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INDEX
SR NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
1 Introduction 05
2 Need 06
3 Construction 10
4 Working 28
5 Parts & cost 29
6 Application 30
7 Analysis 38
8 Advantages 41
9 Conclusion 42
10 References 43
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(1) Introduction
Sun tracking system is the system in which the solar radiation is tracking on
collector which is always kept in front of sun.
In other types collectors, the collector is steady so it can collect energy in
varying form where in this collector the energy stored approximately at same rate.
(Varying of temperature is due to atmospheric effect.)
Generally use of energy is best if it is getting constant rate that is not possible
in ordinary system so we go to the tracking.
Electric energy from p-v cell is stored in battery, initially collector is posioned
30 with horizontal, shortly at 8:00 a.m. and the system is running with sync-
motor.
We can also use electric supply directly so there is no need of above.
At 4:00 p.m. the connection of circuit is open and sync-motor is stop and D.C.
motor is running and put collector to its initial position.
P-V cell also angularly move with collector.
Fig. 1.1 parabolic movable collector
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(2) Need
Need of solar tracking system
(1)
We need energy in constant form like constant temperature or heat
energy, but in other system it cannot get because at morning the sun is placed
at higher angle so radiation from sun is less compare to afternoon. This is also
happened in evening. Figure shows the position and energy collection.
Fig. 1.2 flat plat collector
Generally flat plate collector placed as above shows but, you see the tracking
system collector it moves same angular speed of sun and collect energy.
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Slide 1.1 flat plat collector
Figure shows the position of collector with sun in sun tracking
system,
Fig. 1.3 Parabolic collector
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In sun tracking system as its name indicate the radiation tracking from sun in
constant form so we can use in different form like heating, cooling, power plant,
distillation plant etc.
(2).
Some time sun radiation is tracking on CPC (computed parabolic collector)
but there are some complications which are follows,
o Complicated design
o Does not give constant temperature
o Lower temperature compare to this system
o Large in size (vertical size is higher which created complication in
arrangement)
CPC
Fig. 1.2.1 Compounded parabolic collector
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Our system covered all the possible applications that not covered in
above like Constant temperature during the period (avoided atmospheric
losses) higher temperature compare to all other possible think
o Compaq in size at same output
o Low cost (35% more than simple flat plat collector and 11 % more
than CPC)
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Slides (sun tracking system)
(3) Constructions
There are no complications in this collector. The parts which requires in
system are listed below.
SR NO. NAME OF PARTS PAGE NO.
1 Synchronous motor 11
2 Speed reduce gear mechanism 12
3 Chain drive 16
4 Parabolic collector 16
5 D.C. motor with speed reducer 17
6 Power system 19
7 Automatic stop switch 21
8 Absorber 23
9 Supporting system 24
We are taking all parts detail respectively,
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(3.1) Synchronous motor
This is the motor which is rotating at constant speed at any condition. Any
condition means it not change its speed during variation on load.
Like during working, due to dust or lost in lubrication, increase in friction
between gears so motor take more load and take more current from battery but
not change its speed.
In some case load on motor is reduce due to self weight but this time motor
take low current or reduce in current input but speed is remains constant.
Rating of motor
Power input 1.2 2 watt,
Voltage required 12 v A.C.,
Speed of motor 5 r.p.m.,
Current input variable (depended on load)
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Slide 3.1.1 (Synchronous motor) Slide 3.1.2 (Synchronous motor)
Slide 3.1.3 (Synchronous motor)
(3.2) Speed reducer gear mechanism
The sun speed from east to west is 15 degree per hour but motor speed is 5 r.p.m.
so required speed reducer up to 15 D.P.H (degree per hour).
The mechanism which is used in system is shown in figure.
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Slide 3.2.1(Speed reducer gear mechanism)
Slide 3.2.2(Speed reducer gear mechanism)
It is used for reducing speed of motor and increase the torque of motor.
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The reduction in speed is done by this,
There is mathematics of reducer
N1/N10=(T2*T4*T6*T8*T10)/(T1*T3*T4*T5*T7*T9)
Where
The N1 = 5rpm, T2=T4=44 no of teeth,
T6 = 66 no. of teeth,
T8 = 86 no. of teeth,
T1 = T3 = T5 = T7 = 8 no. of teeth, and
T9 & T10 is used to drive chain,
T9 = 15 no. of teeth
T10 = 45 no. of teeth.
Below shows line diagram of arrangement of gears,
Fig. 3.2.1 (Speed reducer gear mechanism)
Finally
We get the out put speed of 15 degree. And get higher torque output.
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(3.3) Chain drive
This is used to rotate collector wheel.
The motion is transmitted from gear to the collector and also the reduction of
speed which shows above.
Chain is joints the wheel,
1. Collector wheel,
2. Low speed wheel,
3. Reverse wheel.
Below shows line diagram of arrangement of chain drive,
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Fig. 3.2.2 (Chain drive)
(3. 4) Parabolic collector
Its function is to reflect the radiation toward the vertex.
At vertex line one absorber is there.
Below shows line diagram of parabolic collector,
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Fig. 3.4.1 (Parabolic collector)
The construction of parabola is doing by tangent method that is shown below
Fig. 3.4.2 (Method to construct parabola)
Material used in collector is stainless steel 16 gauge
(3. 5) D.C. motor with speed reducer
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It is used to put collector at its initial position. At the during working
collector is moved at 15 d.p.h. with sun when it reached at 120 from its
initial position the system is automatically stop and this motor mechanism put
the collector to its initial position for working on next day.
It is also connected with speed reduction gear mechanism to increase the
torque because it has low power so reducing speed by gear mechanism we can
improve the torque of the motor.
It takes 30 40 sec to put the connector to its initial position.
Rating of this motor
Voltage 12 V D.C.
Speed 1500 RPM
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Fig. 3.5.1 (D.C. motor with speed reducer)
Slide 3.5.1 (D.C. motor)
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Slide 3.5.1 (D.C. motor)
(3. 6) Power system
This consist of two system
1. Using photo voltaic sell
2. Using electric supply
(3.6.1)Using photo voltaic sell
It consist following parts
1.Photo voltaic sell (P.V sell)
It is used to provide electric power for running the system. System require
power to run synchronous motor as well as D.C. motor that is provided from
sun radiation which directly converted in electric power using silicon P.V.
sell.
Rating of p-v cell
12 v, 6w.
2.Battery
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It is used to store electric power. Some time P.V. sell cannot give proper
power due to cloudy atmosphere or any other situation but at this time system
use battery power. Battery is charged time to time by P.V. sell because system
take maximum 2w where P.V. sell provide 6w power so remaining 4 w is
charged.
Rating of battery
Voltage 12 v
(3) Inverter
We know that synchronous motor run on A.C. power but battery
supply only D.C. power this time we need to convert D.C. power to A.C.
power at require frequency and rated power.
Inverter has group of diodes, resisters, capacitors and inductors. Which solves
this problem.
Rating and its system
It converts 12 vD.C. Power to 12 A.C. power.
It put 50 Hz frequency on system.
It has also fuse system to provide protection to over load system
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Fig. 3.10.1 (Invertor)
(3.6.2)Using electric supply
In this method electric supply (230 V) is converting in to two form 12 v D.C.
and 12 V A.C. and it is used as above.
This conversation is done by transformers.
(3.7) Automatic stop start mechanism
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At morning 8 A.M. system is start to run using clock or sensor,
when it cover 120 the synchronous motor is stop this is done by
automatic switch which is shown in figure.
Fig.3.8.1 (Automatic stop start mechanism)
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Fig.3.8.1 (Automatic stop start mechanism)
As in figure shown when collector cover 120 collector during this period the wire is
closed for synchronous motor and run it, while it covers this connection will brake
and another connection is joint for D.C. motor and it is run.
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Slide 3.8.1 (Automatic stop start mechanism)
Slide 3.8.1 (Automatic stop start mechanism)
(3.8) Absorber
It contain group of pipes which is placed on collecor where maximum
radiation is come after reflection.
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Fig. 3.9.1(Absorber)
The material of pipe genarlly keep as maximum heat can be tranfer like
copper and alluminium.in this system we use the alluminium pipe sets.
The absorbor is blacked coloured so can collect maximum radiation from sun.
Slide 3.8.1 (Automatic stop start mechanism)
(3.9) Supporting system
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This system include provide support to the parabolic collector. The sun
is changing their position during change of season. During winter the sun
position is towards south and maximum angle between sun rays and vertical
line. So for tracking and get higher benefit we also change collector angle as
per season.
In some system collector is placed as latitude angle thats why all
season change it is steady and get average radiation from sun, but in over
system we put collector is not steady but changeable its angle from change of
season.
Fig shows the arrangement
Fig. 3.11.1 (Supporting system)
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There are two pipes of different diameter. the small diameter pipes inserted in big one
and there are different location angle key hole are there on the pipe as we fix the key
in the hole we can set the angle at different angle and track maximum radiation from
sun.
Fig. 3.11.1 (Supporting system)
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Fig. 3.11.1 (Supporting system) Fig. 3.11.1 (Supporting system)
Construction of whole circuit
The figure shows arrangements of system
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P.V. sell is also move angularly with collector which covor maximum
radiation from sun and get maximum power to battery.
(4) Working
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Electric energy from p-v cell is stored in battery, initially collector is posioned
30 with horizontal, shortly at 8:00 a.m. and the system is running with syn-
motor.
System can also start automatically but it require some extra attechment like
clock or sensor system.
At 4:00 p.m. the connection of circuit is open because of swiching
arrengement shown above in constuction and syn-motor is stop and d.c. motor
is running and put collector to its initial position.
P-V cell also angularly move with collector.which provides maximum power
to battery.
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(4) Material and cost of parts
PARTS DEFINATION AND COST
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ELECTRONIC DIVIE -250
SPEED REDUCER GEAR ARRANGEMENT-110
D.C. MOTOR ARRANGEMENT D.C.MOTOR&GEARS-75
POWER SYSTEM
1.DIRECT FROM SUPPLY USE TRANSFORMER-95
2.USING SUN ENERGY P-V SELL,BETTARY-1700
SUPPORTING SYSTEM WOOD AND PVC PIPES-350
(5) Application
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Water heating
Water heating
Water distilation plant
Air heating system
Solar electric system for domestic use by solar tracking system
Solar cooling system
Solar power plant
Solar lighting system
WE TAKE ALL APPLICATION AS FOLLOWS
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(5.1) Water heating
This system consists the sets of pipes in which water is flow and we
get increase in temparature.the change in temparature is directly proposion to
the flow of water.
We can take 90 temparature or above itat applicable flowrate. But in flate
collector it take much more time and the max temp is 65 at summer and there
no flow we can just waiting for application and this is done in4 hours.
The apllication of water heating is shown infigure
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Fig. 6.1 (Water heating system)
(5.2) Water distilation plant
We know that in this system the temparature is increase up to 110 so
it converted on steam whichis go to upward and stay on the angular plate
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where it it cooled and converted into water and finally water collect on other
tank which is in
pour form and finally the dust partical are stay down to system and finally we
can pour the water.
Figure shown the arrangements of water distillationplant.
Fig. 6.2 (Water distillation plant)
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(5.3)Air heating system
As same to the water heating ,in this system instead of water we flow the airin pipes which is heated.
Fig shows line dia gram ofair heating system
Fig. 6.3 (Air heating system)
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(5.4) Solar electric system for domestic use by solar tracking
system.
In this system big P.V. sell is put on the collector support which is turn with same
speed of sun so it collect maximum radiation from sun and get maximum power from
sun.
In ordinary electric system P.V. sell is steady so it cannot collect more power at
morning and evening but in this system it moves with sun so it collect constant andmaximum radiation from sun.
Figure shows the system
Fig. 6.4 (P.V.sell)
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(5.5) Solar cooling system
Generaly in solar cooling system V.A.R. (vapour absorption system) isuse .in this system one vapourgenerator is there which generate higher
temparture. The generatureis like flate plate collector or CPC but using this
syetm at super heating we get higher temparture and get higher efficincy of
cooling system.
Figure shows solar cooling system diagram.
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Fig. 6.5 (Cooling system circuit)
(5.6) Solar power plant
Solar power plant is used as big application. It needed moch more land for solar pond.
Figure shows solar power plant diagram
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Fig. 6.6 (Solar power plant circuit)
In symple solar system solar pond get 110 c temparture,but use of solar super heating
using solar tracking system we improove efficincy of power plant.and also reduce the
area of place.
(5.7) Solar lighting system
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In this system the tracking of light from sun is reflect on require
placeusing mirror. With moving sun the mirror also move and reflect light at
same place during whole of day.
Fig shows the solar lighting system.
Fig. 6.7 (Solar lighting system)
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(7) Analysis
In this system we compare this system with flate plate collector and
C.P.C.,here we get some data for flate plate collector parabolic collector and
solar traching with parabolic collector.
Fig. 6.7 (Graph temp/time)
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above graph shows the different temprature at different time and
compare flate plate collector with solar tracking.
At date 3rd May 7, 2010 /12:30 time radiation from sun is 665 w/m*m
and collector focus radiation is 989 w/m*m,
Than collector rati o = area of collector/ area of absobor
Than collector ratio= 989/665=1.4872563=1.5(appro)
Belowe table shows data collect on tracking system
SR NO. FLOW RATE (WATER) TEMP(C)
1 100 55.7
2 200 54.1
3 300 51.0
4 400 47.2
5 500 44.7
Table 6.1.1 (Temp/flow rater)
From above data we draw graph than it is,
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Fig. 6.7 (Temp / flow rate)
Below data take for thermo-syphon system for flate plate collector and solar
tracking.
SR NO FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR TRACKING
(different time) (temp) (temp)
1 66.7 68
2 68 69.2
3 67.2 71.1
Table 6.7.2 (Comparison))
CONCLUSION :
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From above data we conclude that like in electric circuit higher voltage
or E.M.F. get higher electric current flow and higher temparature difference
get higher heat flow. So for better efficiency and maximum benefit we use
concentic collector on solar tracking system.some system has series pipes set
in absorbor it get some what higher tempareture in system instead of parallel
set of pipes.
(7) Addvantages
As we know it is simple in construction ,there is no complication in
system,
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Compare to other system it provides higher temparature at likely
constant rate at different time,
Lower cost 135% of C.P.C,
Most of all possible applicable,
No exeternal power require,
We can use it daily as automatic start and stop using clock system
or sensor. (No manualy start or stop )
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(8) Conclusion
From this system we are conclude that in genaral way if we replace
this system from flat plate collector or from C.P.C., we can get maximum
benefits as well as get higher efficincy.
In the future way we can replace all other system from this system
because it has no more costly but highly effectively.
In the future all domestic water heating air heating and also other
which well known in application are used.because they are being more andmore effectively and efficintely.
Now a days many reseach is taking on solar system because mainly it
is non-convensional sources of power and how can find the better ways to
get maximum power from it ?
Today we are there in some industries and big application solar
systems are used as different allication but in future we can replace this by
tracking system and reduce the area of collector and making it simple not
in bigger size.
Government also support to buy or make this system because these is
very helpful to reduce powerdamand from power plant.
So why we are not go to this system for higher effect and efficiency ?
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(9) Referances
(1) Solar energy utilisation
G.D.Rai
(2) Solar energy (Principles and thermal collection
and storage)
Suhas P Sukhatme
(3)A text book of electrical technology volume -2
AC & DC machines
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B.L.Theraja
A.K.Theraja
(4)Solar energy fundamentals and applications
HP gerg
J Prakash