GMOs in the Pipelines in Developing Countries -focus on public sector products-
Desiree M. Hautea, Ph.D. Research Professor & UP Scientist III University of the Philippines Los Banos College, Laguna, Philippines PRRI Side Event, COP-MOP 7, September 29, 2014 Pyeongchang, South Korea
Current situation regarding GMOs in food and agriculture
• GM crops - large land areas are cultivated in
different countries worldwide; • GM trees - a small number are grown in China • GM livestock or fish – none released for food
purposes • GM micro-organisms- used in food processing,
production of food ingredients, animal nutrition and development of vaccines to manage livestock and fish diseases
Source: FAO.2013. http://www.fao.org/biotech/biotech-forum/
GM Crops in the pipeline in developing countries
(Examples from Asia) Country Traits Crops Developer
China high lysine and/or low phytate content,
insect resistance, herbicide tolerance,
disease resistance
maize, rapeseed, rice, soybean
and wheat
Various national research
institutes and univiersities
India Insect resistance , disease resistance,
drought tolerance, delayed ripening,
male sterile, female fertile, high iron,
enhanced Vit A
cotton, eggplant, chickpea, castor,
sorghum, sugarcane, rice, tomato,
groundnut, papaya, potato,
watermelon, mustard
Various national crop research
institutes, universities
Public-private partnerships
Bangladesh Insect resistance, disease resistance
and enhanced Vit A
brinjal (eggplant), potato, rice National crop research
institutes with public and
private partners
Pakistan, virus resistant, insect resistant,
herbicide tolerance, drought/salt
tolerance
Cotton, maize, sugarcane and
wheat
National crop research
institutes
Iran Insect resistance, herbicide tolerance Rice, cotton, sugar beet, canola
and alfalfa
National crop research
institute
Indonesia drought tolerance, disease resistance sugarcane, potato National crop research
institutes with public or private
sector partners
Philippines Insect resistance, enhanced Vit. A,
delayed ripening
eggplant, cotton, rice, papaya National crop research
institutes and universities with
public or private sector
partners
Source: FAO. 2013.. http://www.fao.org/biotech/biotech-forum/
GM Crops in the pipeline in developing countries
(Examples from Africa) Country Traits Crops Developers
South Africa Drought tolerance, disease
resistance, increased yield,
alternative products, enhanced
nutrition, modified starch
Maize, cassava, sugarcane,
potatoes, sorghum
National crop research institutes and
universities with public or private
sector and regional partners
Uganda Insect resistance, disease
resistance, drought tolerance,
Nutrition enhancement (Fe and
Pro-vitamin A)
Cotton, cassava, banana, maize
Kenya Insect resistance, disease
resistance , drought tolerance,
Enhanced levels of iron and zinc,
protein, Vitamin A and E
Cotton, maize, cassava
Tanzania disease resistance, insect
resitance , drought tolerance
cassava, cotton, maize
Nigeria Insect resistance, Nutrition
enhancement for increase in
levels of Vit. A, iron, zinc, protein
Sorghum, cowpea, cassava
Burkina Faso Insect resistance cowpea
Egypt Insect resistance, disease
resistance, drought tolerance,
salt tolerance
Maize, cotton, wheat, potato
Source: FAO. 2013. http://www.fao.org/biotech/biotech-forum/
GMOs in the pipeline in developing countries (Examples from Latin America)
Source: Ruane, J. 2013. An FAO e-mail conference on GMOs in the pipeline in developing countries: The moderator’s summary. FAO. http://www.fao.org/biotech/biotech-forum/
Country Traits Crops Reference document in FAO e-
mail conference (2012)
Brazil virus resistance, drought
tolerance and heat
tolerance
soybean, cotton,
sugarcane, maize and
common beans
Santana, 76; Ramos, 82;
Parrott, 97; Sampaio, 106)
Argentina insect and virus
resistance, herbicide
tolerance, drought
resistance and modified
fatty acid profile
cotton, maize, potato,
rice, soybean, sugarcane
and wheat
Gadaleta (72)
Other GMOs in the pipeline in developing countries
Source: FAO. 2013. http://www.fao.org/biotech/biotech-forum/
Sector Country Traits Species Developer
GM fish China better growth rates and
feed conversion efficiencies
carp National research
institute
GM
livestock
Iran Bioreactor for human
pharmaceuticals
Goat National research
institutes
GM insect Brazil Male sterility Aides aegypti National institute and
private partner
Brazil public-sector: Virus resistant beans (approved for commercialization)
• highly nutritious and appreciated in Brazil (ca.16 kg per person/year)
• Brazil is the largest producer – ca. 20% of the global production - not enough
• 70% produced by small farmers (<100 hectares).
• golden mosaic virus - transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci - annual losses vary between 90,000 and 280,000 tons in Brazil
• hundreds of thousands of hectares either abandoned or could not be cultivated without heavy use of insecticides
• search for bean varieties resistant to the golden mosaic virus (BGMV) begun in the 70′s
• Resistance through RNAi – mimics natural silencing mechanisms.
Photo F. Aragão - EMBRAPA Slide courtesy of Lucia de Souza
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran
دستاوردهاي با قابليت تجاري
Slide Source: B. Ghareyazie
Drought-tolerant sugarcane in Indonesia already approved for food and environmental release
Drought response for 8 days after stop watering, from the left GM cane 3T, 4T, 5T, control cane (BL)
Root profile of wild type (left) and GM cane (right)
Source: Adapted from Sugiharto, 2014
Late blight resistant potato in India, Bangladesh & Indonesia
Kufri jyoti SP951
Kufri jyoti and Katahdin (SP951). July 2006 at CPRI, Shimla
Non-GM Katahdin and SP951. Early 2007 at IVEGRI, Lembang
Slide Source: ABSPII South and Seast Asia
Golden Rice
• A new type of rice that contains beta carotene, a source of vitamin A.
• It is being developed as a potential new food-based approach to improve vitamin A status.
Phytoene synthase (Psy) gene from maize
Phytoene desaturase (crtI) gene from a common soil
microorganism Ordinary Rice
+ and
Slide Source: ET Rasco Jr., 2014
Insect resistant
cowpea in W. Africa
Cassava Resistant to mosaic
disease / brown streak in E. Africa
Source: Larry Beach
Disease resistant
banana in E. Africa
Source: Larry Beach
Using genetic engineering to solve problems difficult to address with conventional
breeding around pest & diseases to increase resilience to biotic stresses
Sourc
e: C
hri
s R
ey,
Univ
ers
ity
of th
e
Witw
aters
rand, S
outh
Afr
ica
Examples of current USAID-funded biotech projects – pests & diseases
Insect resistant
Eggplant in S. & SE Asia Slide Source: Adapated from J. McMurdy, 2014
Nitrogen use efficient,
water use efficient
Pearl Millet
Example current biotech projects – abiotic stress
Using genetic engineering to increase the natural resource and fertilizer
use efficiency and resilience to climate change of major staples
Nitrogen use efficient, water use efficient,
saline tolerant NERICA, Indica, Japonica Rice
Nitrogen use
efficient Maize
Source: Pioneer
Sourc
e: S
ahar
ah M
oon C
hap
otin
Source: Naseco Seeds
Heat Tolerant
Wheat
Source
: WT
SU
Slide Source: Adapted from J. McMurdy, 2014
The Philippine Experience with Fruit and Shoot Borer-Resistant (FSBR) Eggplant
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
ナス (Japanese) (www.savortheworld.net)
茄子 (Chinese) (photo by Dave Bullock)
Talong (Filipino) (photo c/o ABSPII SEAsia)
Brinjal (India) (www.hollywoodpatch.com)
Brinjal (Bangladesh) (www.uncorneredmarket.com)
Terung (Indonesia) (www.uncorneredmarket.com
)
• Belongs to Solanaceae, the nightshade family, which includes tomatoes, potatoes, chili, peppers
• Also known as aubergine in
the West and other local names in various countries
• Exhibit a wide range of
variation in colors, shapes and sizes
Eggplant – The fruit
Ph
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BSP
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Philippines
Bangladesh
India Very popular, economically and
culturally important vegetable
Superior in terms of fiber, vitamins
and minerals; contains no fat , 25
calories
Consumed in rural and urban
areas as ingredients in many
native dishes
Top Ten Eggplant Producing Countries are in Asia (hectares of area planted)
Sources: FAO CropStat 2011; BBS 2010* Area of Production: 1,820,994 has
WORLD
787,000 has #1 CHINA
52,233 has #3 INDONESIA
45,020 has #4 EGYPT
27,000 has #6 TURKEY
38,785 has #5 IRAN
21,377 has #7 PHILIPPINES
680,00 has #2 INDIA
11,320 has #10 SRI LANKA
19,917 has #8 IRAQ
#9 BANGLADESH* 17, 959 has
Eggplant in the Philippines
• # 1 in area of production among top vegetables
• #1 in volume of production among top vegetables
• Contributes Php 2.5 Billion annually in agriculture
Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, CropStat, 2013 (http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph)
Eggplant is a very important vegetable crop in the Philippines
Rationale for developing Bt eggplant
• Significant yield loss due to insect damage
• Excessive use of pesticides and potential harm to human health and environment
• Higher cost of production due to pesticides
• No effective resistance in conventional varieties
Major Constraint to Eggplant Production
Adult moth Destructive larva
Ph
oto
cou
rtesy of R
ao,
20
10
Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (EFSB) (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee)
most destructive insect pest of eggplant (60-70% yield loss)
Exterior fruit damage Fruit damage Shoot damage Stem damage
RESISTANT
EGGPLANT
VARIETY
Use of
Parasitoids,
Predators Pruning,
Sanitation
Pheromone
Trap
Chemical
Control
Management Programs for
EFSB
Spraying Practices to Control FSB
• Bangladesh - more than 140 times during
a cropping season of 180-200 days (Rashid et al, 2003)
• Philippines - up to 80 times per cropping
season (Quicoy, 2010)
• India – up to 35 times each growing season (Kolady and Lesser, 2008)
• “The number of spray operations per week has been proven to have significant association with the likelihood of experiencing neurobehavioral, respiratory & intestinal symptoms in a study among Indonesian farmers.”- Kishi et al., 1995
Health Effects of Organophosphate, Pyrethroid and Carbamate Insecticides Used to Control EFSB and Effects to Prolonged Exposure
Lu, J.L. 2012. Pesticide residues in eggplant during dry and wet seasons in Sta. Maria Pangasinan. J. Crop Sci.: 37(3): 93-98 Photo Sources: M.V. Navasero and JL Lu
Discovery Product Development Commercialization
Product
concept
Gene
discovery
Transfor-
mation
Event
selection
Field
trials
Variety release
registration
& seed
multiplication
Post-
release
marketing
Philippine Bt Eggplant Development Pathway
Further breeding
and
line selection
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bt cry1Ac
gene Bt cry1Ac
gene
incorporat
ed into
eggplant
MAHYCO
EE-1
eggplant
EE-1
Bt eggplant
> 10 years in development (2003-present)
Bt Eggplant Product Development and
Regulatory Status
Confined Field Trial
Multi-location Field
Trials
Safety Assessment
and Approval
INDIA BANGLADESH PHILIPPINES
Completed Mahyco (2000-2002) Public partners (2003-2004)
Completed 2005- 2008 initial crosses, importation, backcrossing & selection
Completed 2003-2007 initial crosses, importation, backcrossing & selection
Completed Mahyco (2002-2004) Start regulatory dossier
Completed 2007-2008 (19 lines, single location trial)
Completed (2009) Hybrid – LST (2009) TNAU-OPV (2008_ UAS – OPV (2009)
Completed 2010 9 OPVs, 7 locations
Completed 2009-2013 3 OPVs, 4 hybrids, 4 locations
Completed 2009 Biosafety approved by GEAC
Completed 2013 Biosafety and commercial release approved in 2013
Pending Court case
Moratorium 2nd season commercial planting
Contained Trial
Market Release
Figure 1. (a) Healthy EFSB larva fed with terminal leaf of untransformed DLP and (b) an abnormal EFSB on terminal leaf of Mara 030-027.
a b
Figure 1. (a) Healthy EFSB larva fed with terminal leaf of untransformed DLP and (b) an abnormal EFSB on terminal leaf of Mara 030-027.
a bEFSB larva feeding on
non-Bt egglant leaf EFSB larva feeding on
Bt egglant leaf
Effect on EFSB larva
Fruit Damage: UPLB Bt vs. Non-Bt Eggplant
Non-Bt Eggplant UPLB Bt Eggplant
NO significant difference
between Bt+ and Bt- plots
on type and number of
• sucking arthropods
• soil arthropods
• beneficial arthropods
Effects Non-target Arthropods
Potential Socio-economic Impacts
• Positive returns to farmers and producers
>200 % increase in farm income
– P50,000 additional per hectare of production
• Positive impact on reducing poverty among farmer-adopters and improving the nutritional status of the eggplant consumers
– net impact to poverty was a decrease in the number of poor farmers in eggplant farming households
• Significant aggregate benefits for human health, farm animals, beneficial insects, and avian species
Source: Francisco, 2007; Francisco et al. 2009a, 2009b, Aragon, 2009
Public participation – Posting of public information sheet (PIS) at different trial
sites
Municipal Agriculture Office, Sta. Maria, Pangasinan
Brgy. Heath Center, Tuntungin-Putho, LB, Laguna
Brgy. Hall, San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur
Municipal Hall, Sta. Barbara, Iloilo
Zone 4 waiting shed of Brgy. Guadalupe, Baybay, Leyte
UP Mindanao Announcement Board, Davao City
Wet market, Kabacan, N. Cotabato
Public participation – consultations & information campaigns
Continuing Challenges ….
Thank You
and
Questions