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U.S. Energy Infrastructure Investment:Large-Scale Integrated Smart Grid
Solutions with High Penetrationof Renewable Resources, Dispersed
Generation, and Customer Participation
White Paper
Power Systems Engineering Research Center
A National Science FoundationIndustry/University Cooperative Research Center
since 1996
PSERC
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Intentionally Blank Page
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U.S.EnergyInfrastructureInvestment:
LargeScaleIntegratedSmartGridSolutions
withHighPenetrationofRenewable
Resources,DispersedGeneration,
andCustomerParticipation
APSERCWhitePaper
PSERCPublication0901
March2009
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InformationaboutthiswhitepaperForinformationaboutthiswhitepapercontact:
VijayVittal
Director,Power
Systems
Engineering
Research
Center
IraA.FultonChairProfessor,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
IraA.FultonSchoolofEngineering
ArizonaStateUniversity
Phone:(480)9651879
Email:[email protected]
PowerSystemsEngineeringResearchCenterThe Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) is amultiuniversity Center
conductingresearchonchallengesfacingtheelectricpowerindustryandeducatingthe
nextgenerationofpowerengineers.
Ourcorepurpose: Empoweringmindstoengineerthefutureelectricenergysystem
Whatsimportanttous: Pursuing,discoveringandtransferringknowledge Producinghighlyqualifiedandtrainedengineers Collaboratinginallwedo
Moreinformation
about
PSERC
can
be
found
at
the
Centers
website:
http://www.pserc.org.PSERCcanbecontactedat:
PowerSystemsEngineeringResearchCenter
ArizonaStateUniversity
577EngineeringResearchCenter
Tempe,Arizona852875706
Phone:4809651643
Fax:4809650745
NoticeConcerningCopyrightMaterialAllpagesofthiswhitepaperincludingthecovermaybefreelycopied,distributed,and
postedonwebsites.Allusesofthisdocumentmustacknowledgeitspublicationbythe
PowerSystemsEngineeringResearchCenter.
2009BoardofRegentsofArizonaStateUniversity.Allrightsreserved.
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Power Systems Engineering Research Center
Letter from the Director
March 2009
The 21st
century will witness unprecedented growth of electricity as the dominant energy carri-
er. Such reliance on electricity requires resolution of numerous challenges related to the exist-
ing electricity grid. Much attention is being given to smart grid development in the U.S. and
around the world. In the future, the name smart grid may be associated with a period in time
in which the evolution of grid technologies moved quickly toward their convergence with com-munications, sensor, and information technologies. The goals of this evolutionary change in-
clude harmonizing old with new energy production technologies, enabling bidirectional energy
exchange between service providers and customers, and facilitating system integration across
the electricity enterprise.
This white papers purpose is to advance progress toward a future grid that is even more relia-
ble, safe, efficient, secure, resilient, flexible and economic than the present grid. PS ERC has tak-
en a step back from current discussions of particular smart grid technologies, functionality, and
standards to try to answer commonly heard questions about the vision of a smart grid and how
to make it a reality. We suggest what the next steps could be for research, development, dem-
onstration, and deployment activities that will help in achieving successful implementation ofan envisioned smart grid.
We hope that this white paper will contribute to solving the challenges in the evolution of the
legacy electric energy system to meet changing national priorities while improving service to
customers and society at-large using leading-edge concepts, architectures, technologies and
analytical tools.
Sincerely,
Vijay Vittal
Director
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AcknowledgementsandDisclaimerThiswhitepaperisintendedtopromotediscussiononthevisionofasmartgridandthetasks
neededforitstimelyimplementation.ThewhitepaperwaspreparedbythePowerSystemsEn
gineeringResearchCenter(PSERC)inanindustryuniversitycollaborativeeffort.Itscontentsdo
notnecessarily
reflect
the
views
of
any
of
the
organizations
who
are
PSERC
members,
including
thoseorganizationsofthemajorcontributorstothewhitepaper.
Themajorcontributorstothiswhitepaperwere:
LisaBeard TVA
NavinBhatt AEP
AnjanBose WashingtonStateUniversity
IanDobson UniversityofWisconsinMadison
FloydGalvan Entergy
JayGiri AREVAT&D
GeraldT.
Heydt
Arizona
State
University
WardJewell WichitaStateUniversity
MladenKezunovic TexasA&MUniversity
JimMcCalley IowaStateUniversity
SakisMeliopoulos GeorgiaTechUniversity
JamesMomoh HowardUniversity
DennisRay PSERC
PeterSauer UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana/Champaign
VijayVittal ArizonaStateUniversity
Ourthanks
go
to
others
in
PSERC
who
also
made
contributions.
PSERCacknowledges itsaffiliationwithNationalScienceFoundation Industry/UniversityCo
operativeResearchCenterprogramunderwhichPSERCwascreated.
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U.S.EnergyInfrastructureInvestment:
LargeScaleIntegratedSmartGridSolutionswithIncreasedPenetration
ofRenewableResources,DispersedGeneration,andCustomerParticipation
The evolutionary path of theU.S. electricity grid is at an historical crossroad.Decisions are
going tobemadeabout thedirectionofgriddevelopment so that itcanmeetextraordinary
economicchallenges,criticalneeds forenergysecurity,andessential requirements forasus
tainablewayoflife.Thisisadefiningmomentintermsofournationscommitmenttoprovid
ing an electric energy system, including the bulk transmission network, thatmeets societal
needsofthe21stcenturyandbeyond.Amajorevolutionarystepinthegridsdesign,planning,
andoperation isneededusingnewdesignconceptsand innovative technologies thatcanbe
integratedintoamoderninfrastructure.TheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActof2009
providesopportunitiestoachievethesefarreachingobjectives.
ThiswhitepaperwascreatedbythePowerSystemEngineeringResearchCenter(PSERC),ana
tionalconsortiumofuniversities,government,andindustry.Drawingonthedifferingperspec
tivesofmembersofthatcollaborativeprovidesinsightsintohowtointegratetheoreticalcon
ceptswithpracticalconsiderations.Thepaperdescribesavisionandneededstepsforreaching
anationalobjectiveofhavingasmartgrid infrastructure.Demonstrationsofasmartgridare
neededtoidentifypossibleimprovementsandtoshoweffectivenessfromthegenerationsys
tem,tothebulktransmissionanddistributionnetworks,andfinallytothecustomerpremises.
Thevisiondescribed inthiswhitepapercanmakeasignificantcontributiontotheU.S.DOEs
effortstoleadthenationindevelopinganddeployingasmartgridsolutionthatwillefficiently
supportalowcarbonenergyinfrastructureportfolio.
Thispapersfocusisontechnologicalconsiderationsindevelopingsmartgridsolutions.Howev
er,tomaximizethebenefitsofasmartgrid,demonstrationsshouldallowforrigorousassessmentofcustomerparticipationchallenges,too. Inaddition,publicpolicyscenariosshouldbe
consideredwhentheyaffectdecisionsonsmartgridimplementation.
Thesevenobjectivesofthesmartgrid,asidentifiedbytheU.S.DOE,are:
1. Enablinginformedparticipationbycustomers2. Accommodatingallgenerationandstorageoptions3. Enablingnewproducts,services,andmarkets4. Providingthepowerqualityfortherangeofneedsinthe21stcenturyeconomy5. Optimizingassetutilizationandoperatingefficiently6. Addressingdisturbancesthroughautomatedprevention,containment,andrestora
tion
7. Operatingresilientlyagainstallhazards.
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Meetingthesefunctionalneedsofasmartgridwillrequireconsiderationnotonlyoftheend
statewhenasmartgridvisionisrealized,buttheevolutionaryperiodtothatstateduringwhich
thelegacyinfrastructurewillbeusedsidebysidewithnewtechnologies.
Asmartgridresearchanddevelopmentefforthastoharmonizethreeprincipalaspectsofthe
futuregrid:
Expansionoftheelectricitygridinfrastructure.Thisaspectincludes(1)buildingnewinfrastructuretoreplaceaginginfrastructurewhileexpandinggridcapacity,(2)improving
theoperationandefficiencyoftheexistinginfrastructure,and(3)developingnovelcon
cepts,technologiesandapplications.Thesmartgridwillintegraterenewablegeneration
anddistributedenergysources.Itwillalsoenablecreativeoptionsforcustomerstopar
ticipate insystemoperationsbyofferingtheir loadsandstoragecapability(suchasby
using plugin hybrid electric vehicles) as resources. Customers alsowant options for
makingtheirownusagemoreenergyandcostefficient(suchasthroughbuildingenergy
managementsystems.
Introductionof information technology, communications infrastructure,andmodernsensorsatlargescalesforbothonlineandbackofficeservicestofacilitatetheoperationandmanagementofassets.Smartgridinnovationswillexpandtheuseofcomput
ersand communications.Theywillalsoaddnew sensor technologies,databaseman
agementsystems,dataprocessingcapabilities,computernetworkingfacilities,meansof
cybersecurity,andvisualizationtoolsforassetoperatorsandmanagers.
Incorporationofnewmonitoring, control,andprotectionapplications thatare integratedandoperateseamlessly.Thesmartgridwillhavetechnologicaladvancesinmon
itoring, datatoinformation conversion and visualization technologies, and advanced
controlandprotectionschemes.Theseadvanceswillbe for integrating renewable re
sourcesand
distributed
generation,
for
supporting
customer
choices,
for
facilitating
risk
basedassetmanagementandcontrolstrategies,andfor improvingefficiencyandpro
tectionofthegrid.
Thesmartgriddemonstrationscompletedsofarhavenotbeensufficientlycomprehensive,in
tegrative,andatascalesufficienttoprovidetheinsightsneededforlargescalesmartgriddep
loyment.Mostdemonstrationprojectshavebeenlimitedtoadvancedmeteringinfrastructure
(AMI) that includes smartmeters. Demonstrations have used communications technologies
suchasbroadbandoverpower line (BPL)andwirelesscommunications, andhave testedcus
tomertechnologiesfordemandsidemanagement(DSM).
Suchdemonstrationshaveprovided insightsonportionsofacomprehensivesmartgridsolu
tion.Most
AMI
and
DSM
applications
were
limited
either
by
the
technology
(e.g.,
no
two
way
communicationbetweenthecustomerandtheutility)orbythescope(e.g.,limitedoptionsfor
controllingloadsornotestingoftimeofusepricing).Whatisneedednowisaclearvisionofa
systemwidesmartgrid.Withthatvision,itwillbepossibletoconductthenecessaryresearch,
developmentanddemonstrationofintegratedsolutionsthatmeettheoverarchingobjectiveof
enhancingperformanceoftheentiresystemranging fromthegenerationsource,tothegrid,
andfinallytothecustomer.
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Admittedlythestateofknowledgeneedstogrowontheuseofsmartgridtechnologiesatthe
bulktransmission level.Forexample,asignificanteffort indeploying technology forsynchro
nizedphasormeasurementsisunderwaythroughtheNorthAmericanSynchrophasorInitiative;
however,thebenefitsandramificationsofthistechnologyareyettobefullyexplored.
There isacriticalneedforresearch,development,anddemonstrationof largescalesolutions
thatwill
revolutionize
the
design,
planning,
and
operation
of
the
electric
energy
network.
A
largescaledemonstrationcanbeused tocomprehensivelyassessandevaluatethe feasibility
andmeritofapplyingsmartgridtechnologiesonthebulktransmissionsystem,distributionsys
tem,andcustomerpremises.Thus,thereisaneedtobroadenthefocusofthesmartgriddem
onstrationsbeyondtheexistingdistributionandcustomerorientedprojects.Aholisticperspec
tiveisneededusingasystemvisionofasmartgridthatincludesbulktransmission.
Inthiswhitepaper,asystematicapproachissuggestedtoidentifyingthechallengesofintegrat
ingamixofenergygeneration,storage,andcustomer resources;and todevelopingan inte
gratedoperationsframeworkacrosstheelectricenergyenterprise.Thisframeworkcanbeused
(1)tomeetestablishedandupdatedreliabilitycriteria,(2)tofacilitatemarketmechanisms,and
(3)to
ensure
efficiency
and
economy.
The
approach
incorporates
the
smart
grid
functions
se
lectedby theU.S.DOE. Itaddresses thePresidentsgoalof facilitatingagreeneconomyand
makingtheU.S.moreselfsufficientinmeetingitsenergyneeds.
Therearefourcrucialstepsinadvancingasmartgrid:
Defineavisionofanintegratedsolution Conceptualizetheoverallsmartgridarchitecture Conductresearchanddevelopmenttocreateanintegratedsolution Moveforwardwithstakeholdercollaborationandlargescaledemonstrations.
Thesestepsaredescribedinthenextfoursections.
I. DefineaVisionforIntegratedSystemsOperationsTheproposedvisionfor integratedsystemsoperationmustsatisfytheobjectivesofthesmart
grid, suchas those identifiedby theU.S.DOE.To satisfy theobjectives, thereneeds tobea
novelmappingofsmartgridapplicationtotheproposed infrastructure.Fig.1 illustrateshow
infrastructureandapplicationsolutionsmaybemappedtoobjectives.Thevisionneedstoes
tablishcategoriesofnewapplicationsthataremoreeffectivethantheexistingonesinachiev
ing the smartgridgoals.Thiswhitepaperplacesanemphasison researchanddevelopment
needstodefine,create,andtestnewapplicationsthatintegratetheoperationsacrosstheen
tire grid enterprise including generation, transmission, distribution, and enduse customers.
Thecoreofthenewapplicationsis integrationofmassivesourcesofdatameasuredfromthe
grid,andextractionofinformationthatcanservetheneedsofthestakeholders:marketopera
tors,generatorowners,wirescompanies,and,mostofall,customers.
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Fig.1:Mapping
Solutions
to
Objectives
Integration of smart grid solutions requires a versatile communication infrastructure that is
muchmore flexible than theexistingone.Fig.2 illustratesacommunicationsystem thatwill
providetheneededintegration.Thecommunicationrequirementsofthesmartgridaremuch
moredemandingthanofthelegacygrid.Therealtimerequirementsforexchangeofdataand
informationrequirelowlatencyandredundancyincommunicationpaths.Thebackofficedata
processing and storage requires communication support for distributed databases and
processingfacilities.Thecommunicationinfrastructurealsohastoenablethespecialprotection
schemes critical to reliable system operation and control. Recent developments of modern
communicationarchitectures,
such
as
the
North
American
Synchrophasor
Initiative
net,
are
a
stepforward,butmoreworkisneededtofullyunderstandthecommunicationrequirementsof
newapplicationsinasmartgrid.
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Control
Center
Substation 1
Measurement1
Measurement i
Substation
Server 1
L
A
N Executive Unit1
Executive Unit i
Substation 2
Measurement1
Measurement i
Substation
Server 2
L
A
N
Executive Unit1
Executive Unit i
Substation 3
Measurement1
Measurement i
Substation
Server 3
L
A
N
Executive Unit1
Executive Unit i
SPS 1
Power System
Communication Systems
SPS 2
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Fig.2:CommunicationamongSystemElements
II. ConceptualizetheOverallSmartGridArchitectureAconceptualarchitectureofthesmartgridisdepictedinFig.3.Theproposedarchitecturead
vocatesa synergyof computingandphysical resources,andenvisionsa trustworthymiddle
wareprovidingservicestogridapplicationsthroughmessagepassingandtransactions.Thear
chitecturealsoaccounts forapower system infrastructureoperatingonmultiple spatialand
temporal scales.That infrastructuremust support growingpenetrationofdistributedenergy
resources.Therewillalsobethousandsofsensorsandactuatorsthatwillbeconnectedtothe
gridand
to
its
supporting
information
network.
Energy
generation,
transmission,
and
distribu
tionwillbe controlledbyanew generationof cyberenabledand cybersecureenergyman
agement systems (EMS)withahigh fidelitysupervisorycontrolanddataacquisition (SCADA)
frontend.
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LOADS
legacysystems
withlargeDERs
legacysystemswith
manysmallDERs
LOADS
LOADS
LOADS
Fig.3:ArchitectureforProposedIntegratedSmartGridSystem
TheinformationnetworkwillmergethecapabilitiesoftraditionalEMSandSCADAwiththenext
generationofsubstationautomationsolutions.Itwill(1)enablemultiscalenetworkedsensing
andprocessing,(2)allowtimelyinformationexchangeacrossthegrid,and(3)facilitatetheclos
ingofa largenumberofcontrol loops inrealtime.Thiswillensuretheresponsivenessofthe
commandandcontrolinfrastructureinachievingoverallsystemreliabilityandperformanceob
jectives.
III. ConductResearchandDevelopmenttoCreateanIntegratedSmartGridSolution
Muchattentionisbeingpaidtocustomerlevelsmartgriddevicesincurrentsmartgriddiscus
sions. There also needs to be planning for the implementation of a smart grid at the bulk
transmission level. Thisplanningmustaddress challenges toachievehighpenetrationof re
newableenergyresourcesatdifferentvoltageandpowerlevelsinanenvironmentwhereoper
atingmarginsaredecliningduetoloadgrowthandretirementoflegacygenerationresources.
The following tasksareneeded tocreatean integrated smartgridbulk transmissionsolution
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thatensurestheseamlessaccommodationofgreen resourcesandguarantees thatoperating
criteriawillbesatisfiedevenunderextremesystemloadingconditions.
1. Developandestablishforwardlooking,updatedoperationscriteriaincludingmethods,tools,andoperationalstructureoftheinterconnection
Regionalentities
of
the
North
American
Electric
Reliability
Corp.
(NERC)
establish
reliability
cri
teriathatarenecessaryto implement,toaugment,ortocomplywithreliabilitystandards. In
broadterms,theregionalcriteriadescribehowplanningandoperationsneedtobedonetoen
suregridreliability.Thus,thecriteriacan include,forexample,operatingpracticesandproto
cols,tools,methods,andorganizationalprocesses.Acriticalelementofanintegratedsolution
approachwillbedevelopingappropriate systemoperations criteria thataccount forvariable
power output from renewable resources. New riskbased operations criteria will also be
neededtobalanceeconomicandreliabilitygoalswhileaccountingfortheincreaseduncertainty
inthesystem.
Theupdatedoperationscriteriawillneed to includecontrolareaandbalancingareadesigns
thataccount
for
increased
penetration
of
renewables.
The
criteria
must
provide
interoperability
standardsandcriteriathatenableflexibledeploymentofnewandoldgenerationsources.The
criteriamustensurethatthegridcontinuestoberesilientunder increaseduncertaintyabout
systemconditionsandresourceavailability.
Models,operationalstructure,andanalysistoolsforstudyingrequirementsforinteroperability
standardswillbeneeded.Thesetoolsmusthavethecapabilitytoallowexaminationoflegacy
andnewcriteria,andtoquantifytheimpactofproposedcriteriaonpowersystemseconomics
andreliability,particularlyunderextremeevents.
Researchanddevelopmentshouldbeconductedinanumberofareas.
a) Measurementsandsensors:Developmentofhighbandwidth,highaccuracycurrentandvoltagetransformers,andothertypesofsensors,suchassensorsthatmonitormechan
icalvariablesof the transmission infrastructure.Phasormeasurementunitsandother
GPSenabledintelligentelectronicdeviceswillplayacriticalroleintheenvisionedsmart
gridsolution.Methodswillalsobeneededforintrasubstationdatacollectionandsto
rage.
b) Communications: A high bandwidth network capable of intrasubstation, intersubstation,andcontrolcentercommunicationwillberequired to facilitate largescale
datacollection,localprocessing,anddistilledinformationtransfer.Akeyfeatureofthis
architecturewillbecommunicationsmanagementviaadvancedmiddleware.
c) Integration of information technology: The envisioned information technology infrastructurewillalsoincludedistributeddatabasesthatrequirelocalanddistributedman
agementaddressingrealtimeandofflinerequirements.Thearchitecturereliesonlocal
processing capabilities toperformdata integration and information extraction.Cyber
securityanddata integrity issueswillneedtobeaddressedtoensurethatoperational
criteriaaremet.
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d) Monitoringandsupervisorycontrol:Theproposedsmartgridsolutionneedstoprovideadvanced visualizationand situationawareness, intelligent alarmingand alarmsman
agement, theability toquantify reliabilityandmarketperformanceasoperationaids,
andsupervisorycontrolaidsduringalertandemergencyconditions.
e) Intelligentrecoveryandrestoration:Withtheneedtomonitorandcontrolasystemondiverse
spatial
and
temporal
scales,
ahigh
degree
of
coordination,
and
automation
is
imperativewhenrestoringasystemfollowingmajoroutages.Thiswillrequiredevelop
mentof specialmonitoringmethodsandonlineanalytical toolsnot currently inuse,
andwillalso involve thedevelopmentofoperatoraids to translate restorationproce
duresintoactions.
f) Wideareacontrolandprotection:Newrequirementsforcontrolandprotectionwillresult fromthewidediversityofthedistributedenergyresources interconnectedtothe
gridatarangeofvoltagelevels.Tomanageandenhancethespeedandeffectivenessof
suchfunctions,innovationswillbeneededinsynchrophasorbasedmonitoring,relaying
andcontrol,fastutilizationofFACTSdevicesforsystemwidechangingconditions,sup
pressionof
inter
area
oscillations,
system
integrity
protection
schemes,
and
adaptive
is
landingasalastresort.
g) Onlinegridcontrolandmanagement tools:The increasingcomplexityandsizeof theelectricenergysystemwillalsonecessitatenewdevelopments in(1)faststateestima
tionthatwillreplaceSCADAdataforoperatordisplays,(2)intelligentintegrated(static,
dynamic,voltage)contingencyanalysis,(3)OPFbasedcontroldecisionsduringreliability
ormarketdeterioration, (4)direct statemeasurements that replace stateestimation,
(5)fastsimulationtechniquesforrealtimecontingencyapplications,and(6)systemre
presentation andmodeling for operations (real time) and planning (offline) applica
tions.
2. Analyzethelikelyinteractionsofrenewableresourcesandstoragewiththebulktransmissionsystem
The increased penetration of renewable resourceswill necessitate the need for largescale
energystorageatthebulktransmissionlevel.Itwillbecomplextoconductarigorousinvestiga
tion of the interactions between renewable resources and largescale storage in the bulk
transmission system.The investigationwillneed to account for the variabilityofpower and
energyoutputfromrenewableresources,andincorporateinteractionsamongdiverserenewa
bleresources(e.g.,wind,solar,andbiomass).Theeffectofrenewableresourcesandstorageon
powersystemoperationshouldbeexamined,suchasbalancingauthorityfunctions,automatic
generationcontrol,
and
market
operation.
Theseanalyseshavenotbeencarriedoutforlargescaleintegrationofrenewables.Novelana
lyticalapproachesandtoolswillhavetobedeveloped.
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3. Assesstheeffectsofhighpenetrationoflowcarbonsolutionsalongwithimplementationofpossiblepolicyscenarios(suchascapandtrade)oninvestmentandoperations,andon
economicprofitabilityandriskundertodaysmarketdesignstodeterminewhetherthose
designsneedtobechangedinthefuture
Tofacilitatethepenetrationofrenewableresources,anintegratedapproachthataccountsfor
bothsystem
operations
and
the
underlying
market
mechanisms
is
essential.
This
integrated
analysisunderplausiblefuturescenariosshouldaccountforrenewableresources,demandre
sourceprogramsenabledbyasmartgrid,massiveenergystorage,atransmissiongridbackbone
ofHVDCandHVAC technologies,andcentralstationgeneration (including legacygeneration,
andnewnuclear,cleancoal,andotherrelevantgenerationtechnologies).
4.DeveloptechnologiesandtoolstofacilitatecustomerparticipationCustomerresponsetocommunications(suchasprices)fromserviceprovidersplaysanimpor
tantroleintheschemeenvisagedforasmartgridthatisintegratingrenewablesources.Tech
nologiesandtoolsthatfacilitatecustomerparticipationmustbedevelopedandincorporatedin
thesmart
grid
vision.
This
research
activity
should
consider:
Demandsidemanagement Intelligentmetering Useofpluginhybridandallelectricvehicles Aggregationasameansofcollectiveparticipation Loadasaresource Newdesignsforinformationsharingandtransactinginanenergyexchangesystem Factorsthatdrivecustomerandbusinessadoptionofnewtechnologiesandwaysof
transacting
Businessmodelsinthenewenergyenterprise.IV. Moveforwardwithstakeholdercollaborationandlargescaledemonstra
tions
Thenext step in thepath to smartgrid implementation is toconduct largescaledemonstra
tionsusingthevisionofanintegratedsolutionandarchitecture,andtheapplicationsfromgen
erationsourcestoenduses.Largescaledemonstrationswillfacilitatecontinuingresearchand
development,testing,
and
implementation
of
proposed
solutions.
Anumberofkeystepsshouldbetakentoensureasuccessfullargescaledemonstration.
1. Engagestakeholdersfromthebeginning indefiningthescale,scope,andobjectivestothe endwhen results are evaluated and next steps are discussed. A comprehensive
smartgridsolutionwillrequiresubstantial investment intransmissionanddistribution
systems,willaffectcustomersandenergyserviceprovidersthroughoutaserviceterrito
ry,andwillrelyonmanufacturerstosupplyneededhardwareandsoftware.Themore
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the stakeholder collaboration is from the beginning, the less the uncertainty there
shouldbeabouttheappropriatetechnologies,andtheeffectsandacceptabilityof im
plementationofthosetechnologies. Inaddition, it isusefultoclarifysmartgriddesign
conceptsbasedondiscussionsbetweenacademicsand industryparticipants fullyen
gagedinresearchanddevelopmentaswellasdeploymentofsmartgridtechnologies.
2. Linkthescale,scopeandobjectivestothe informationneededtocommitresourcestobuildingasmartgrid.Ifthedemonstrationdoesnotfillgapsintheinformationneeded,
thentherewillstillbequestionsattheendofthedemonstrationastowhetherandhow
thesmartgridshouldbebuilt.Collaborationamongstakeholderswillbeveryimportant
inidentifyingtheinformationthatneedstobegainedfromthedemonstration.
3. Define themetricsfor evaluating the demonstrations results. The evaluationmetricsshouldbespecifiedfromthebeginningtoensurethatthenecessarydataaregathered
duringthecourseofthedemonstration.Ofcourse,themetricsshouldberelatedtothe
informationgapsthatthedemonstration isseekingtofill.Anevaluationanalysisteam
shouldbeformedasthedemonstrationisbeingplannedsothattheirinputcanbecon
sideredin
the
design.
This
team
should
be
multi
disciplinary
(such
as
engineers,
statisti
cians,consumermarketresearchers,andeconomists)toprovidethemultidisciplinary
informationneededtodecidewhetherandhowtoimplementasmartgridsolution.
4. Coordinatetheplanningofthedemonstrationwithotherdemonstrationprojects.Largescaledemonstrationprojectstakeconsiderableresourcesandtime.Efficiencyandeffec
tivenessof thedemonstrationwillbewellservedby coordinatingwithotherdemon
strationprojectsthatarebeingplannedorthatareinprogress,andbyreviewingresults
ofcompleteddemonstrationprojects.Thiscoordinationwillbefacilitatedbythecom
mondemonstrationprojectdatabasethatisbeingplannedbytheU.S.DOE.
5. Use scientific studymethodologies rather thanjust technology demonstrationswhenappropriate.Justbecauseaproposedsolutionworkstechnicallydoesnotmeanthatitisthepreferredsolution.Resultsinatechnologybaseddemonstrationmaynotbeuseable
inmaking inferencesabouthowallcustomers(betheyendusecustomers,distributed
generation customers, or other types of customers)will change their electric energy
consumptionorproductiondecisionsinresponsetoaparticularsolution.Theremayal
sobecustomeradoptionbarriersthatshouldbeconsideredindevelopingorsellingthe
solution to them.Using scientificapproacheswhereappropriate, suchas in trying to
understandcustomerresponse,couldprovideresultsthatcanbegeneralizedtoanen
tire service territory. Good estimates of customer response are needed to evaluate
smartgridsolutionsevenatthebulktransmission levelwhereplannersneedtoknow
howtransmission
flows
will
be
affected
by
customer
response
to
smart
grid
solutions.
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V. ConclusionsThefourtasksdescribedabovearecrucialtosmartgridresearchanddevelopment,demonstra
tion,andeventualdeployment.Aslearningandinnovationoccursduringthecourseofadem
onstration,changesmaybeneededinthearchitecture,thecomponents,andhowtheyarein
tegratedoperationally.
The
goal
is
to
acquire
the
best
information
possible
for
the
eventual
de
cisionsonwhetherandhowan integratedsmartgridsolutionshouldbe implemented,soad
justingdemonstrationsasneededtoprovidethatinformationcouldbeveryappropriate.
Itisalso importantthatdemonstrationsbedesignedand implementedtogaintheknowledge
neededforasystemwidedeploymentofasmartgrid.Thebulktransmissionsystemshouldbe
includedinthedesign.
Thereareagreatnumberofunknownsinmovingtowardanationalgoalofalowcarbonecon
omy.Thatuncertaintycanbereducedbyeffectivelydesignedlargescaledemonstrationsdraw
ingonresultsofresearchanddevelopmentwork.