Progress In Pheromone-Based Trapping Tracy Leskey, Ashot Khrimian, Aijun Zhang, Don Weber, Doug Pfeiffer, Cesar Rodriguez-Saona, George Hamilton, Dean Polk, Chris Bergh, Paula Shrewsbury, Galen Dively, Greg Krawczyk, Jay Brunner, Peter Shearer, Peter Jentsch, and Art Agnello
• Visual Stimulus – Large black pyramid
• Olfactory Stimuli – BMSB aggregation pheromone – Synergist
• Capture Mechanism – Tapered pyramid to inverted
funnel jar with DDVP toxicant strip
• Deployment Strategy – Traps placed in peripheral row of
orchard
Broad Validation in Multi-State Trial • Is BMSB attracted to #10 in
the early season?
• Is BMSB attracted to #10 season-long?
• How attractive is this stimulus relative to MDT and unbaited traps?
• WV, MD, VA, PA, NJ, NY, DE, NC, OR, WA, and OH
General Protocol
• Black pyramid traps
• Three odor treatments – 1) #10 – 2) MDT – 3) unbaited control
• Traps are deployed between wild
host habitat and agricultural production area.
• Traps were deployed in mid-April and left in place season-long.
Reliable Season-Long Monitoring in Commercial Orchards
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
19-Apr 26-Apr 3-May 10-May 17-May 24-May 31-May 7-Jun 14-Jun
Mean
No.
Per
Tra
p
Sample Date
#10 MDT Control
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
25-Jun 2-Jul 9-Jul 16-Jul 23-Jul 30-Jul 6-Aug 13-Aug
Mean
No.
Per
Tra
p
Sample Date
#10 MDT Control
Early Season Mid-April – Mid June
Mid-Season Mid June - Mid August
Late Season Mid-August – Early October
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
20-Aug 3-Sep 17-Sep 1-Oct
Mean
No.
Per
Tra
p
Sample Date
#10 MDT Control
• BMSB reliably captured during early season. • Low numbers during much of mid-season. • MDT very attractive and #10 attractive in the late season.
Early Season Mid-April – Mid June
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Adults Nymphs
% To
tal C
aptu
res (
All S
ites)
Lifestage
ControlMDT#10
201
2415
2
11
6#10:
Unbaited MDT:
Unbaited Adults 13 : 1 2 : 1
Nymphs 0.3 : 1 2 : 1
Mid-Season Mid June - Mid August
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Adults Nymphs
% To
tal C
aptu
res (
All S
ites)
Lifestage
ControlMDT#10
612
476
58
4850
11,421
592
#10: Unbaited
MDT: Unbaited
Adults 11 : 1 8 : 1 Nymphs 8 : 1 19 : 1
Late Season Mid-August – Early October
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Adults Nymphs
% To
tal C
aptu
res (
All S
ites)
Lifestage
ControlMDT#10
3,879
11,449
438
3,070
10,042
706
#10: Unbaited
MDT: Unbaited
Adults 9 : 1 26 : 1 Nymphs 4: 1 14 : 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Control 0.1 mg 1 mg 10 mg 100 mg
Mean
No.
BMS
B Pe
r Tra
p
Dose
ShepherdstownKeedysville
a
b
b
bb
Adults
a
ab
bbb
0
50
100
150
200
250
Control 0.1 mg 1 mg 10 mg 100 mg
Mean
No.
BMS
B Pe
r Tra
p
Dose
ShepherdstownKeedysville
a
cbbb
a
b
b
b
b
Nymphs
bab
a
Dose Response Trial June 14-July 19, 2012
11:1 Ratio (Baited: Unbaited) for 10 mg lure
~25:1 Ratio (Baited: Unbaited) for 100 mg lure
Lure Affordability: Encouraging Results from Purity Trial
a
b
a a
Effect of Synergist
2-4 x
~5-100 x
1 x
8–11 x
~5-120 x
1 x
#10
#10 + Synergist
Control
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
23-May 16-Jun 10-Jul 3-Aug 27-Aug 20-Sep 14-Oct 7-Nov
Mean
No A
dults
Per
Trap
Sample Date
MDT#10CombinationControl
Season-Long Synergist Results Mid-May – Mid November
Synergist
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
25-Jun 2-Jul 9-Jul 16-Jul 23-Jul 30-Jul 6-Aug 13-Aug
Mean
No A
dults
Per
Trap
Sample Date
MDT#10CombinationControl
Synergist
Mid-Season Mid June - Mid August
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
27-Aug 3-Sep 10-Sep 17-Sep 24-Sep 1-Oct 8-Oct 15-Oct
Mean
No A
dults
Per
Trap
Sample Date
MDT#10CombinationControl
Synergist
Late Season Mid-August – Mid October
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
23-Oct 30-Oct 6-Nov
Mean
No A
dults
Per
Trap
Sample Date
MDT#10CombinationControl
Synergist
Post-Harvest Mid-October – Mid-November
Broad Validation in Multi-State Trial in 2013 • Document season-long
patterns of activity.
• Compare commercially available synergists in combination with #10
• ME, NH, CT, MA, PA, NJ,
VA, WV, MD, DE, NC, FL, AL, MI, OH, IA, MO, UT, CA, OR, WA
Season-Long Captures in Apple in 2013 April 3-June 3 2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
8-Apr 15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 6-May 13-May 20-May 27-May 3-Jun
Mean
No.
Adu
lts P
er Tr
ap
Sample Date
#10#10+Syn#10+SynControlAverage Temp
Coordinated Trial Results To Date
Total Captures
#10 #10 + Synergist
#10 + Synergist
Control
Adults 96 430 411 13
Results from WV, MD, PA, VA, NJ, OR, DE, NY and NC
Current Studies Commercial Orchard Threshold Studies
Woodlot Fruit Block
Row Crop / Field / Pasture
1
3
2
Residential
Preliminary Peach Results
• Significant linear relationship between exterior trap captures and temperature (P=0.002; r2=0.89) but not interior trap captures and temperature (P=0.204; r2=0.44) .
• No significant correlation between exterior and interior trap captures.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 6-May 13-May 20-May 27-May
Mean
Tem
pera
ture
Mean
No.
Adu
lts P
er Tr
ap
Sample Date
EXTINTTEMP
Woodlot Fruit Block
Row Crop / Field / Pasture
Residential
3.5 / trap
Preliminary Trends in Trap Captures and Border Landscapes in the Early Season in Peach
1.0 / trap
0.4 / trap
5.0 / trap
0.4 / trap
y = 0.008x + 0.0116R² = 0.8369
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
% F
ruit
Inju
ry in
Nea
rest
Neig
hbor
Tree
s
Mean No. Adults Per Trap
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 6-May 13-May 20-May 27-May
Mean
Tem
pera
ture
Mean
No.
Adu
lts P
er Tr
ap
Sample Date
EXTINTTEMP
Preliminary Apple Results
• Linear relationship between exterior trap captures and temperature at P = 0.0955; r2=0.46 and interior trap captures and temperature at P = 0.0594; r2=0.54
• Significant relationship interior trap and exterior trap captures (P=0.002; r2=0.89)
Woodlot Fruit Block
Row Crop / Field / Pasture
Residential
14.0 / trap
Preliminary Trends in Trap Captures and Border Landscapes in the Early Season in Apple
4.3 / trap
2.2 / trap
2.0 / trap
7.4 / trap
On-Station Threshold Studies in Apple
Woodlot Fruit Plot
Sprays Triggered at: 1 bug
10 bugs 20 bugs
Every 7 Days (ARM)
No Spray (Control)
Dispersal from Overwintering Sites
• Under what abiotic conditions (temperature), do BMSB become active?
• What does the pattern of emergence from overwintering sites look like?
• Do they respond to pheromone traps immediately after exiting overwintering sites?
Collect Overwintering Bugs
Marked Over 4,000 Bugs For Release
Provisioned Each Overwintering Shelter With 300 Marked Bugs
Deployed Paired Overwintering Shelters and Baited Traps in Wooded Locations in Late
February
Bugs Can Exit Freely
Bugs Can Exit Shelter, But Can’t
Escape
Shelters encircled by 4 baited and 4
unbaited traps
Emergence Results to Date
05
101520253035404550
7-Mar 21-Mar 4-Apr 18-Apr 2-May 16-May 30-May
Tota
l Num
ber A
dults
Sample Date
Site 1Site 2Site 3
% Total Emergence
Site 1 = 43% Site 2 = 50% Site 3 = 43%
Emergence and Wild Bug Captures
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
7-Mar 21-Mar 4-Apr 18-Apr 2-May 16-May 30-May
Mean
No.
Wild
Adu
lts P
er B
aited
Trap
Mean
No.
Adu
lts P
er S
ite
Sample Date
EmergersWild Bug
Emergence and Wild Bug Captures
• Similar patterns of emergence at all sites.
• Similar pattern of wild bug activity in traps and emergence.
• No marked bugs. Obligatory dispersal flight?
Trap Type Study
• Are capture patterns similar among ground-mounted standard 4-ft pyramid trap and smaller pyramid style traps?
Season-Long Trial in Commercial Apple Orchards
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
23-Apr 1-May 9-May 17-May 25-May 2-Jun
Mean
No.
Adu
lts P
er Tr
ap
Sample Date
StandardHangingLimbGround
Preliminary Results
Preliminary Results
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Standard Hanging Limb-Mounted Ground
Mean
No.
Per
Trap
Trap Type
Conclusions • Aggregation pheromone of BMSB
has been identified.
• Synergist has been identified.
• These stimuli provide reliable detection of BMSB activity.
• Applied questions can now be addressed.
Acknowledgements • USDA-ARS, USDA NIFA SCRI # 2011-51181-30937, VDACS, and USDA-APHIS
Starker Wright Doo-Hyung Lee
Torri Hancock
Cameron Scorza
Sean Wiles Brent Short John Cullum
Brittany Rankin
Zoe Milburn
Teresa Mersing
Jeanne Sullivan