Propounders and Interpreters of Theory
CEA 213
Propounders and Interpreters of Theory
• Handout on educational philosophy• Chapter 3 of textbook provides an
introduction to learning theory.• Learning theory literature falls into two
general types: Propounders and Interpreters.
Propounders of Interpreters of Theory
• Propounders are single minded and create a comprehensive, coherent, and internally consistent system of ideas about learning.
• Interpreters reconcile chaos and bring order to learning theory by identifying categories or domains within theory.
Propounders & Interpreters
• Similar to the difference between visionary leaders (Where are we headed?) and
• Pragmatic managers (How can we get there?).
An abundance of Learning theories
• Proponents have produced an abundance of learning theories.
• Interpreters have not fully agreed upon a way to order theories
• A simple division is :1. Behavioral learning theories2. Cognitive learning theories3. Additional learning theories
Seeking order in learning theory
• Elemental learning theories visualize learning as a mechanistic process. They break learning into specific smaller steps and measure progress quantitatively.
• Holistic learning theories visualize learning as an organic process. They assess learning as a holistic process involving multiple factors and measure progress qualitatively.
Elemental learning theory [based on animal studies]
• Thorndike (1898) Animal Intelligence – specific responses are connected to specific stimuli
• Pavlov (1849-1936) Learning is a conditioned response
• Guthrie (1886-1959) learners select stimuli• B. F. Skinner - Reinforcement is the key• Hull – intervening variables determine /
explain response to stimuli
Holistic learning theories
• John Dewey – 1896 – critiqued elemental learning theory
• Tolman (1886-1959) purposive behavior with an emphasis on human purpose
• Behavior was seen as the result of the interplay of a wide variety of forces, not just a simple stimuli – response pattern.
• Piaget – learning is a process of human development
A Key Proponent: Tyler (1950)
• Basic principles of curriculum and instruction• Builds on Thorndike’s belief that learning
consisted of building up connections between specific stimuli and specific responses
• Set educational objectives plan & complete educational exercises evaluate learning
A Key Proponent: Friere (1970)
• Learning occurs within socially constructed social order which positions some to learn and oppressively selects some to fail.
• Those who fail can learn if they become conscious of the social oppression in which they live and if they see learning as a way out.
• He developed a “consciousness raising” approach to literacy education.
A Key Proponent: Mezirow (1981)
• Transformative learning occurs that radically changes the perspectives of the learner, transforming him or her into a different person.
• Transformative learning can be planned and facilitated.