contractions.
PeptideThere is no known effect for the
excess of Oxytocin. Positive
http://www.gfmer.ch/Endo/L
ectures_10/Oxytocin.htm
Use and remove glucose Diabetes Peptide Low blood glucose Negative/www.diabitieslife.com
http://www.medicinenet.
com/insulin/article.htm
Hormone released from th e kindeny
that stimulates thr production of red
cells in the bone morrow
Anemia Peptid Polycythemia Negative
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Hormone
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Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for
Secretion
Cell Type
responsible for
Secretion
Target Organ or
Tissue
17 Angiotensin IISodium ions, and dopamine,
ANHAldosterone
11β,21-dihydroxy-3,20-
dioxopregn-4-en-18-al
Adrenal Glands
(adrenal cortex) Zona glomerulosa cells
Kidneys, and
increases blood
volume
18 Blood vessels Increased Ca & phosphate Calcitrol (1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3) Kidneys Parathyroid cells Kidneys
19It is initiated by the
interaction of angiotensin
II with the AT1 receptor.
Angiotensin II (ANG II) inhibits
bTREK-1 (bovine KCNK2) K(+)
channels.
Angiotensin II Renin substrate. Liver Adrenocortical cells Kidneys
20 Gastric luminade peptides The presence of acid Gastrin Gastric acid GI Tract G cellsStomach and
duodenum.
21 Lipoprotein lipase Small meals Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic
Peptide
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
(GIP)Small intestine K cells Small intestine
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Item #
117
18
19
20
21
Target
Organ/Tissue
Illustration
Principle ActionConsequences of
deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess
Feed Back
System
Molecular
StructureReference
Increases blood pressureHyperkalemia with an increase
in total body potassium Steroid Addisons disease Negative
health.allrefer.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Aldosterone
It increases the level of calcium in the
bloodHypocalcemia and osteoporosis.
Active form of
vitamin DHypercalcaemia Negative
http://www.news-
medical.net/news/2009
/02/05/45634.aspx
Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine,
autocrine/ paracrine, and intracrine
hormone.
Hypotension Oligopeptide Hypertension Negative
http://hyper.ahajournal
s.org/cgi/content/full/hy
pertensionaha;29/1/40
1
Stimulates secretion of gastric acid by
the parietal cells of the stomachIndigestion Peptide hormone
Acid hypersecretion, ulcer disease,
and malignant potentialNegative
http://www.wrongdiagn
osis.com/f/functioning_
pancreatic_endocrine_t
umor/symptoms.htm
Neutralizes gastric acids to protect the
small intestine from acid damageConstipation Peptide
Abdominal bloating and upset
stomachNegative
http://ajpgi.physiology.o
rg/cgi/content/full/279/3
/G561
8 OF 16
Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for
Secretion
Cell Type
responsible for
Secretion
Target Organ or
Tissue
22Acidification of the
duodenumNormal pH level Secretin None Duodenum S cells Pancreas
23Secreted by the
duodenumPC synthesis Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Previously called
pancreozymin
Specific receptors present in
the basolateral membraneI-cells
Pancreas and
gallbladder
24Is primarliy from the L-
CellsPancreatic Polypeptide Glucagon Pancrease PP Cells Pancreas
25Secreted by the
adipocytes
During proestrus may trigger the
preovulatory release of
luteinizing
Leptin, and Estrone Lepton and estrone Andipose Tissue Adipocytes
Ovaries, skeletal
muscle, stomach
(lower part of fundic
glands),, bone
marrow.
26 Pregnancy Inhibited angiogenesis Human Chorionic Gonadotropin HCG Placenta
Seminoma,
choriocarcinoma, germ
cell tumors, hydatidiform
mole
Corpus luteum of the
ovary
27 GnRH secretion Absence of GnRH secretion Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Gonadotropins Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrophs Testes and Ovaries
9 OF 16
Item #
1
22
23
24
25
26
27
Target
Organ/Tissue
Illustration
Principle ActionConsequences of
deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess
Feed Back
System
Molecular
StructureReference
Controls the secretions into the
duodenumUnregulated ph level Peptide hormone
When they receive too much secretin
they experienced nightmares and
sensory overload.
Negative
http://www.autismcons
ultingservice.com/secr
etin.htm
Responsible for stimulating the
digestion of fat and proteinLess bile secretion Peptide
Tumorally synthesized and secreted
gastrin Negative
http://www.statemaster
.com/encyclopedia/Cho
lecystokinin
Self regulate the pancreas secretion
activities (endocrine and exocrine), it
also has effects on hepatic glycogen
levels and gastrointestinal secretions.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance Polypeptide Supresses excessive weight gain Negative
http://linkinghub.elsevie
r.com/retrieve/pii/S0022
480408007129
Lays a key role in regulating energy
intake and energy expenditure,
including the regulation (decrease) of
appetite and (increase) of metabolism.
Increased appetite Protein Decreased appetite Negative
http://users.rcn.com/jki
mball.ma.ultranet/Biolo
gyPages/L/Leptin.html
Promotes the maintenance of the
corpus luteum during the beginning of
pregnancy, causing it to secrete the
hormone progesterone.
Hypogonadism Peptide hormone
Widespread choriocarcinoma and
relatively few symptoms of
thyrotoxicosis
Negative
http://users.rcn.com/jki
mball.ma.ultranet/Biolo
gyPages/S/SexHormon
es.html
Stimulates gamete formation and
secretion of estrogen by ovariesPolycystic ovarian syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, hypopituitarism, and hyperprolactinemiaGlycoprotein
Primary hypogonadism,
cryptorchidism(undescended testes)Negative
http://en.wikipedia.o
rg/wiki/Follicle-
stimulating_hormon
e
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Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for
Secretion
Cell Type
responsible for
Secretion
Target Organ or
Tissue
28 PregnancyProgesterone inhibits lactation
during pregnancyProgesterone "Hormone of pregnancy"
Secreted by the corpus
luteum of the ovary and by
the placenta
Progesterone secretion
by luteinizing human
granulosa cells
Uterus
29 Testes High levels of the hormone LH. Testosteone Androgen Teste Adrenal Cortex
Testis and
prostatemuscle and
bone mass and hair
growth.
30
BY FSH ( Follicle
stimulating hormone) and
LH (luteinizing) hormone in
the ovaries.
Aromatase inhibitors Estrogen Oogenesis Ovary Adrenal Cortex Gonads
31 Dioscorea High levels of the hormone FSH Progesterone Oogenesis Ovary(Corpus lutem) Adrenal Cortex Gonads
32
Insulin induced
hypoglycemia, low levels
of progesterone and
testosterone, and GnRH
secretion.
High levels of, (in the testes
testosterone, in the overies
estrogen and progesterone)
Luteininzing Hormone (LH) Gonadotropins Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrophs Gonads
33Ultraviolet radiation
exposure to the epidermis
Absence of UV radiation
exposure to the epidermis and
excessive production of pro-
inflammatory cytokines.
Melanocyte -stimulating hormone Lipotropin Anterior Pituitary Corticotropes Dermis
11 OF 16
Item #
128
29
30
31
32
33
Target
Organ/Tissue
Illustration
Principle ActionConsequences of
deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess
Feed Back
System
Molecular
StructureReference
Irregular periods, ovarian cysts,
infertility, miscarriage, weight gain,
bone loss, sugar craving
Headaches,Mood
disorder,Bloating,Abdominal
pain, Breast tenderness,
Lowered levels of HDL ("good"
cholesterol)
,
Steroid
Involved in the female menstrual
cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation)
and embryogenesis
Negativehttp://www.answers.co
m/topic/progesterone
Development of male reproductive
tissues
Disease or damage to the
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, or
testicles
Lipids Loss of brain cells Negative
http://www.urologychan
nel.com/testosteronedef
iciency/index.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Testosterone
Primary female sex hormone
Hot flashes, Fatigue,
Forgetfulness, Irregular
bleeding, Depression
LipidsAcne, Facial hair, Ovarian cyst, Mid-
cycle pain, Irritable, AngryNegative
http://www.jacemedical.
com/articles/Hormonal
%20Health%20and%20
Balance%20Informatio
n.pdf
www.breastcancer.org/t
Steroid hormone involved in the female
menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports
gestation) and embryogenesis
Infertility, Carbohydrate cravings,
Irregular periods, Breast
tenderness, lower body
temperature
Lipids
Inhibits pituitary secretion of FSH and
LH; As a result the developent of new
follicles are inhibited.
Negative
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/00724958
55/student_view0/chapt
er28/animation__positiv
e_and_negative_feedba
ck__quiz_1_.html
Causes ovulation and stimulates
ovaries to secrete estrogen and
pregesterone. Stimeulates testes to
synthesize and secrete testosterone.
Secondary hypogonadism
(Kallmann syndrome)Glycoprotein Primary hypogonadism Negative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lut
einizing_hormone
Produces melanin, modulates the
immune system and controls nerve
function.
Underlies damage caused by the
exposure to biologically
produced toxins.
Polypeptide No melain produced, Albinism Negative
http://www.bio-
medicine.org/medicine-
products/MELANOCYTE-
STIM-HORMONE--BETA-
23678-1/
12 OF 16
Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for
Secretion
Cell Type
responsible for
Secretion
Target Organ or
Tissue
34
Control by central nervous
system, occurs in burts,
most released during
early sleep,
Somatostatin an anterior
pituitary regulating hormone
produced in hypothalamus,
Human Growth Hormone Somatotropin Anterior Pituitary Somatotropes All body cells
35 Circulation of Iodine Somatostatin Thyroid Hormone Thyroxine and triiodothyronine Thyroid Gland Follicular Cells All body cells
36Blood calcium levels
above normal
Blood calcium levels below
normalCalcitonin CT, Calcimar, and Miacalcin Thyroid Gland Parafollicular cells Bone tissue
37Danger threatens or in
emergency, physical
threats, and excitement.
Relaxed or calm states of being Epinephrine AdrenalineAdrenal Glands
(adrenal medulla) Chromaffin cells
Sympathetic
effectors, cardiac and
other muscles
13 OF 16
Item #
134
35
36
37
Target
Organ/Tissue
Illustration
Principle ActionConsequences of
deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess
Feed Back
System
Molecular
StructureReference
Stimulates growth and breakdown of
fat.
Low levels of growth, decreased
bone aging process, and
delayed physical maturation.
Protein
Abnormally increased rates of human
growth (giantism), and Acromegaly
disease.
Negativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Growth_hormone
Regulates the body's metabolic rate,
and the production of heat. TH also
maintains blood pressure and promotes
normal development.
Hypothyroidism ( Cretinism ,
Myxedema)Peptid Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease) Negative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Thyroid_hormone
Regulate calcuim and phosphoros
blood levels, stimulates absorption of
calcium by bone.
Decreased bone density,
problems with bone repair and
remodeling, and Osteoporosis.
Polypeptide
Increased calcium blood levels
(hypercalcemia), weakened kidney
function, constipation, and calcium
stones.
Negativehttp://www.medicinenet.co
m/calcitonin/article.htm
Fight or flight response to stress, also
known as adrenaline. Prepares the
body for increased activity.
May cause low blood glucose
levels, depression, and anxiety.Amino Acid
Increased heart contraction rate,
constriction of blood vessels,
bronchiole dilation, and increased
metabolic rate.
Negativehttp://en.wikipedia.o
rg/wiki/Epinephrine
14 OF 16
Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for
Secretion
Cell Type
responsible for
Secretion
Target Organ or
Tissue
38 Growth horomone (GIHH) Inhibiting factor (SRIF) Somatostatin Growth hormone Hypothalamus
Neuronedocrine
neurone of the
periventricular nucleus
Digestive system,
Brain, and
Endocrince system
39 Internal-external stimuli Low levels of secretion Releasing Hormones Releasing factor Hypothalmus Adrenal Cortex Throughout the body
40 Stress and anxietyCorticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH) Cortisol / Cortisone Stress hormone
Adrenal Glands
(adrenal cortex)
Zona fasciculata and
zona reticularis cells.All tissues
41Corticosteroids inhibit their
release.
Inhibition by probenecid and
indomethacinProstaglandins Prostaglnadins Many All tissues and organs
All tissues and
organs
15 OF 16
Item #
138
39
40
41
Target
Organ/Tissue
Illustration
Principle ActionConsequences of
deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess
Feed Back
System
Molecular
StructureReference
Regulates the endocrine system and
affects neurotransmission and cell
proliferation
Persistent Helicobacter pylori
infection and reduced
somatostatin in chronic gastritis
Peptide
Persistent Helicobacter pylori
infection and reduced somatostatin in
chronic gastritis
Negative
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih
.gov/pubmed/15533778
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Somatostatin
Control the release of another hormone Isolated gonadotropin-releasing
hormone Peptid Congenital gigantism Negative
http://emedicine.medsc
ape.com/article/255152-
overview
http://jcem.endojournal
s.org/cgi/content/abstra
ct/76/1/216
Increase blood sugar and stores of
sugar in the liver as glycogen, and also
suppresses the immune system
Over inflammation of tissues Glucocorticoid,
steroid
Can suppress bodys defense system,
including the inflammatory response.Negative
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Cortisol
Contracts and relaxes smooth muscle
tissues, inflammatory
May lead to inflammatory
diseasePeptide
Prostaglandins are harmful and many
diseases are directly linked to
excessive inflammation and blood
clotting
Both negative
and positive
http://www.endo-
resolved.com/prostagla
ndins.html
16 OF 16