0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
Primary Energy Demand (PJ)
Imported electricity
Nuclear electricity
Coal
Imported refined oil
Oil
Natural Gas
Biomass and waste
Renewable electricity
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000P
J
Final Energy demand by fuel (PJ) Others
Heat
Biosolids / waste
Manufactured fuel
Bio diesels
Ethanol/Methanol
Hydrogen
Jet fuel
Coal
LPG
Fuel oil / bio-oil
Diesel
Petrol
Gas / biomethane
Electricity
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
PJ
Final Energy demand by Sector
Non-energy use
Transport
Services
Residential
Industry
Agriculture
-
100
200
300
400
500
600
PJ
Use of conservation
Industry
Service
Residential
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80P
J
Electricity storage
Pumped hydro
Hydrogen storage
Plug-in hybrid
Storage heaters
-
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mt-
CO
2
Sectoral Emissions
Other Emissions
Transport
Services
Residential
Industry
Hydrogen
Electricity
Agriculture
Upstream
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
Mt-
CO
2
Enduse Sectoral Emissions
Non-energy use
Transport
Services
Residential
Industry
Agriculture
Upstream
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
£()
20
00
)/t-
CO
2
Marginal cost of CO2
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Bill
ion
£ (
20
00
) Undiscounted energy system cost
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0B
Vkm
Car fleets
Car - Methanol
Car - Hydrogen
Car - Battery
Car - E85
Car - Petrol Plug-in
Car - Petrol Hybrid
Car - Petrol ICE
Car - Diesel/biodiesel Plug-in
Car - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid
Car - Diesel/biodiesel ICE
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0B
Vkm
Bus fleets
Bus - Methanol
Bus - Hydrogen
Bus - Battery
Bus - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid
Bus - Diesel/biodiesel ICE
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0B
Vkm
HGV fleet
HGV - Hydrogen
HGV - Diesel/biodieselHybrid
HGV - Diesel/biodiesel
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0B
vKm
LGV fleets LGV - Methanol
LGV - Hydrogen
LGV - Battery
LGV - Petrol Plug-in
LGV - Petrol Hybrid
LGV - Petrol
LGV - E85
LGV - Diesel/biodiesel Plug-in
LGV - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid
LGV - Diesel/biodiesel
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
BV
km
Two-wheelers fleet
TW - Hydrogen
TW - Electricity
TW - Petrol
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2B
Vkm
Rail fleet
Rail - Hydrogen
Rail - Electricity
Rail - Diesel/biodiesel
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
PJ
Transport fuel demand
Ethanol/methanol
Bio-diesel/kerosene
Jet fuel
Hydrogen
Electricity
Diesel
Petrol
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000P
J
Generation by plant type
Storage
CHPs
Non-base load
Base load
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
140G
W Installed capacity by plant type
Storage
CHPs
Non-base load
Base load
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
PJ
Car fuel demand Car - Methanol
Car - Hydrogen
Car - Battery
Car - E85
Car - Petrol Plug-in
Car - Petrol Hybrid
Car - Petrol ICE
Car - Diesel/biodiesel Plug-in
Car - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid
Car - Diesel/biodiesel ICE
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
PJ
Bus fuel demand Bus - Methanol
Bus - Hydrogen
Bus - Battery
Bus - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid
Bus - Diesel/biodiesel ICE
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450P
J HGV fuel demand
HGV - Hydrogen
HGV - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid
HGV - Diesel/biodiesel
-
50
100
150
200
250
300P
J
LGV fuel demand LGV - Methanol
LGV - Hydrogen
LGV - Battery
LGV - Petrol Plug-in
LGV - Petrol Hybrid
LGV - Petrol
LGV - E85
LGV - Diesel/biodiesel Plug-in
LGV - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid
LGV - Diesel/biodiesel
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9P
J
Two-wheeler fuel demand
TW - Hydrogen
TW - Electricity
TW - Petrol
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90P
J
Rail fuel demand
Rail - Hydrogen
Rail - Electricity
Rail - Diesel/biodiesel
-1.50%
-1.00%
-0.50%
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
% r
ed
uc
tio
n f
rom
ba
se
Industry and agriculture demand reductions
Industry - Chemicals Industry - Iron & steel Industry - Non ferrous metals
Industry - Others Industry - Paper & pulp Agriculture
-25.00%
-20.00%
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
% r
ed
uct
ion
fro
m b
ase
Residential demand reductions
Residential - Electricity Residential - Cooling Residential - Cooking
Residential - Refrigeration Residential - Heating Residential - Hot-water
-6.00%
-4.00%
-2.00%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
% r
ed
uc
tio
n f
rom
ba
se
Service demand reductions
Services - Lighting Services - Refrigeration Services - Cooking Services - Cooling
Services - Other electrical Services - Heating Services - Hot-water
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
% r
ed
uct
ion
fro
m b
ase
Transport demand reduction
Transport - Air domestic Transport - Bus Transport - Car
Transport - Rail freight Transport - HGV Transport - Air International
Transport - LGV Transport - Int'l Shipping Transport - Rail passenger
Transport - Shipping Transport - Two wheeler
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Bill
ion
£2
00
0
Consumer+Producer Surplus
Change in consumer + producersurplus
Change in energy system costs
Decrease in area under demandcurve
Increase in area under demandcurve
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70P
J
Aviation fuel demand
Air - Bio-Kerosene
Air - Hydrogen
Air - Jet fuel
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4B
Vkm
Aviation fleet
Air (int) - Hydrogen
Air (int) - Jet fuel-biokeroseneAir - Hydrogen
Air - Jet fuel-biokerosene
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
PJ
Bio-products in final energy
Industry
Residential
Service
Transport
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800P
J
Sectoral electricity demands (PJ)
Upstreams
Transport
Service
Residential
Industry
Hydrogen
Agriculture
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1,000.0
1,200.0
1,400.0
1,600.0
1,800.0
2,000.0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
PJ
Electricity generation mix
Storage
Solar PV
Marine
Imports
Biowaste & others
Wind
Hydro
Oil
Nuclear
Biomass CCS
Gas CCS
Gas
Coal CCS
Cofiring CCS
Cofiring
Coal
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
GW
Installed electric capacity
Storage
Solar PV
Marine
Imports
Biowaste & others
Wind
Hydro
Oil
Nuclear
Biomass CCS
Gas CCS
Gas
Coal CCS
Cofiring CCS
Cofiring
Coal
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0M
tCO
2
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS)
Utsira basin
Aquifier
Oil/gas field - hightransport
Oil/gas field - lowtransport
Enhanced oilrecovery
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0 Drying
Steam
Natural Gas / Biomethane
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Light Fuel Oil / Bio-oil
Heavy Fuel Oil
Coal
Coke
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
High temperature heat Steam
Natural Gas / Biomethane
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Light Fuel Oil / Bio-oil
Heavy Fuel Oil
Coal
Electricity
Coke
Coke Oven Gas
Blast Furnace Gas
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0Low temperature heat
Steam
Natural Gas / Biomethane
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Light Fuel Oil / Bio-oil
Heavy Fuel Oil
Coal
Electricity
Coke
Coke Oven Gas
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0Investment level by fuel (GW)
StorageSolar PVMarineImportsBiowaste & othersWindHydroOilNuclearBiomass CCSGas CCSGasCoal CCSCofiring CCSCofiringCoal