1
Taiyo KawaiTaiyo KawaiToyota Motor CorporationToyota Motor Corporation
Progress and ChallengesProgress and Challengesforfor TOYOTATOYOTA’’ss
Fuel Cell Vehicle DevelopmentFuel Cell Vehicle Development
Oct. 14, 2008Oct. 14, 2008
2
Since 1980, oil discoveries in new oilSince 1980, oil discoveries in new oilfields have lagged oil consumption,fields have lagged oil consumption,hencehence ‘‘Peak OilPeak Oil’’ seems to beseems to beinevitable.inevitable.
Source:Source:http://www.http://www.oilposteroilposter.org.org((Cautious Theory)
Prospect for Supply andProspect for Supply andDemand of Conventional OilDemand of Conventional Oil
20301930 1950 1970 1990 2010
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bill
ions
of B
arre
ls
(Yea
r)B
illio
ns o
f Bar
rels
(Y
ear)
YearYear
ProjectedProjectedDiscoveriesDiscoveries
DiscoveriesDiscoveries
ConsumptionConsumption
Peak OilPeak Oil
250
300
350
Time (before 2005) [year]0500010000
ppm
Car
bon
Dio
xide
[
]
250
300
350
Time (before 2005) [year]0500010000
ppm
Car
bon
Dio
xide
[
]
Time (before 2005) [year]0500010000
ppm
Car
bon
Dio
xide
[
]pp
mC
arbo
n D
ioxi
de [
]
Assessment Report 2007:Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 2007
Changes in COChanges in CO22 ConcentrationConcentration
Atmospheric COAtmospheric CO22 concentration hasconcentration hasdramatically increased since the 20thdramatically increased since the 20thcentury.century.
Prompt countermeasures and significantPrompt countermeasures and significanttechnology innovation are vital.technology innovation are vital.
3Concept of Energy Source UtilizationConcept of Energy Source Utilization
MobileMobile
StationaryStationary
IndustryIndustry HomeHome
(1) ICE / ICE(1) ICE / ICE--HVHV(2) EV(2) EV(3) FCHV(3) FCHV
HydrogenHydrogen(Gas Fuel)(Gas Fuel)
ElectricityElectricity
Liquid FuelLiquid Fuel
Electricity and hydrogen are expectedElectricity and hydrogen are expectedto be alternatives to liquid fuel.to be alternatives to liquid fuel.
BiomassBiomass
Solar / WindSolar / Wind
Hydro / NuclearHydro / Nuclear
PetroleumPetroleum
Natural gasNatural gas
CoalCoal
4TOYOTATOYOTA’’ss Plan for Sustainable MobilityPlan for Sustainable Mobility
Toyota is actively developing hybrid technology to serve as aToyota is actively developing hybrid technology to serve as acore technology applicable to allcore technology applicable to all powertrainspowertrains
Ultimate ecoUltimate eco--carcar
Right placeRight placeRight place Right vehicleRight vehicleRight vehicleRight timeRight timeRight time
GaseousGaseousfuelfuel
ElectricityElectricityHydrogenHydrogenSyntheticSyntheticfuelfuel
Bio fuelBio fuel
Hybrid TechnologyHybrid TechnologyHybrid Technology
Gasoline /Gasoline /DieselDiesel
5
Present 2015
’02 FCHV(lease model)
Vehicle
210km 230km 500km or more
15 years or more
Dec. 2002 ~ Jul. 2005 ~
0degC ~
-- Toyota has significantly improved actual cruising range and colToyota has significantly improved actual cruising range and cold start /d start /driving capability.driving capability.
-- Toyota continues its efforts especially on FC stack durabilityToyota continues its efforts especially on FC stack durability and FC systemand FC systemcost reduction, targeting commercialization in 2015.cost reduction, targeting commercialization in 2015.
TOYOTA FCHV ProgressTOYOTA FCHV Progress
’08 FCHV-adv(lease model)
1/10 or less(design / materials)
* Fuel CellCommercializationConference of Japan
’05 FCHV(lease model)
TechnicalChallenges
2. Actual CruisingRange
1. Cold Start / DrivingCapability
3. FC Stack Durability
4. Cost reduction
0degC~
FCCJ* Target
-30degC ~
6
The coldThe cold--weather performance tests verified that the cold start andweather performance tests verified that the cold start anddriving performance of the TOYOTA FCHVdriving performance of the TOYOTA FCHV--adv was equivalent to thatadv was equivalent to that
of gasolineof gasoline--powered vehicles.powered vehicles.
1.1. Cold Start / Driving CapabilityCold Start / Driving CapabilityPerformance Test in CanadaPerformance Test in Canada
°°CC
-40-30-20-10010
ŠO‹C‰·[�
Ž]
2/102/10 2/122/12 2/142/14 2/162/16 2/182/18
--3737degdegCC
Am
bien
t Air
Tem
p.A
mbi
ent A
ir Te
mp. 1010
((degdegCC))
00
--1010
--2020
--3030
--4040
5050
32322020
00
--2020
--4040
((degdegFF))
2/82/8DateDate
Ambient Air Temperature at TimminsAmbient Air Temperature at Timmins
TimminsTimmins, Canada, Canada
Yellowknife, CanadaYellowknife, Canada
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
05model FCHVImproved FCHV
Load [%]
Fuel
cel
l sys
tem
ef
ficie
ncy
[%]
64%64%
55%55%
The FCHVThe FCHV--adv achieved an actual cruising range of over 500 kmadv achieved an actual cruising range of over 500 kmwith increased fuel cell system efficiency.with increased fuel cell system efficiency.
830830 kmkmLA#4 test cycle 790790 kmkm
10-15 Japanesetest cycle
Actual drivingcycle *1
In-house test
2. Cruising Range2. Cruising RangeTOYOTA FCHVTOYOTA FCHV--advadv
*: measured by internal test cycle**: Gasoline equivalent
Amount of fuel [liter]On-board fuel capacity [liter] *2
’08 modelFCHV-adv**’’08 model08 model
FCHVFCHV--advadv****600km600km
500km500km
400km400km300km300km
200km200km
’05 modelFCHV
’’05 model05 modelFCHVFCHV
GasolinevehiclesGasolineGasolinevehiclesvehicles
Act
ual f
uel e
cono
my
*1 [k
m/li
ter]
90%90%25%25%
++++
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80
’’05 model05 modelFCHVFCHV
> 500> 500 kmkm
83. FC Stack Durability3. FC Stack Durability
Max
imum
M
axim
um
Out
put
Out
put
DurabilityDurability Equivalent to 15 yearsEquivalent to 15 years00
Cro
ssov
er
Cro
ssov
er
Am
ount
Am
ount
Reduction ofphysicaldeterioration
MEA1MEA1 MEA2MEA2
Reduction of chemical
deterioration MEA3MEA3
ThreshholdThreshholdlimit valuelimit value
MEA1MEA1
MEA2MEA2
MEA3MEA3
ThreshholdThreshholdlimit valuelimit value
-- Durability has been improved by more than three times.Durability has been improved by more than three times.-- Further efforts are being made especially for reduction of MEAFurther efforts are being made especially for reduction of MEAdeterioration under realdeterioration under real--world conditions.world conditions.
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As an initial step, we aim to reduce the cost to 1/10 of the curAs an initial step, we aim to reduce the cost to 1/10 of the current levelrent levelby design / manufacturing engineering and materials improvement.by design / manufacturing engineering and materials improvement.
Reducing costsReducing costsReducing costsBy innovativeBy innovativedesign, material,design, material,manufacturingmanufacturingengineeringengineering
’’05 Model05 ModelFCHVFCHV
By mass productionBy mass production
Cos
t
’’08 Model08 ModelFCHVFCHV--advadv
ModelModelgenerationgeneration
ModelModelgenerationgeneration
Resolvingtechnical issuesResolvingResolvingtechnical issuestechnical issues
1/101/101/10
1/101/101/10
4. Cost Reduction4. Cost Reduction
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2. Vehicle marketabilityResolving technical challenges, reducing cost, and adding newappeal to the products
Factors for Successful Commercialization ofFactors for Successful Commercialization of FCVsFCVs
Fine-N2003 Tokyo Motor Show
3. Hydrogen infrastructure developmentH2 production, transport & supply;CO2 sequestration technology; Codes & Standards
1. Increased societal acceptance of various energy sourcesGlobal warming, depletion of resources, energy security
Fine-X2005 Tokyo Motor Show
11Challenges of Infrastructure Development,Challenges of Infrastructure Development,Hydrogen PathwaysHydrogen Pathways
RefuelingRefuelingHH22 Transport / Storage / SupplyTransport / Storage / Supply
LiquidLiquidHH22
HH22 ProductionProduction
2. Liquid H2. Liquid H22 by truckby truckFCHVFCHV
SolarSolar/Biomass/Biomass
ElectricityElectricity
PetroleumPetroleum
CoalCoal
StationStation
Hydrogen �������Hydrogen �������
Liquid HLiquid H22
Onsite HOnsite H22 ProductionProduction
TrigenerationTrigeneration StationStationElectricity/Hot water/HElectricity/Hot water/H22
1. Pipeline1. PipelineGaseousGaseous
HH22
ExcessExcessbyby--product Hproduct H22
HighHighPressure HPressure H22
with CCSwith CCS
What is the optimum pathway?What is the optimum pathway?In terms of right timing, right place, and right technologies.In terms of right timing, right place, and right technologies.
Natural gasNatural gas
Others?Others?
3. Chemical hydrides3. Chemical hydridesby truckby truck
Chemical hydridesChemical hydridesetc.etc.
12Towards Popularization of FC Vehicles
In Japan, FCCJ has agreed that automakers and energy companiesIn Japan, FCCJ has agreed that automakers and energy companiespromote technology development and codes & standardspromote technology development and codes & standards
establishment targeting 2015.establishment targeting 2015.
LowLowemissionemission
20022002 20082008 20302030
LowLowemissionemission
20152015
Business phaseBusiness phase
CO2 reductionCO2 reductionEnergy securityEnergy security
PhasePhase
FCVFCVDevelopmentDevelopment
1st FCHV,1st FCHV,Limited leasingLimited leasing
DemonstrationDemonstration
R&D / Product DevelopmentR&D / Product Development
Manufacturing EngineeringManufacturing Engineering
MassMassproductionproduction
MassMassproductionproductionLow volumeLow volume
productionproductionInitial marketInitial marketpenetrationpenetration
HydrogenHydrogenInfrastructureInfrastructure
Social NeedsSocial Needs
Government support phaseGovernment support phase
FCCJ TargetFCCJ Target
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1. For the diversification of energy sources and CO2 reduction,early commercialization of FCVs are urgent and vital matters.
2. The popularization of FCV requires:1) Increased societal acceptance of various energy sources2) Vehicle marketability3) Hydrogen infrastructure development
3. Toyota is overcoming the technical challenges of:
Summary
Towards commercialization of FCV, Toyota focuses on improvingdurability/reliability and reducing costs.
1) Actual cruising range of 500 km or more2) Cold start capability at -30degC
4. Toyota is working together with energy companies and thegovernment towards creating a hydrogen society, including codes& standards development and hydrogen infrastructure preparation.
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TODAY for TOMORROWTODAY for TOMORROW
15
5050
100100
Volu
met
ric E
nerg
y D
ensi
ty (G
asol
ine=
100)
Volu
met
ric E
nerg
y D
ensi
ty (G
asol
ine=
100)
Volu
met
ric E
nerg
y D
ensi
ty (G
asol
ine=
100)
MH(2wt%)
MH(2wt%)
Highpressurehydrogen(35MPa)
Highpressurehydrogen(35MPa)
CNG(20MPa)
CNG(20MPa)
Ethanol
Lithium-ion batteryLithium-ion battery00
Gasoline
Diesel
Liquid fuelLiquid fuelGaseous fuelGaseous fuelElectricityElectricity
Highpressurehydrogen(70MPa)
Highpressurehydrogen(70MPa)
Toyota estimateToyota estimateToyota estimate
Volumetric Energy Density of Various FuelsVolumetric Energy Density of Various Fuels
Hydrogen has lower volumetric energy density than liquid fuels.Hydrogen has lower volumetric energy density than liquid fuels.LiLi--ion batteries have even lower energy density.ion batteries have even lower energy density.
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Press release issued by FCCJ (July 4, 2008)“Commercialization of fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen stations to commence in 2015”
FCCJ Commercialization ScenarioFCCJ Commercialization Scenario
Source: Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan (FCCJ)