8/3/2019 Project in Biology
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ProjectIn
BiologyImpartial fulfilment of the requirement
in Biology
Submitted by: Christian Jude V. Fabular
Rajev Delos Reyes
Fritz Bassig
II-Mark
Submitted to: Mr. Arlon P. Cadiz
A.Y. 2011-2012
8/3/2019 Project in Biology
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EVOLUTIONDarwins theory of evolution was published in 1859 in a book
called The Origin of Species.
A scientist named Charles Darwin
(1800) became interested in how
species changed over time. He
developed a theory to explain hownew species formed. He was an
English naturalist who studied living
things in their natural settings instead
of in a zoo or in a laboratory.
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Theory of Evolution by Law of Segregation and Law
of Independent Assortment Gregor Johann
Mendel -According to the principle of segregation for any particular
trait, the pair of allele passes from each parent on to an
offspring
-According to the principle of independent assortment,
different pairs of alleles are passed on to offspring
independently of each other. The result is that new
combinations of genes present in neither parent are possible
Lamarcks theory of evolution
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck advocated the
theory of the inheritance of acquired
characteristics. He suggested that
organisms could acquire new
characteristics during their lifetime.Lamarcks theory is based on
environmental factors, and summarized in
the sentence The
function creates the organ.
Lamarcks Theory of Evolution vs. Darwins Theory
of Evolution
-Lamarck was the first to publish a theory of evolution that
explained how life evolves. He believed that evolution was
driven by the tendency toward greater complexity and that, as
organisms evolved, they became better adapted to their
environments.
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Lamarck explained the mechanism of evolution with two
principles:
1. Use or disuse of body parts leads to their development or
deterioration,2. acquired characteristics can be inherited.
Lamarcks theory however , presented many key evolutionary
ideas such as:
1. That evolution is the best explanation for fossil record and
the current diversity of life,
2. That earth is very old,
3. That adaptation to the environment is the main result of evolution.
Darwinism ConceptsDarwins concept of descent with modification included the
general idea that all organisms were related to through lineage
from some unknown ancient origin and had developed changes
as they adapted to various habitats.
Natural selection and adaptationNatural selection - the different reproductive success within a
population that leads to adaptation to the environment.
Darwins theory of natural selection includes the following facts
and inferences:Fact 1 - species have great potential fertility.
Fact 2 - most population are stable
Fact 3 - natural resources are limited
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Inference 1 - since only a fraction of offspring survives, there is
a struggle for limited resources
Fact 4 - there is a variation between individual in a population
Fact 5 - much of this variation can be inheritedInference 2 - individuals whose inherited characteristics fit
them best to the environment are likely to leave more
offsprings
Inference 3 - unequal reproduction leads to gradual change in
population
Industrial Melanism - change in the color of moths in polluted
areas
The course of evolution often follows common
patternsConvergent evolution: unrelated species living in similar
environments and facing similar environmental challenges
sometimes evolve similar characteristics
Divergent evolution: closely related species lining in different
environments and facing different environmental challenges
sometimes evolve dissimilar characteristics
Coevolution: the evolution of one species affects the evolution
of another species
Adaptive radiation: several species will evolve from a single,
ancestral species
Gradualism: evolutionary as a slow, gradual process of change
Punctuated equilibrium: evolution may proceed with long
periods of relatively little change (stasis) punctuated with short
periods of intense change
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Evidences for EvolutionPaleontology a branch of biology that deals with the study of
extinct organisms available in fossil form.
Fossils are the organic remains of plants and animals that
existed a long, time ago.
Three Large Classes of RocksSedimentary rocks which are formed by packing together of
sediment such as mud and sand.
Igneous rocks which are at one time the molten lava.
Metamorphic rocks which are at one time sedimentary or
igneous, but distorted by heat and pressure of overlying rocks.
How do scientists find Out the Age of Fossils
-the age of the rocks can be directly determined when the ageof the fossil is known.
-a fossil is about the same age as the rock layer in which it was
trapped. Scientists can find the age of fossils by knowing the
age of the rock layer.
-To find the age of rocks, scientists use a method based on
decay or change.
Dating Fossils/radioactive dating - process of finding out theage of a fossil
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An example of a fossil is the Ancient bird Arcaeopteryx.
Evidences from Homologous Organs-One of the indirect pieces of evidence for evolution comes
from the study of homologous organs in organisms that exist
today.
Homologous Organs are those, which have the same basicstructure, but different functions.
Evidences from EmbryologyEmbryology another branch which offers some indirect pieces
of evidence for evolution.
Embryo a species in the earliest stages of its development in
the uterus or egg.
Haeckel an embryologist proposed the idea that theevolutionary history of a species is indicated by the
developmental stages that it passes through.
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Evidences from Vestigial OrgansVestigial structure in the body of organisms that have no
apparent use
Biochemistry the study of life at the molecule level and theprocess associated with life
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My Reflection:
My reflection in this topic is surprised
because it talks about animals who evolve. I have
learned that there are many reasons on how
animals change. The scientist who studied it was
Charles Darwin. According to their theories that
animals change because of adaptation and new
forming of species.
The evidence of the ancient species were
fossils. These fossils the remains of the animals that
were extinct. To find out the age of the fossils the
use a process called dating of fossils.