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Note to presenter:The National Immunization Program canprovide a videotape with animated sequencesillustrating the biology of active and passiveimmunity and vaccination with live andinactivated vaccines. Contact us by Email at if you wish to obtain a copyof this tape.
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Principles of Vaccination
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-
Preventable Diseases
National Immunization Program
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Revised December 2004
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Principles of Vaccination
Self vs. nonself
Protection from infectious disease
Usually indicated by the presenceof antibody
Very specific to a single antigen
Immunity
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Principles of Vaccination
Protection produced by the person'sown immune system
Usually permanent
Protection transferred from anotherperson or animal as antibody
Temporary protection that waneswith time
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
A2
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Principles of Vaccination
A live or inactivated substance(e.g., protein, polysaccharide)capable of producing an immuneresponse
Protein molecules(immunoglobulin) produced by Blymphocytes to help eliminate anantigen
Antigen
Antibody
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Passive Immunity
Transfer of antibody produced byone human or other animal toanother
Transplacental most importantsource in infancy
Temporary protection
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Sources of Passive Immunity
Almost all blood or bloodproducts
Homologous pooled humanantibody (immune globulin)
Homologous human
hyperimmune globulin Heterologous hyperimmune
serum (antitoxin)
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Monoclonal Antibody
Derived from a single type, orclone, of antibody-producing cells(B cells)
Antibody is specific to a singleantigen or closely related group ofantigens
Used for diagnosis and therapy ofcertain cancers, autoimmuneconditions, and infectious diseases
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Antibody for Prevention of RSV
RSV-IGIV
Human hyperimmune globulin
Contains other antibodies
Palivizumab (Synagis)
Monoclonal
Contains only RSV antibody
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Vaccination
Active immunity produced byvaccine
Immunity and immunologicmemory similar to naturalinfection but without risk of
disease
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Classification of Vaccines
Live attenuated
viral
bacterial
Inactivated
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Inactivated Vaccines
virus
bacteria
protein-based
subunit
toxoid polysaccharide-based
pure
conjugate
Whole
Fractional
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Principles of Vaccination
General Rule
The more similar a vaccine is tothe natural disease, the better the
immune response to the vaccine.
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Live Attenuated Vaccines
Attenuated (weakened) form ofthe "wild" virus or bacteria
Must replicate to be effective
Immune response similar tonatural infection
Usually effective with one dose*
*except those administered orally
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Live Attenuated Vaccines
Severe reactions possible
Interference from circulatingantibody
Unstable
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Live Attenuated Vaccines
Viral measles, mumps,rubella, vaccinia,varicella, yellow fever,
influenza, (oral polio)(rotavirus)
Bacterial BCG, oral typhoid
Vaccines in (parenthesis) are not available in the United States.
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Inactivated Vaccines
Cannot replicate
Minimal interference fromcirculating antibody
Generally not as effective as livevaccines
Generally require 3-5 doses Immune response mostly humoral
Antibody titer diminishes with time
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Inactivated Vaccines
Viral polio, hepatitis A,rabies (influenza)
Bacterial (pertussis) (typhoid)(cholera) (plague)
Whole cell vaccines
Vaccines in (parenthesis) are not available in the United States.
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Inactivated Vaccines
Subunit hepatitis B, influenza,acellular pertussis,
(Lyme)
Toxoid diphtheria, tetanus
Fractional vaccines
Vaccines in (parenthesis) are not available in the United States.
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Polysaccharide Vaccines
pneumococcal
meningococcal
Salmonella Typhi (Vi)
Haemophilus influenzae type b
pneumococcal
Pure polysaccharide
Conjugate polysaccharide
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Pure Polysaccharide Vaccines
Not consistently immunogenic inchildren
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National ImmunizationProgram
Hotline 800.232.2522
Email [email protected]
Website www.cdc.gov/nip