An Empirical Research on the
Market Vistas of Silk Products.
------------------------------------------------ - A study on the selected silk product retailers of the Bokakhat Sub-division.
Prakash Deb Roy.
About the author:
CREATED BY:
Prakash Deb Roy.
Registration No. 08000357. Roll. Session.
B.Com. 3rd year with Specialty in International Business.
[Under The Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh.]
Jogananda Deva Satradhikar Goswami College,
Bokakhat. ASSAM.
Guided by:
Ranjeet Saikia.
Lecturer, Department of Commerce
Jogananda Deva Satradhikar Goswami College, Bokakhat, Assam.
Approved by:
Munin Chandra Phukan.
Head of the Department of Commerce
Jogananda Deva Satradhikar Goswami College, Bokakhat, Assam.
Bivekananda Sarmah.
PRINCIPAL, Jogananda Deva Satradhikar Goswami College, Bokakhat, Assam.
CCCCertificateertificateertificateertificate
It is hereby certified that the given project report, “The
marketing vistas of Silk”, has been prepared solitarily by
Prakash Deb Roy of B.com 3rd year, towards the partial fulfillment of his
three year Bachelor Degree program on Commerce. He has
enthusiastically carried out all the necessary project activities and its
related tasks under my constant guidance and supervision.
This certificate has been endorsed to him for the purpose of
establishing that, the project report submitted by him is completely genuine
and unbiased. The report based on the project is hereby certified as an
authentic piece and is not clichéd from any other published or unpublished
sources. The strategies adopted by him for the accomplishment of the
project work are very impressive and his demeanor during the field activity
is found to be strikingly pleasant.
I appreciate him for the sincere efforts and his dedication for
the accomplishment of the project work and wish him the bright and
successful future.
With best regards,
Ranjeet SaikiRanjeet SaikiRanjeet SaikiRanjeet Saikiaaaa Guide.
Lecturer of Management
Department of Commerce.
Jogananda Deva Satradhikar Goswami College.
[Under The University of Dibrugarh]
Bokakhat. Assam.
Acknowledgement
An Empirical research on the Market Vistas of Silk Products.
- A study on the selected silk product retailers of the Bokakhat Sub-division.
Is my selected topic for the project work, which I have enjoyed a lot
performing the various activities of the field study and data collection and also
derive valued experiences on Research work. This report has been a very special
project for me, which is brought to culmination through the efforts of some very
special people.
At the very outset, I am deeply grateful to my superb Guide,
respected Ranjeet Saikia Sir, for His enthusiastic and unstinted support during
the selection as well as preparation of the Project. His constant support
encourages me to craft the report with the best resources, by selecting the
appropriate information and suitable extracts.
At next, I would like to express my sincere thanks to The Head of
the Department Of Commerce, J.D.S.G. College, Shri Munin Phukan Sir, for
providing me with the precious suggestions in context to the drafting of the
report. In addition to it, I would like to thanks our respected Principal, Shri
Bivekananda Sarmah Sir, for his sensible approval and useful advices regarding
the topic.
Furthermore, I would like to thanks our librarian, Shrimanto
Madhav Borah Sir, as his co-operation and support on providing me with the
necessary information on the topic that stands very beneficial to me. And also I
want to convey my regards to Shri Bidyut Boruah Sir, for his exclusive support
framing the project design and exclusive guidance in gathering the resources.
Moreover, I would like to express my heartiest thanks to those
persons, whom I approach during the course of my field work, for their
courteous replies and effective suggestions and my mother Smt. Alaka Deb Roy
for Her guidance. And the generous thanks to my friend Rituparna for his all
rounded support.
Last but not the least; I would like to offer my cordial thanks to my
associate Rashmirekha for assenting me about most of the traditional and
cultural Assamese garments and fashion outfits.
With best regards,
Prakash Deb Roy. Registration No. 08000357. Roll. Session.
B.Com. 3rd year with Specialty in International Business (IB).
[Under the Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh.]
Jogananda Deva Satradhikar Goswami College, Bokakhat. ASSAM.
Abstract.
This empirical Research Report was especially concerned with the
identification of the barricades towards the prospective advancement of the
product in local markets. When compared to the existing demand of silk
products at the international markets with the local, of course in rationale, the
potentiality of the product is tend to shows a lower rate of prospects in local
markets.
Being occupying a unique place in the socio-economic life of the
Assamese culture, The Golden Magical Thread, “Silk” is predominantly associated
with the culture and tradition of the State. Even after such acquaintance the
demand for the authentic product has been gradually declining. In the era of
Globalization, instead of serving as a boon for the silk products, the exclusive
access to the foreign markets had just only resulted in the extreme influence of
the foreign nations, especially Western culture and fashion trends, just ruled the
markets this days.
With the aim for sustainable development of Silk, with an objective
towards qualitative and productivity improvement, meeting the requirements of
silk-worm feeding plants, quality seed, cocoon and raw silk, establishing
necessary marketing linkages, The Rural Development sector of the Government
of Assam had initiated various noteworthy projects. Those steps in this field can
be regarded as the successful phases of development of the silk productivity
expansion and qualified emerging of the Assamese Thread, into the world
markets as one of the thriving fabrics form north-east India. The golden magical
thread owing to its distinct look and smooth feel gradually becomes an instant
inspiration for Fashion Designers from all over the world.
Thus, it will not be tentative to consider the Silk industry as the
most promising as well as the flourishing agro-textile based industry of Assam,
for the state which contributes 99 per cent and 63 per cent of the total Muga and
Eri raw silk production of the country. But considering the conventional strategy
of marketing approach towards increasing exports of silk in one way greatly
hampers the societal values of Silk in its homeland. The main reason for such
downfall of demand can be attributed to the high price range of Silk products in
Local markets and definitely lesser access to quality products as major part of
the production is shifted for High-profit yielding exports.
As a means to confiscate such downward budging demand of silk
products and to resort it to favorable situation in Local markets, the new concept
of Market orientation such as Generic Promotion, both at National and
International level along with Motivational Matrix perception should be adopted.
Contents
Part 1 Title Page i
About the Author ii
Certificate iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Contents vi
Part 2
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Market Significance of Silk in National and International Markets
2.3 Purpose of the Field Study and its Scope
2.4 Definition of the important terms
2.5 Review of related literature analysis of previous Research Study
Part 3
3.1 Design of the Study
3.2 Procedures used
3.3 Sources of Data
3.4 Methods of Gathering data
3.5 Description of Data Gathering instruments used
Part 4
4.1 Discussion regarding the on-field research
4.2 Interpretation of the tribulations
4.3 Principal Findings and Result
4.4 Recommendations for further research.
4.5 Conclusion
Part 5
5.1 Tables
5.2 Figures
5.3 Snapshots
Part 6
6.1 Bibliography
6.2 Glossary of Terms
6.3 Index.
2.1 Introduction.
Amidst the vicinity of Mighty River Brahmaputra and the mystic
hills of Karbi Anglong, there lies the magnificent town, Bokakhat forming a part
of the rejuvenating Assam. The small town welcomes the sun with a hot and
flavored sip of world famous Tea, hand plucked from the tea-gardens of Behora
and Borsapori which form its eastern topography. Moving to the south, the town
is guarded by the shaman hills of Karbi Anglong and to the northern verge it is
refreshed by the soothing waters from the mighty Brahmaputra. Travelling to
the West, one may have the splendid view of golden sunset, set in the tranquility
of the World Heritage Site, Kaziranga National Park.
Portraying Golaghat as its District, Bokakhat lies precisely at
26.63° North and 93.6° E and has an average elevation of 76 meters (249 feet)
above the sea-level. Forming a part of the Lok Sabha political constituency,
Koliabor, the town has evolved as a proliferating tourist spot, which is also used
by both foreign and national tourist as a halt base.
Regarding demography, as per the 2001 India census, the town of
Bokakhat has a population of 8844. Males make up 54% of the population and
females constitute 46%. The average literacy rate of 78% is higher than the
national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 83% and female literacy is 73%. 11%
of the populace is less than 6 years of age.
Thus, the town of Bokakhat also holds a special mention in respect
of the Magical Thread known as Silk. Owing to the confluence of tourist and its
nearness to the important trade regions of the state, the town is gaining much
scope in terms of trade. In the recent times, it has positioned itself as a strong
market provider for silk products and market consumers for such goods as well.
Thus the silken products have gain profound influence upon the dressing habit of
the natives.
The town had various government, semi-government and private
establishments as well as retail outlets for silk products that paved a steady
progress in the market for silk in this region. The present demand for silk in this
area depicts a prospective and promising market in very near future of course
demanding a lot of progress which has to be acquired in the sector in due course.
Considering the influences of various elusive and non-elusive factors upon the
shift in demand for Silk textiles and the immediate need for identifying the
problems and its effective solutions has lead to the preparation of this project
report.
Collected from GIs for Market Differentiation, Reputation & Quality. (2008)
2.2 Market Significance of Silk in National
and International markets.
While discussing on marketing of silk, an epigrammatic analysis on
the History of silk and its trading activities in the ancient times, provides a better
grip in the study. The Silk fabric was first developed in the ancient China, as early
as 6000 BC and definitely by 3000 B.C. Credit for developing this fabric was
vested to a Chinese empress, Lei Tzu (Hsi-Ling-Shih), the 14-year-old wife of the
China’s third emperor, Huangdi (Huang-Ti).
This was a secret process and was closely guarded for more than
3,000 years, but the texture and luster of silk was so splendid that it acquired a
great demand and became a staple material of Pre-industrial International trade.
However in those days exporting of silkworm eggs from China was strictly
prohibited, committing to which calls for nothing but Death Penalty. But in about
550 A.D. Emperor Justinian provoked two former missionaries to China and
succeeded in smuggling to Constantinople, in a hollow staff, both eggs of the
silkworm and the seeds of mulberry tree. Byzantium became famous for splendid
silken textiles and embroideries, used throughout medieval Europe for royal and
ecclesiastical costumes and furnishings.
After this the Muslim Moors began to carry the tradition of silk
culture, which includes rearing and weaving across the northern coast of Africa
and Spain and Sicily. The first evidence of the silk trade is the finding of silk in
the hair of an Egyptian mummy of the 21st dynasty, 1070 BC. Ultimately the silk
trade reached as far as the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Europe, and
North Africa. This trade was so extensive that the major set of trade routes
between Europe and Asia has become known as the Silk Road.
Thus the history of Silk clearly defines how the magical thread
establishes its demand in the international market creating a perfect impression
owing to its grand design and lasting quality. In Bokakhat sub-division, three
different types of silk are produced, collectively called Assam silk: Muga, Eri and
Pat silk. Muga, the golden silk, and Eri are produced by silkworms that are native
only to Assam. The heritage of silk rearing and weaving is very old and continues
today especially with the production of Muga and Pat Riha and Mekhela Chador,
the three-piece silk saris woven with traditional motifs. At earliest the export of
the Silk product form the area was rare, but now the gradual and growing
interest among the locals has recovered the sector and prepares it for exports.
2.3 Purpose of the field study and its Scope.
On having International Business as specialization, it has been
jointly decided along with the guide, to select such a topic that represents the
area of specialization. Meanwhile, it has been found that the trend of silken
textiles in the local markets shows a downward slope for the last few years even
there has been increase in the demand in international markets. So, the topic is
worthy to be taken into consideration and with the purpose of identifying the
root causes for their occurrence the given project report has been prepared.
During the investigation process a transparency is maintained
regarding the main purpose of the field study and efforts are deliberated to draw
the effective conclusions that may help in restructuring the strategy aiming at
retaining the demand for the authentic silk textiles in the local market. For the
same purpose also, the suggestions put forwarded by the respondents are noted
and analyzed and thereby various recommendations are also proposed.
The scope of the Project report is ample. And it has been planned
keeping in view the need of a micro-level study of the concerned field. The study
was undertaken within the limited area of Bokakhat sub-division, from which
certain numbers of respondents are randomly selected for investigation and
acquiring the related information. The findings also reflect the insights of
successful NGOS, cooperatives, individual entrepreneurs in handloom sectors in
the sub-division.
Display showcasing Silk products at SANKARDEV SILK HOUSE, Bokakhat.
2.4 Definition of the important terms.
Some of the important terms were defined here, used in the report.
Denier: A unit of measure by which silk yarn is weighed and its fineness calculated.
Eri: The common name of the Samia ricini caterpillar which eats the leaves of the
castor plant (ricinus communis) or kesseru (heteropanax fragrans). This is a semi-
domestic silk producing caterpillar reared in Assam, India. The silk is white in colour,
with a semi-matt finish.
Muga: The common name of the Antherea assamensis caterpillar which eats the
leaves of the Som tree (machilus bombycine) or Soalu (litsaea polyantha). This is a
wild caterpillar reared in Assam, India. The silk produced is golden in colour.
Tussah: Also known as Tossar is a wild silk of the Antherea mylitta caterpillar which
eats the leaves of the Arjun tree (terminalia arjun), Asan (terminalia tomentosa) or
Oak (querus). This caterpillar is raised in the forested regions of China, Korea and
India. The silk is honey beige colour.
2.5 Review of related literature analysis of
previous research study.
Being the product having international recognition, the varieties of
Silk namely, Golden Muga, White Pat and Warm Eri is common to the areas
under Bokakhat sub-division along with the traces of Tasar Silkworm rearing in
certain parts. Those silks are collectively known as Vanya Silk or Wild silk.
Of course certain literatures in the form of Articles in regional
magazines and paragraphs in Newspapers have been acquired to support the
Field Study, but no previous Research study was recorded that has been
prepared on the same topic. Thus, the spectrum of this Project study can be
classified as empirical in nature. While in the state level various projects have
been introduced and initiated in lines with the assistance of both state and
national government.
The project report had been assisted by the Research Study
entitled, “Feasibility study of a handloom cluster in Barpeta district of Assam” by
Bibhudutta Patra (2005) and A process study in Assam and Mizoram entitled,
“Muga/Eri Silk Production Process and Constraints” by D. Bidari. The former one
is conducted with the objective of determining the viability of setting up
handloom clusters in Barpeta district, after having an intensive field visit on the
four districts of Assam, namely Bongaigaon, Kokrajhar, Barpeta and Kamrup
districts. Findings include overall understanding of the existing value chain in the
Handloom sector in Assam starting from raw materials (cocoons, yarns, dyes,
sizing materials, design cards and loom accessories) in terms of availability and
price to the finished products.
While the later research by D. Bidari was undertaken in two North
Eastern states, Assam and Mizoram. Two districts from each state have been
selected which are concentrated, Muga in Assam and Eri in Mizoram. It revealed
the process of technology transfer among tribal farmers in respect of Muga/Eri
Silk production. It analyses the constraints in Muga/Eri silk production process
and suitable strategies and also clarified the role of women in Muga/Eri silk
production and efforts made by the department towards their capability
building.
Both the above mentioned Research study also covered operating
cycle, market and demand for the products with reference to geographic regions
and seasons, margin in each product and supporting agencies role.
3.1 Design of the study.
The project was designed keeping in view the main purpose of
conducting the field study. I have designed the study in such a way, so as to
include detailed information on the commercialized Sericulture, the
manufacturing process and the market and demand for raw materials as well as
the finished products.
Special emphasis was given to the prevailing market system. And
the functions stated in the following units were carried out by the various groups
of people and there exists a well-established system of markets where the
products at each stage are sold and brought. Being dominated by rich traders, it
was here that most profits were siphoned off. Hence, it was derived from the
design of the study that, there had been an immense need for an alternative
system of cooperative or collective kind where functions were decentralized
under the larger umbrella of a people’s organization for the silk marketing in the
Bokakhat sub-division.
On having a chary study on the prevailing design of the market for
the silk products in the locally, it had been observed that the finished products
were centrally marketed. The industries of this area lack expert inputs and
guidance for both technical and managerial aspects including marketing. Since
majority of the producers and end-users conceived that high prices available
from the export of silk garments in the international markets would mean higher
returns to the primary producers at various stages, but also it was among the
major causes of failing demand of the silk textiles in local markets.
Considering the existing value-chain of silk textile sector of
Bokakhat starting from raw materials (cocoons, yarns, dyes, sizing materials,
design cards and loom accessories) in terms of availability and price to the
finished products. My study also designed so as to encompass the operating
cycle, market and demand for the products in geographic expanse and term,
margin in each product and supporting agencies role, both in the local and
foreign market environments.
3.2 Procedures used.
A well comprehensive procedure was followed for conducting the field
study. At the first instance, a discussion was held with the guide, exemplifying
the viability of the topic and its suitability for the preparation as a Project. After a
proper analysis on the topic, a planning schedule was prepared emphasizing on
the field activities which had to be carried out. At next, elaborate study was made
on the design of the study and the methodology to be used. The sources of data
as mentioned in the subsequent part were determined and also decisions were
made regarding the data gathering instruments used. A constant market
structure was analyzed relating to the demand of silk textiles in the local area, i.e.
within the mentioned scope of the field study. A throughout survey was
conducted in the sub-division as the field work. Questionnaire was primarily
used for this procedure. The various ideas, suggestions, views and comments are
noted and grouped to form the research. And certain measure of cooperation
was accepted from various published sources also.
After that, all necessary information was grouped and the concerned
Contents of the Research Project were decided. Various implications were
discussed and suggestions were followed for the effective accomplishment of the
research.
3.3 Sources of Data
As it had been already stated, that the following research was empirical in
nature, therefore the majority of the data were gathered first-handedly. The data
obtained from the survey is the primary data, as those were collected for the first
time in the concerned field. While in the form of secondary data, information was
collected from various published and unpublished sources as well as over the
internet. All the sources of acquiring data were also listed in the provided
bibliography at the end of this research report. Random selection of silk retailers
was been made for investigation and acquiring the related information. The
findings so derive reflect the insights of successful NGOS, cooperatives,
individual entrepreneurs in the silk textile manufacturing as well as retailing
sector within the Bokakhat sub-division.
Perspective of BODO HANDLOOM SHOWROOM at Behora Tea Estate.
3.4 Methods of Gathering data
As per the planning schedule and to fulfill the purpose, the
information was collected through direct discussion and semi structured
interviews with the entrepreneurs at the individual level and with cooperative,
trust and NGOs at the group level. It also included the discussion with the locals
of the sub-division. Apart from that, there were data collections from the
government affiliates and also discussions with the different government
employee. Regarding the demand for silk textiles at the international stage,
websites of various trading institutions of India participating in export were
exclusively studied and the desired data were collected.
The information relating to the production process of silk threads
from their respective cocoons were recorded from the locally established NGO
based unit, by coordinating regular field visits over a period of more than one
month. However there was various other processes also, which were noted by
direct interview with the persons involved in the field of manufacture of silk
textiles. The manufactured items specially include Muga, Eri and Paat fiber.
Among which the cultivation of Muga is especially endemic to and confined
within Assam.
3.5 Description of Data Gathering instruments used
Since this research project followed a comparative analytical
perception, therefore I was in requirement of those data, which would provide
me sufficient knowledge on the field and also capable of being compared. As
known to us that study of market was a very complex process, so also the market
analysis of falling demand of the silk textiles at local level as compared to the
outer market was a multifaceted task. Some respondents considered the falling
demand of silk in local market with serious concern, while a few were not
accepting the fact and considered it as allegory. In the course of the field study it
was observed that the growth sales in handloom textiles were increasing quite at
a faster rate at local market. But the apprehension was that the share of products,
especially clothing made up of either Muga or Eri or even Paat Silk constitutes
only a negligible fraction of the total output of handloom textiles in the entire
area covered under the scope of the study.
So in order to sketch out the actual scene of the market, a list of
persons and establishments were prepared to whom I approached for collecting
data. Since, the topic involves much wider term in sense of the product; therefore
there had been the need of proper understanding of the basic facts relating to the
manufacture of silk textiles. Further there must be proper knowledge of the silk-
worm rearing, processing of cocoons, obtaining fibers and spinning into usable
thread and various other aspects comes to the fore. This is further assisted by
market distribution channels and the intricate marketing aspects such as brand
consciousness, design and preference among the customers at both the ends, i.e.
the local versus the foreign customers.
Considering, the above aspect citation, I prepared a comprehensive
questionnaire that includes the queries on various matters, which would in turn
provide me up with the desired information. During the field study, I handed
over the questionnaire to the respondent. Some of them filled it themselves,
while others preferred me to fill those up on their behalf. The specimen format of
the used Questionnaire was provided overleaf.
THE QUESTIONNAIRE:
This questionnaire is a part of the field survey conducted with the purpose of a
Market Research on Silk Products. The Research is conducted in order to sketch the
market scenario of Silk products in local markets as compared to the demand it
comprises in foreign market. So, the help and co-operation of the concerned person
is courteously sought for the proper outlining of the same. Date:
General Information
Name:
Sex: Male � Female � Age:
Address:
Analytical Information
Experience in the Field (in YY/MM):
No. of employees working under you:
Do you consider the present demand for Silk products in local market is satisfactory?
Yes � No �. How?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
From where do you acquire raw materials? Self � Inter-state � other state �
Please specify the area (if either than Self) __________________________________.
Initial costing involved in acquiring Raw materials for Cost Price 1000 is ��� (approx)
(Suppose, in purchasing of Raw Materials of Rs 1000 the acquiring cost involved is Rs
15 including carriage inwards, direct expenses, etc) *
You process the raw materials. By self � by others �
If by self, whether Industry� Home-based �
How much time the processing takes (in days.)
Will you please narrate the Processing Methodology, followed by you, in brief?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
Cost involved in Processing of Raw Materials of Rs.1000 ��� (approx)*
Market Segmentation Strategy
Do you consider it better to have market segmented rather than having a
homogenous market? Yes � No �
So what’s your target market? Local � State � National � International �
Preferred Distribution channels for your Finished Goods?
_____________________________________________________________________
Do you prefer the Intermediaries? Yes � No �
Market research strategy
Does your customer aware of Brand Preference? Yes � No �
If yes, then to what extent? High � Medium � Low �
Do you agree with the fact that at present, the Demand of Silk products in Local
markets is losing ground? Yes � No �
To what extent, will you held responsible the influence of foreign culture in affecting
the demand of Silk products. High � Medium � Low �
Is it justified to blame the growing demand of silk in foreign trade as the sole cause
for declining its demand in Local market? Yes � No �
Which will you prefer the most?(Please tick, ‘√’.)
a. Distributing your product locally with adequate margin
b. Distributing your product nationally with standard margin
c. Exporting your product at foreign markets with high profits
The golden magical thread owing to its distinct look and smooth feel gradually
becomes an instant inspiration for Fashion Designers from all over the world. Why
isn’t it inspires the indigenous Designers to the desired extent?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Do you view the Silk Industry as a sector facilitating Sustainable Development?
Yes � No �
If so, How/ (why) _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How do you like to rate the Support and Cooperation of the State Government
towards this particular sector? Very Good � Good � Poor � Very Poor �
Are you benefitted from such support? Yes � No �
If Yes, How? ___________________________________________________________
What are the sources of Finance available and are they adequate?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Since, Infrastructure is called “the Backbone of an Economy”, how the facility
available here helps you to sustain? Rank it. Very Good� Good� Poor� Very Poor�
How the barriers to effective Promotion of Silk in Local markets can be eliminated?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Most importantly, is it true, that the increase in the price tags of Silk Products
comparatively reduces its demand? Yes � No �
“The golden thread has the diamond-like future.”- What’s your comment?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Your suggestions to retain the demand of the precious fabric “Silk”.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Your kind assistance will definitely lead to a successful research. Prior to the conclusion will
you kindly rate the survey? Very Good� Good� Poor� Very Poor � Comments (if any)
Thank You.
Signature of the respondent Signature and seal of the issuing authority.
(For JDSG COLLEGE, Bokakhat)
4.1 Discussion regarding the on-field Research
As mentioned earlier, the field research was undertaken for a period of 6 (six)
months. The field research included continuous analysis of the market behavior
of silk products, especially Muga, Eri, Paat and Tussah silk textiles. Micro level
analysis had been carried out regarding the consumer behavior, and market
segmentation strategy developed for the local market.
In the course of field study, I approached two government sector undertakings,
namely JAGARAN, ARTFED Bokakhat and Kohora branch. Continuingly study had
been carried out over 4 (four) private silk retailing stores at Bokakhat Town
Area and a continued observation was also followed so as to understand the
market trend. Concluding, accompanied by my guide, Sri Ranjeet Saikia, I visited
the District Rural Development Authority (DRDA), Golaghat affiliated TRIBENI
DECORATIVE TEXTILE CENTER under TRIBENI GRAMIN BIKASH COMMITTEE, a
Bokakhat based NGO. They demonstrated with adequate measures about the silk
rearing, reeling and spinning of threads from silkworms.
The sericulture had been very difficult cultivation and there involves a lot of
hardships as well as complexities. For this reason the silk textiles of Muga, Eri
and Paat fetched very high price. It had been observed that the prices of a Muga
silk sari was too higher, ranging from 5,000 to 15,000 INR (Indian Rupees),
which was a discouraging fact for the local customers to afford. Even at times the
price seems to be rationale considering the hardships and risk involved in its
production, however at the international markets this Price tag was of moderate
range. But at the same time it acts as negative brunt to the prospective demand
of Muga sari among the local consumers.
However, the field research encompasses the views and opinions collected from
the local customers and general public. Their ideas were shared regarding the
actual condition of Silk textiles in the market. Some opined that, the demand is
actually increasing but the price was the factor along with dearth in supply of
raw materials for production, was what holding the market back. While majority
of them blamed the increasing demand of Muga at the international scenario and
the intervention of market by the artificial or synthetic fibers as the key to
diminishing the demand of silk textiles. Again, it was to be noted , the economic
development of the Bokakhat sub-division was in its initial phase, for which it
suffers from non-availability of skilled and semi-skilled labour both in the
farming and non-farming sector. Thus the research evaluates various drawbacks
in behavioral aspects of the economy of Bokakhat sub-division, which required
insistent and effectual attention of both society and the government as well.
VARIETIES OF SILK OBSERVED IN BOKAKHAT SUB-DIVISION.
MUGA SILK
Muga silk had been derived from the silkworm Antherea assamensis endemic to
Assam. The pupa of the silkworm feed on the Som (Machilus bombycina) and
Sualu (Litsaea polyantha) leaves. Muga was known for its golden texture, glossy
finish and durability. Owing to its low porosity, the Muga yarn cannot be
bleached nor dyed and its natural golden color is retained. Another fascinating
fact was that the luster of Muga increases after every wash and very often the
Muga silk outlast its owner.
In terms of essentiality, no other silk can permeate both the weaver and wearer
with such a glossy halo of exclusivity, so it becomes essential for the stylistic
dress code. Perhaps it was been a boon or no less than wonder that it had not
been adopted by the west as an alternative to gold plated thread as it shines just
as bright and never tarnishes the glow which was entirely natural. Muga is the
main silk used to weave the distinct Assamese traditional attire, i.e. the distinct
three-piece dress of Assamese women, called Mekhela-Riha-Chador, in which the
golden tinge were highlighted by red and black threadwork designs. (Refer to
Frame 1, 2 & 4.)
PAAT SILK
Pat silk was produced by silkworm, which feed on mulberry leaves. The color of
the fiber obtained from the Pat cocoons is generally of brilliant white or a bit off-
white. The apparels made of Pat silk can generally be dried in shade. (Refer to
Frame 9, 10, 11 & 12.)
ERI SILK
Eri silk was made from cocoons of Eri or Endi caterpillar Philosamia cynthia
ricini. This feed on leaves of Castor oil plant. It is also known as Endi or Errandi
silk. Due to the fact that manufacturing process of Eri allows the pupae to
develop into adults and only the open ended cocoons are used for turning into
silk, it is also popularly known as non-violent silk. This silk is soft and warm and
is popular as shawls and quilts as the capacity of heat absorbency was extremely
high of this textile. (Refer to Frame 5 & 7.)
TUSSAH SILK
Among non-mulberry silk Tussah or Tossar, was mostly cultivated by the tribal
inhabiting on the northern and southern region of the Bokakhat Sub-division, by
rearing silkworms on the forest plants. The fiber obtained from the Tussah
Cocoons resembled the splendid Muga in terms of look and sense. The customers
were often found duped by few misguided retailers by selling the Tussah silk sari
instead of Muga silk sari. The luster of Tussah was generally a bit off-golden in
color. (Refer to Frame 13.)
Silk Product Price* Ranges:
Muga Mekhela (Single) : 3,000 INR.
Muga Chador : 3,600 INR.
Muga Sari : 5,500 - 1500 INR.
Muga Riha : 560 – 890 and above in INR.
Muga Pair (Mekhela + Chador) : 6,000 - 7,800-15,000 INR.
Paat Mekhela (Single) Plain : 1,000 and above in INR.
Paat Mekhela (Single) Design : 1,500 and above in INR.
Paat Pair (Mekhela + Chador) : 3,800 - 6500 INR.
Paat Sari : 4,500 INR.
Eri Chador : 760 - 1500 INR.
Eri Muga Chador : 1200 - 1780 INR.
Tussah Mekhela (Design) : 1,100 INR.
Tussah Pair (Mekhela + Chador) : 3,000 – 4,500 INR.
Kesha Paat Pair : 1,600 – 2,500 INR.
INR represents INDIAN RUPEE, the National Currency of India. Symbol: Rs.
*All the prices indicated above were only estimation. Actual prices may vary according to Range,
Product quality, Weight, Colour and such other various attributes.
The Life cycle of Muga Silkworm
Collected from GIs for Market Differentiation, Reputation & Quality. (2008)
MAJOR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Shape: Silk has a triangular shaped cross section whose corners are rounded.
Luster: Due to the triangular shape (allowing light to hit it at many different
angles), silk is a bright fiber meaning it has a natural shine to it.
Covering power: Silk fibers have poor covering power. This is caused by their
thin filament form.
Hand: When held, silk has a smooth, soft texture that, unlike many synthetic
fibers, is not slippery.
Denier: 4.5 g/d (dry); 2.8-4.0 g/d (wet)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Strength: Silk is the strongest of all the natural fibers; however it does lose up to
20% of its strength when wet.
Elongation/elasticity: Silk has moderate to poor elasticity. If elongated even a
small amount the fibers will remain stretched.
Resiliency: Silk has moderate wrinkle resistance.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Protein Composition: Silk is made up of GLY-SER-GLY-ALA-GLY and forms Beta
pleated sheets. Inter chained H-bonds are formed while side chains are above
and below the plane of the H-bond network. Small residue (GLY) allows tight
packing and the fibers are strong and resistant to stretching. The tension is due
to covalent peptide bonds. Since the protein forms a Beta sheet, when stretched
the force is applied to these strong bonds and they do not break. The 50% GLY
composition means that GLY exists regularly at every other position.
Absorbency: Silk has a good moisture regain of 11%.
Electrical Conductivity: Silk is a poor conductor of electricity making it
comfortable to wear in cool weather. This also means however, that silk is
susceptible to static cling.
Resistance to Ultraviolet Light/Biological Organisms: Silk can become
weakened if exposed to too much sunlight. Silk may also be attacked by insects,
especially if left dirty.
Chemical Reactivity/ Resistance: Silk is resistant to mineral acids. It is
yellowed by perspiration and will dissolve in Sulphuric acid.
OTHER PROPERTIES
Dimensional Stability: Unwashed silk chiffon may shrink up to 8% due to
a relaxation of the fiber macrostructure. So silk should either be prewashed
prior to garment construction, or dry cleaned. However, dry cleaning may
still shrink the chiffon up to 4%. Occasionally, this shrinkage can be reversed by
a gentle steaming with a press cloth. Gradual shrinkage is virtually nonexistent,
as is shrinkage due to molecular-level deformation.
USES OF SILK
Apparel: Silk is excellent for use in warm weather and active clothing. The silk's
good absorbency makes it comfortable to wear in such conditions. Silk is also
excellent in the cold because its low conductivity keeps the wearer warm.
Examples of Silk Clothing
Saris
Blouses
Formal Dresses
High Fashion
Negligees
Pajamas
Robes
Skirt-suits
Sundresses
Underwear
Furnishings
Silk's elegant, soft luster and beautiful drape makes it perfect for many
furnishing applications.
Examples of Silk Furnishings
Upholstery
Wall Coverings
Window Treatments (if blended with another fiber)
Rugs
Bedding
Wall Hangings.
4.2 Interpretation of the Tribulations
MAJOR PREDICAMENT PREVAILING IN THE SILK INDUSTRY AND MARKET:
Talking about the dumping of cheaper silk from China after the coming of WTO
regime and the acute scarcity of agricultural labour had been too ambiguous to
deal with, which demands macro and comprehensive analysis of the entire
economy. So I decided to stress on the internal factors influencing the entire
market structure of Silk products in the town. Silk industry was such a sector in
which the number of women workers was relatively higher as compared to their
male counterparts. However, a few specific problems were prominent
particularly in this area leading to a lower production and declining demand.
The poor education system as well as uncompetitive literacy rate aggravates the
innovativeness required in this sector. The workers engaged in Sericulture at
Bokakhat were mostly self-trained and majority of them were semi-skilled or
unskilled, that poses even a serious threats to the industry to survive up to its
business potential. Moreover, the derisory training facilities for the workers
deprived them from economic uplift and thus limiting employment opportunities
in this sector by blocking the entrance for other new unskilled labour.
Restricted access to the indigenous silk yarns from the local producers and
scarce resources was another factor limiting the industry of sericulture in this
region. Further various natural sway had been also adversely affecting the
sericulture process, which includes floods, irregular rainfall and dense fog.
Relating to the health grievances, the problem of eyesight is quite common
among the weavers in this region. The workers of the industry suffered from
various eye disorders due to the prolonged exposure to hectic working
schedules. It had been observed that even during the festive season i.e. from
October to April the workers perform their tasks for four to five hours daily. This
not only affects their health but also reduces their efficiency along with the poor
and unhygienic production sites. Another notable fact was the poor
infrastructural facilities available to the interior part of the sub-division stands
as an obstacle to the effective marketing of silk raw materials as well as finished
products to and from the remote areas. This problem has been also aided by the
non-availability of loom and its equipments in time as well as meager mobility of
workers were making the production scenario the worst.
However, under The Multi Sectoral Development Plan (2007-08 to 2010-12)
initiated by the state government expert guidance and opinion were made
available by some of the notable institutions such as the National Institute of
Rural Development (NIRD), State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD), Indian
Institute of Entrepreneurship (IIE) and National Institute of Fashion Technology
(NIFT), Guwahati. The assistance of those institutions was not so remarkable for
the Sub-division. Relentless efforts made by the North-East Institute of Science
and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, along with the Research and Development
initiatives made by the Assam Silk Board and Directorate of Sericulture and
Weaving of Assam needs special mention. But the most active role of all was
been played by District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), Golaghat, by
implementing certain Projects in Bokakhat to encourage the Sericulture.
Sericulture was a predominantly agricultural activity but was under the Textile
Ministry instead of Agriculture Ministry. As a result, the silk farmers were
deprived of various subsidy components given to the agricultural farmers like,
power, seed, fertilizer and soft loans etc. Even having a heritage of silk weaving
and favorable conditions for silk worm rearing there had been constant shortage
of handloom clusters, which permits the available industry to take up only small
orders.
The scarce of textiles available locally, induced the retailers to purchase their
supplies from outer areas, such as Muga from Sualkuchi. The transportation of
those materials from the distant parts ultimately increases the prices of silk
products. However, in the recent times demand of silk products especially Muga
and Eri had gone up fabulously. The main reason for such increase in demand
was owed to their unique characteristics, utilization and as well as the higher
access of quality textiles was made available to the international markets.
Depending upon the status of the local public and their preference, retailers
strategized market segmentation. The presence of homogenous rate structure
would not be profitable. The retailers acknowledges that the sale of silk textiles
in the local market had come over to much lower fraction, as compared to the
sale accrued five to eight years back. The situation was aggravated further rises
in price tags of silk textiles.
As mentioned earlier, another important drawback of this sector was the lack of
innovativeness. It was seen that the majority of the silk apparels, especially Muga
Mekhela Chador, Pat Riha Chador and Eri Chador flaunted the same age old
threadwork designs. Even some of those designs are still calibrated art
masterpieces but most of them were outdated. The indigenous fashion designers
are busy in designing the western textiles, in due course they forgot to reveal the
inherent significance of these endemic fibers. Just now only very few textile
designers had percept the need to retain the standard of those matchless and
unrivalled textiles.
4.3 Principal findings and result
The conducted field study had revealed the following specifics:
The cultivation of host plant which leads to the production of cocoon from
the silk producing caterpillars had been adversely affected by the follow up of
traditional practices.
Even the sericulture department of Assam had gone drastic developments,
yet their credibility in Bokakhat sub division as more preferred source for
procurement of information support and other sericulture process updates
were cannot be well established.
At the recent times few persons grouped themselves as a society and have
started sericulture as a profession as well as the means of livelihood.
But, various physical, infrastructural, technological and socio-personal
factors had reduced the Muga and Eri cocoon production to a negligible
stratum.
The practice of sericulture had been pegged down at the subsistence level,
within a very smaller segment of cultivators. Even though it exhibits well
aged tradition and exemplify vast potentiality as industry, the sector doesn’t
show traces of re-commercialization.
The use of developed methods such as use of scientific cultivation process,
training, manures, technical know-how, disinfectants etc were avoided to a
large extent.
The sericulture especially involving production of Muga and Eri in Bokakhat
region was beneficial owing to the favorable climatic conditions for the
growth of host plants sustaining the silk cocoons.
Even though, there had been an acute shortage of trained work force, for the
extraction of fibers from cocoon.
Rapid urbanization of the rural areas and extensive trend of getting
employed resulted in gradual fade out of work force for this sector.
The advertisement strategy for the silk product is lacked seriously, neither
had it had any promotional initiative launched by the producers, nor any such
planning in this regard had been determined.
A certain proportion of the finished products of Muga and Eri were marketed
by the state government and channelize them for the purpose of export.
No such encouraging initiative of state government had been recorded,
except the venturing the Jagaran, ARTFED branch in the region. But the
notable fact was that those ventures were at deplorable state, without having
any development and proper marketing strategy or effective supervision of
the government.
Moreover, the market for authentic silk had been adversely affected by the
synthetic silk from other states, which can be well afforded at a lower price.
Another variety of cheap silk fiber namely, Tussah had been used to dupe the
customers, as both of these silk looked alike the, but the superiority of Tussah
was lower than Muga.
The gradual developments of the locals in one way leads to the economic
development, which on the other hand reduces the local’s interests on
sericulture.
It had been observed that sericulture was a potential industrial sector. And a
promising career prospect for the reducing the unemployment problems.
There had been considerable increase in the demand of silk textiles,
especially the Muga and Eri fabric is much sought for by the foreign
customers.
The process of sericulture had been a very complex process and requires
undaunted care, hardships and lots of time of course, which was also a major
cause for the decline of new generation’s interests in the sector.
Being a high yielding sector the extent of sericulture could be increased in the
Bokakhat sub-division to cater the increasing demand of those textiles,
through proper planning and government co-operation as well as support
and interests of the local people.
One of the most notable observances was that the participation of the
unemployed youths in that particular sector is discouragingly lower than
expected; even the field of silk textiles had immense market scope and better
potential of income generation.
Among, the most notable finding was the non-availability of advertisement
strategy for the local made products. The Assam Silk Board along with the
Central Silk Board had initiated several campaigns targeting the International
market. Most of the ads were launched over the internet deliberated to seek
international customers, on the other hand neglected a major part of the state
market. No such specific and breakthrough ads were created targeting the
local consumers encouraging to purchase local products, except one could
find few occasional banners instituted by the government and semi
government agency. The remarkable, fact was that no such remarkable ads or
banner was found in the entire surveyed area of this research area, nor even
any encouraging advertisement were noticed that could leads the local to
purchase the silk products from the local retailers or from any other
showrooms.
Being the growing demand of silk products in international markets had
considerably reduced the demand for silk in local markets by channelizing
the quality products towards the international markets.
There had been a pervasive technological variation in silk production of the
Bokakhat sub-division with the handspun and hand woven sector at one
hand of the continuum and the sophisticated, capital intensive industrialized
sector of other parts of Assam.
There had been an adverse situation of the vital norms of the area related to
working conditions, child labour, gender equality in wage structure and
training facilities. And ultimately women were the main sufferer and usually
had a lower social status.
Thus, from the above stated findings we are able to know that the acute shortage
of skilled labour, proper production methods and scarce resources are limiting
the production in a generic way in the surveyed area. While, inadequate
advertisement measures, soaring price tags, inefficient marketing behavior and
negligence of the local market by bestowing more preference to the international
market, were the credible factors diminishing the demand for the silk textiles in
the local market.
4.4 Recommendations for further research.
On observing the prevailing situation the major recommendations from my part
were as follows:
The new concepts of marketing such as Generic Promotion and
motivational matrix system must be adopted instantaneously.
Government co-operation and workers training facilities should be
instituted.
New technology must be put to use in line with the traditional methods
regarding Sericulture practices.
Further analysis for the proper marketing of silk textiles for retaining the
demand should be made.
Considering the market conditions as well as the demand and supply factor for
the silk products in local markets and the conducted research had a view in
common that the sector requires further research and attention for the proper
appraisal and retention of demand in the local market.
Generic promotions at the regional level have to be used successfully in the
marketing of Silk products, such as the strategy adopted by the Tea Board of
India in regaining the field in local market and in the international sphere. Such
types of promotions can be introduced by the following ways:
By the retailers at the initial level, through widespread advertisements of
the products.
By the intermediaries, providing easier access to the Silk products
through effective channelization of Silk textiles output from their
producers to the retailers.
By the producers, yet they doesn’t have much role in this sector, they
could take necessary steps in providing constant supply of the products.
By the national government through Uninational Promotion such as the
appeal “Use Indian Spices” by The Spices Board of India.
Most importantly, the Silk production has been a very unique and
magnificent process, by showcasing which to the local, the demand of Silk
products can be up shoved. The same process can also be integrated with
the Tourism Development of Bokakhat Sub Division and it’s nearness to
Kaziranga National Park, The World Heritage Site would be an added
bonus. As Kaziranga attracts lakhs of national and foreign tourists every
year. The same factor also enabled the market of Silk products to
integrate itself with the national and the foreign marketable agenda.
Opening up retail outlets of Silk products in the remote areas of the
region, facilitating both moderate costing products, so as to be affordable
for the local customers. Moreover, such initiative must be well backed up
by adequate product inputs as well as adequate advertisement facilities.
View of ARTFED Jagaran, Kohora Branch. Kaziranga. Assam. Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
4.5 Conclusion.
A noteworthy realm was that sericulture occupied a safe and stable
position among the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Sector, which
lent a major hand in catapulting the Economy of Assam to the position of one of
the fastest growing economies of the country. The self nurtured Sericulture of
Bokakhat sub-division also contributed to the share. The overall strength of the
Sericulture process depends on the extensive network of facilities, especially
infrastructural. However, resources from Assam Silk Board in terms of
expertise, qualified scientific and marketing expert, facilities for Research and
Development (R&D) and training facilities would be an added asset.
It had been observed that the major constraints in the silk market sector
was facing in the recent times is non-availability of skilled labour force and
market connoisseur to strategy the local market in such a way so as to involve
the larger share of local customers. The market issues were serious in nature and
needed to be tackled immediately to safeguard the sericulture industry, thus
protecting the age old tradition on the one hand and the marvelous natural fiber
on the other hand. Most importantly, the innovativeness must be infused
regarding the designs and attention must be paid to the preference of the local
consumers. The market research shows up that there would have a huge
potentiality of silk textiles in the local market, of course they were provided as
per the new trend in fashion and strict consideration need to be paid that the
price tags of the expensive Muga, Paat and Eri silk could get an preferential place
in budget of apparels or clothing.
In conclusion once more, I want to thank wholeheartedly to all those
persons, who encouraged me during the survey. Heartiest thanks to those
professionals and retailers and who let me know about the internal
complications comprised in the sericulture industry and the market structure,
without the co-ordination of whom, the project would never be a success. I am
also grateful to the persons, publications, reports and all those resources
mentioned in the bibliography, from which I got unlimited support during the
preparation of this project. I am also thankful to the lecturers of the Commerce
department of the J.D.S.G. College, for providing me guidance in this respect. And
last but not the least, I offered my sincere and deepest gratitude to my respected
Guide, Sri Ranjeet Saikia for providing me with His eternal guidance, my parents
to encourage me at all the times and my dearest friend for her kind and generous
assistance.
With warm compliments for prosperous and a SILKY NEW YEAR 2010SILKY NEW YEAR 2010SILKY NEW YEAR 2010SILKY NEW YEAR 2010.
Thank You,
Prakash Deb Roy.
5.1 Tables
Table 1. Showing Sectoral statistics of Sericulture in Assam. Source: Assam at a Glance (Internet).
Table 2. Showing Assistance released under Handloom Export Scheme during Xth Plan
Source: Internet.
Table 3. Showing Sericulture Activities in Assam.
Source: Directorate of Sericulture and Weaving, Assam.
Table 4. Sericultural Farms and Grainages in Assam.
Source: Directorate of Sericulture and Weaving, Assam.
5.2 Figures
Figure 2 Export earnings through Silk Textiles which includes Silk carpets and Silk RMG.
Source: Central Silk Board, India.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
(Figure in Rs. Crore)*
Million in US $
Figure 1. Scaling the National Exports of Silk Goods for the last Ten years.
5.3 Snapshots
Frame 1. Image of a Muga Silkworm.
Photograph obtained from Internet.
*[INR represents the national currency INDIAN RUPEE, the symbol of which is Rs.]
Frame 2. Showing Muga Cocoon.
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
Frame 3. Leaves of Som Tree on which the Muga silk
Caterpillars feed on.
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
Frame 4. A Golden Muga Sari on Display at Jagaran
ARTFED, Bokakhat Branch. Its cost is round about 8,800
INR*.
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
*[INR represents the national currency INDIAN RUPEE, the symbol of which is Rs.]
Frame 5. Eri Cocoon.
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
Frame 6. Leaves of Era plant on which Eri
Silkworms feed on.
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
Frame 7. Display of Eri Shawl, renowned for warmth
it provides, costing about 1400 INR*. Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
Frame 8. Handlooms at Tribeni Textiles.
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
*[INR represents the national currency INDIAN RUPEE, the symbol of which is Rs.]
Frame 9. White Paat Silkworm Cocoon, also known
as the Ahimsa Silk.
Photograph collected from Internet.
Frame 10. Noni plant leaves on which Paat
Silkworm feed on.
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
Frame 11. Reeling of Paat Silk form the Cocoons.
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
Frame 12. An heavy budgeted Paat Sari, costing around
7,000 INR*.
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
Frame 13. Tussah Silk Sari, costing around 1400 INR*
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
Figure 14. Kesha Paat Sari, that involves the cost from
1500 to 3500 INR*.
Photograph by Prakash Deb Roy.
6.1 Bibliography
Ali, Rehan, & Deb Roy, Proloy, Jupuri Ghar (Understanding the buying behavior of foreign and national tourists), Kaziranga, Assam.
Baruah, Sunil, Manager cum accountant, ARTFED Jagaran, Kohora Branch, Assam.
Bezboruah, Pranjal, & Rehman, ARM, (2009). A Handbook of Student Research Project. Department
of Commerce, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam.
Bidari, D, Muga/Eri Silk Production Process and Constraints, A process study in Assam and
Mizoram.
Das, Champa, Entrepreneur, Tribeni textiles under Tribeni Grameen Bikash Committee, Bokakhat
Deka, Jayaram, Manager cum accountant, ARTFED Jagaran, Bokakhat Branch, Assam.
DIRECTORATE OF SERICULTURE, Assam.
Goswami, K.C. Nath, C.K. & Saha, A, (2009). A Handbook of Student Research Project. Department of Commerce, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam.
Kalita, Harbilash, Manager, Sankardev Silk House, Bokakhat, Assam.
Kalita, S.N. Rajbongshi, Manoj Kumar & Sarkar, Sushil. Role of Sericulture for Regional Development, Bajali College, Pathsala, Assam.
MULTI SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR MINORITY OF BONGAIGAON DIST5RICT, (SEPTEMBER, 2008), Deputy Commissioner, Bongaigaon, Assam.
Patra, Bibhudatta, (2005). Feasibility study of a handloom cluster in Barpeta district of Assam.
Saikia, Rashmirekha, Elaborations on the traditional clothing category & styles, Bokakhat.
Sarma, Krishna, (September, 2008). GIs for Market Differentiation, Reputation & Quality - An Insight, Corporate Law Group.
Sen, Sarma, N. & Das, N. N. Ionic Conductivities of Natural Silk, Cotton and its comparison with
Synthetic one. Assistant Professor, Material Sciences Division, Polymer Unit, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam.
SERICULTURE AND SILK PRODUCTION, available at www.scienceandsociety.com, viewed on 22nd Dec, 2009. Ernakulam, Kerala.
Silk worm Farming available at www.vegansociety.com viewed on 12th October, 2009.
Sources available at www.wikipedia.org
THE ANT – THE ACTION NORTHEAST TRUST, (April, 2005), Bongaigaon, Assam.
The silk process available at www.silkbaron.com viewed on 22nd October, 2009.
Unni, B.G. (2008). Readers Contribution, Bugs to boost Assam’s Muga Silk Production/ Experiment in Assam helps Worms produce more of better Quality Silk. Courtesy: Business world/ The
Telegraph (6th April, 2008).
Unni, U.N. & Murthy, U.S.N. (July 10th 2008), Sericulture and viable technologies for better silk production. Current Science, VOL.95, NO.1.
6.2 Glossary of Terms
Ads: advertisement or such promotional steps
Aggravated: forced or irritated
Allegory: symbol or story
Apprehension: state of worry or hesitation
Attire: dressing and apparel styles
Authentic: genuine or dependable
Barricade: obstacle or blockade
Brunt: impact or burden
Calibrate: to standardize or adjust
Connoisseur: specialist
Constraints: limitation
Continuum: range, variety or scale
Conventional: conservative
Culmination: conclusion
Demeanor: conduct or behavior
Deplorable: awful or bad state
Ecclesiastical: religious
Effectual: capable and efficient
Empirical: pragmatic or sensible
Epigrammatic: short or to the point
Halt: stop as a temporary destination
Hectic: confused
Implication: suggestion
Indigenous: native and original, home- grown
Insistent: firm and preserving
Intricate: complicated or elaborated
Luster: shine
Multifaceted: complex or comprehensive
Pegged: shifted down to
Perceptive: observant
Permeate: to fill or infuse
Porosity: retaining capacity
Reeling: to spun out of
Resort: way out
Retention: to preserve or maintain
Riha: A scarf wears by females in Assamese tradition
Splendid: wonderful or fabulous
Stratum: layer or level
Tranquility: calmness
Unbiased: impartial
Unrivalled: unopposed
Vista: view of scenario
6.3 Index.
Abstract, V
Acknowledgement, IV
Allegory, 11
Apprehension, 11
Area, 4
Certificate, III
Commercialized Sericulture, 7
Data Sources, 9
Demography, 2
Denier, 5, 19
Development Plan, 21
DRDA, NIRD, SIRD, NIFT & IIE, 22
Endemic, 10
Findings, 23
Geographic location, 2
High yielding sector, 24
History of Silk, 3
Integrate, 27
Life cycle, 18
Literature analysis, 6
Market segmentation, 13
Price range of Silk products, 17
Problems of the Industry, 21
Properties of Silk, 19
Recommendations, 26
Released assistance, 29
Research & Development, 28
Results, 25
Scope of the Field Study, 4
Sectoral Statistics of Sericulture in Assam, 29
Silk clothing, 20
Silk Varieties, 16
Value-chain, 7
Working conditions, 25