Attachment to the diploma project “reclamation > remediation > urbanization” by Emil Nyutstumo Horn, AHO, spring 2015
PHYTOREMEDIATIONa toolbox for phytoremediation design in the
Oslo climate, hardiness zone 6
Introduction
In my diploma project “reclamation > remediation > urbanization”, an important element in designing a green infrastructure for future urbanization in Alna, Oslo, has been dealing with site pollution. Considering the timeframe of a future 2050 situation, using phytoremediation as a way of removing the pollution is a good choice. This list has been compiled to provide a library of plants that can be utilized in the diploma project, not only as a method of remediation, but also as a design element in the landscape.
Scientific nameCommon name
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun
Pollutant
Tolerance to special conditions
quantity Accumulation type
Spatial characterdiagram
Photo
Thriving light conditions
Method
This list is a compilation of plants found in a broad search in material from different sources, and compiled together. It only contains plant species able to grow in a the plant hardiness zone 6, which is the zone that Oslo is in. The species have been cross-checked in the last edition of the Norwegian black list for foreign species (Fremmede arter i Norge, med norsk svarteliste, 2012) to exlude any known invasive species. However, invasiveness cannot be excluded completely as the list also contains several species not normally found in Norway. Therefore, it is important that these species are monitored in the norwegian ecology if tested.
The plants are listed alphabetically by their scientific names. They will each be shown with a photo, what pollutant they are able to reduce and how they can reduce it (if the source can state the method of remediation, which the studies often does not). The species growing conditions is listed, and a diagram showing their spacial characted and scale in a fully grown state. This has been included as a tool for designing with the vegetation within each contaminated site.
How does phytoremediation work?
“Phytoremediation (from the Greek ‘phyton’, meaning plant) describes all forms of remediation employing plants as the means to reduce or remove contamination from anenvironment.” [Hill, 2010, p. 19]. Even though all phytoremediation plants are in some way absorbing pollutants, there are several processes allowing this to happen, and they are quite different. The expression phytoremediatin does not only include reducing a pollutant, but also detection and control of pollution.
It is important to note that phytoremediation not necessarily is “better” than other types of remediation. There is still much to learn about this science, and we can only hope to gain as much knowledge as possible about it. This may eventually allow us to adapt, and eventually strategically utilize different remediation methods in different situations.
Broadly categorized, there are a few different processes of phytoremediating:
Phytostabilization
This process is not actually reducing the pollution, but sequestering it in the soil in its root system. This prevents both availability and spreading of the pollutant.
Phytoextraction
This is the process where some species naturally accumulate dramatically higher amounts of certain pollutants than other species. The pollutant is then stored somewhere in the plant tissue, of which the location is varying from species to species. This is not unproblematic, as the pollutant will continue to exist within the biomass, and disposal of the contaminated plant material will still be a challenge.
Rhizofiltration
Rhizofiltration is basically the same as phytoextraction, but will occur in aquatic species. The species will filter the water, and take up a certain amount of pollutants which is normally lower than the phytoextracting species.
Phytodegredation and phytovolatilization
These processes are actually reducing the level of pollution within a system as the plant will break down the contaminant through metabolic processes. These pollutants however, largely is organic compounds. The risk is that the breakdown products themselves may not be less toxic than the original pollutant, allthough it often is.
Plant index
Acer rubrum
Acer saccharinum
Achillea millefolium
Acorus calamus
Agrostis capillaris L.
Alyssum wulfenianum
Amaranthus retroflexus
Amorpha fruticosa
Andropogon gerardii
Artemisia frigida
Athyrium yokoscense
Atriplex hortensis
Avena sativa
Beta vulgaris
Betula nigra
Betula pendula
Bouteloua curtipendula
Bouteloua dactyloides
Brassica oleracea var. capitata.
Cercis canadensis
Chrysanthemum x morifolium
Claytonia perfoliata
Cucurbita pepo
Cynodon dactylon
Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Dryopteris erythrosora
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Elymus canadensis
Euonymus fortunei ‘coloratus’
Festuca arundinacea
Fraxinus
Gleditsia triacanthos
Guercus gambelii
Hedera helix
Helianthus annuus
Hemerocallis hybrid
Iris germanica
Iris pseudacorus
Juncus effuses
Juniperus procumbens
Lemna minor
Liquidambar styraciflua
Liriodendron tulipifera
Littorella uniflora
Lolium perenne
Lupinus albus
Maclura pomifera
Medicago sativa
Morus alba ‘Platanifolia’
Morus rubra
Nymphaea odorata
Panicum virgatum
Pascopyrum smithii
Phalaris arundinacea
Phragmites australis
Picea mariana
Picea pungens
Pinus nigra
Pinus ponderosa
Pinus taeda
Polygonum lapathifolium
Populus deltoides
Populus maximowiczii
Populus tremuloides
Potamogeton crispus
Pyrus calleryana
Quercus palustris
Raphanus sativus
Rhus typhina
Salix alba
Salix alba ‘Tristis’
Salix exigua
Salix nigra
Salix pentandra
Scirpus acutus
Silene vulgaris
Spartina pectinata
Spirodela polyrhiza
Stellaria media
Thlaspi caerulescens
Tradescantia bracteata
Trifolium repens
Triticum aestivum
Typha latifolia
Urtica procera
Vicia Americana
Vicia faba
Vicia grandiflora
Viola spp.
Zostera marina
Acer rubrum
Acer
rubr
um
Red Maple
[htt
p://w
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.nat
ural
land
scap
esnu
rser
y.com
/Ace
r%20
rubr
um%2
0alo
ne.JP
G]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun
Plutonium
Cesium
Tolerant to wet conditions
quantityAccumulator
Acer saccharinum
Acer
sacc
harin
um
Silver Maple
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Vinyl Chloride
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
e/e8
/Ace
r_sa
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rinum
_’py
ram
idal
is’.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun / semi-shade
Tolerant to wet conditionsSalt tolerant
Achillea millefolium
Achi
llea
mille
foliu
m
Yarrow
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/4/
4d/A
chille
a_m
illefo
lium
_200
4101
2_25
74.
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun
Draught tolerant
Cadmium
quantityAccumulator
Acorus calamus
Acor
us ca
lam
us
Sweet Flag
[htt
p://w
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.gar
dens
andp
lant
s.com
/imag
es/p
lant
s/Ac
orus
%20c
alam
us%2
0Var
iega
tus.j
pg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun / semi-shade / shade
method
Tolerant to wet conditions
Rhizofiltration Accumulator
Iron
Manganese
quantity
Agrostis capillaris L.
Agro
stis
capi
llaris
L.
Bentgrass
[htt
p://w
ww
.nzf
lora
.info
/fac
tshe
et/im
ages
%5CI
m-
age1
201l
arge
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun / semi-shade / shade
Normal
Lead
Arsenic
Manganese
Zinc
Aluminum
quantityHyperaccumulator
Alyssum wulfenianum
Alys
sum
wul
feni
anum
Alpine Alyssum
[htt
p://w
ww
.gar
dens
andp
lant
s.com
/imag
es/p
lant
s/Ac
orus
%20c
alam
us%2
0Var
iega
tus.j
pg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun
Draught tolerant
Nickel
quantityAccumulator
Amaranthus retroflexus
Amar
anth
us re
trofle
xus
Redroot Amaranth
[htt
p://n
ewfs
.s3.a
maz
onaw
s.com
/tax
on-im
ag-
es-1
000s
1000
/Am
aran
thac
eae/
amar
anth
us-r
etro
-fle
xus-
le-p
drob
ot.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun
Normal
Cadmium
Cesium
Nickel
Zinc
Amorpha fruticosa
Amor
pha
frutic
osa
Indigo Bush
[htt
p://n
ewfs
.s3.a
maz
onaw
s.com
/tax
on-im
-ag
es-1
000s
1000
/Fab
acea
e/am
orph
a-fru
tico-
sa-h
a-rb
outw
ell-b
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun
Draught tolerant
Salt tolerant
Lead
quantityAccumulator
Andropogon gerardii
Andr
opog
on g
erar
dii
Big Bluestem
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/4/
4f/A
ndro
pogo
n_ge
rard
ii_(3
9041
6043
4).
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun
Normal
Anthracene
Arsenic
Atrazine
Copper
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
method Rhizofiltration
Phytodegradation
Hyperaccumulatorquantity
Artemisia frigida
Arte
misi
a fri
gida
Frindged Sage
[htt
p://w
ww
.wat
erw
isepl
ants
.uta
h.go
v/im
ages
/sh
rubs
/Art
emisi
a_fri
gida
1.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
sun
Draught tolerant
High hp tolerant
Copper
Hydrocarbons
method Rhizofiltration
Athyrium yokoscense
Athy
rium
yoko
scen
se
Fern
[htt
p://w
ww
.asia
nflo
ra.co
m/P
tery
doph
ytes
/Ath
yri-
um-y
okos
cens
e.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Low hp tolerant
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
shade
Hyperaccumulatorquantity
Atriplex hortensis
Atrip
lex h
orte
nsis
Garden Orach
[htt
p://w
ww
.calh
orts
ocie
ty.o
rg/s
eed-
exch
ange
/se
ed-e
xcha
nge-
2002
/see
d%20
list%
20ph
otos
%20
orig
inal
s/at
riple
x-ho
rten
sis-lv
.JPG]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
sun / semi-shade / shade
Avena sativa
Aven
a sa
tiva
Oat
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
b/bd
/Ave
na_s
ativa
_(38
7373
0509
).jpg
]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Low hp tolerant
Arsenic
Cadmium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
method Phytostabilization
sun
Beta vulgaris
Beta
vul
garis
Beet
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/9/
96/B
eta_
Vulg
aris_
aout
_201
2.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Cesium
Strontium
sun
Accumulatorquantity
Betula nigra
Betu
la n
igra
River Birch
[htt
p://w
ww
.fuf.n
et/w
p-co
nten
t/up
load
s/20
12/1
0/AA
.-Bet
ula-
nigr
a-el
evat
ion.
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Bentazon
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Vinyl Chloride
sun / semi-shade
Betula pendula
Betu
la p
endu
la
European White Birch
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/5/
5e/B
etul
a_Pe
ndul
a_at
_Sto
ckho
lm_U
ni-
vers
ity_2
005-
07-0
1.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Clay tolerant
Draught-tolerant
Salt tolerant
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
sun
method Phytoextraction
Bouteloua curtipendula
Bout
eloua
curti
pend
ula
Sideoats Grama
[htt
p://w
ww
.soilc
ropa
ndm
ore.
info
/cro
ps/W
eeds
/Uv
alde
Wee
dSite
/fin
al/b
ocu_
wp.
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Aluminum
Arsenic
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Zinc
sun
Bouteloua dactyloides
Bout
eloua
dac
tylo
ides
Buffalo Grass
[htt
p://w
ww
.ksut
urf.o
rg/O
rnam
enta
lGra
sses
/Im
ages
/200
9/A-
L/Bu
chlo
e_da
ctyl
oide
s_clo
se-
up_2
009_
09.JP
G]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught-tolerant
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
sun
method Rhizodegradation Accumulatorquantity
Brassica oleracea var. capitata.
Bras
sica
oler
acea
var. c
apita
ta.
Cabbage
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
a/a0
/Sta
rr_07
0618
-733
7_Br
assic
a_ol
erac
ea_v
ar._
capi
tata
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Cesium
sun / semi-shade / shade
Cercis canadensis
Cerc
is ca
nade
nsis
Eastern Red Bud
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/5/
54/C
ercis
_can
aden
sis_r
edbu
d_tre
e_bl
oom
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Clay tolerant
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Petroleum
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Vinyl Chloride
sun / semi-shade
Tolerantquantity
Chrysanthemum x morifolium
Chry
sant
hem
um x
mor
ifoliu
m
Chrysanthemum
[hht
tp://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
f/f7
/Chr
ysan
them
um_m
orifo
lium
_4.JP
G]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Benzene
Carbon Monoxide
Formaldehyde
Toluene
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Xylene
sun
method Phytoextraction Accumulatorquantity
Accumulator
Claytonia perfoliata
Clay
toni
a pe
rfolia
ta
Miner’s Lettuce
[htt
p://w
areh
ouse
1.in
dicia
.org
.uk/
uplo
ad/S
prin
g-be
auty
%20(
Clay
toni
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liata
)%20
Base
%20
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0Cro
ft%20
Hill%
20SP
%205
090%
2096
37%2
0(ta
ken%
2015
.5.2
010)
,,,.JP
G]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Clay tolerant
Cadmium
shade
quantity
Cucurbita pepo
Cucu
rbita
pep
o
Zucchini
[htt
p://a
.stat
ic.tr
unity
.net
/fil
es/1
9050
1_19
0600
/190
566/
Cucu
rbita
_pep
o_ss
p._p
epo_
conv
ar._
giro
mon
tiina
_01.
JPG]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead
Zinc
sun
Cynodon dactylon
Cyno
don
dact
ylon
Bermuda grass
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/6/
62/C
ynod
on_d
acty
lon_
2.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Clay tolerant
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Diesel Fuel
Hydrocarbons
Lead
sun
method Rhizofiltrationquantity
Hyperaccumulator
Deschampsia caespitosa
Desc
ham
psia
caes
pito
sa
Tufted Hairgrass
[htt
p://r
edbu
ttec
anyo
n.ne
t/di
vers
ity_i
mag
es/d
_ca
espi
tosa
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Low hp tolerant
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
shade
Distichlis spicata
Dist
ichlis
spica
ta
Inland Saltgrass
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/9/
9f/D
istich
lis_s
pica
ta_(
5879
8647
04).jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Salt tolerant
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
sun
Accumulatorquantity
Dryopteris erythrosora
Dryo
pter
is er
ythr
osor
a
Autumn Fern
[htt
ps://e
5405
5a02
4bc6
fb58
d47-
f7d-
f714
a3b8
16a1
7596
1a96
ef22
78d8
4.ss
l.cf2
.rack
cdn.
com
/865
5-Au
tum
n-Fe
rn.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
shade
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Elae
agnu
s ang
ustif
olia
Russian Olive
[htt
p://f
lora
.nhm
-wie
n.ac
.at/
Bild
er-A
-F/E
laea
g-nu
s-an
gust
ifolia
-1.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Salt tolerant
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
sun
Elymus canadensis
Elym
us ca
nade
nsis
Canadian Wild Rye
[htt
p://w
ww
.grim
msg
arde
ns.co
m/w
p-co
nten
t/up
-lo
ads/
2013
/10/
Indi
angr
ass-
Copy
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Hydrocarbons
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
method Rhizodegradation
sun / semi-shade / shade
Accumulatorquantity
Euonymus fortunei ‘coloratus’
Euon
ymus
fortu
nei ‘c
olor
atus
’
Purple Leaf Wintercreeper
[htt
p://w
ww
.onl
inep
lant
guid
e.co
m/Im
age%
20Li
-br
ary/
E/33
43.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Petroleum
sun / semi-shade
Tolerantquantity
Festuca arundinacea
Fest
uca
arun
dina
cea
Tall Fescue
[htt
p://w
ww
.bio
lib.cz
/IMG/
GAL/
BIG/
1237
85.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Cadmium
Diesel Fuel
Lead, Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Potassium
Zinc
method Phytoextraction
Rhizodegradation
sun
Accumulatorquantity
Fraxinus ssp.
Frax
inus
ssp.
Ash
[htt
p://w
ww
.chew
valle
ytre
es.co
.uk/
imag
es/p
rodu
cts/
FRAX
INUS
EXCE
LSIO
R-2.
JPGg
]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Varying from species to species
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
sun / semi-shade
method Rhizodegradation
Gleditsia triacanthos
Gled
itsia
tria
cant
hos
Honey Locust
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
e/e3
/Gle
dits
ia_t
riaca
ntho
s_su
nbur
st.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
High hp tolerant
Salt tolerant
Lead
method Phytoextraction
sun
Guercus gambelii
Guer
cus g
ambe
lii
Gambel Oak
[htt
p://s
wbi
odive
rsity
.org
/imgl
ib/s
eine
t/Fa
gace
ae/
Que
rcus
-gam
belii-
P-w
eb-N
3.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Chlorinated Solvents
Lead
Palladium
Plutonium
Uranium
sun
Hedera helix
Hede
ra h
elix
English Ivy
[htt
p://w
ww
.arb
orix.
be/s
ites/
defa
ult/
files
/HED
E-RA
%20H
ELIX
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Benzene
Carbon Monoxide
Formaldehyde
Petroleum
Toluene
Xylene
method Phytoextraction
sun / semi-shade / shade
Hyperaccumulatorquantity
Helianthus annuus
Helia
nthu
s ann
uus
Sunflower
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
d/d8
/Hel
iant
hus_
annu
us_0
001.
JPG]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Clay tolerant
High hp tolerant
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Zinc
sun
method Phytoextraction
Rhizofiltrationquantity
Hyperaccumulator
Hemerocallis hybrid
Hem
eroc
allis
hyb
rid
Daylily
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/4/
48/H
emer
ocal
lis_H
ybrid
_Fra
nsH
als_
Bot-
Gard
Bln0
7122
011D
.JPG
]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Petroleum
sun / semi-shade / shade
Tolerantquantity
Iris germanica
Iris g
erm
anica
Bearded Iris
[htt
ps://d
avisl
a3.fi
les.w
ordp
ress
.com
/201
3/05
/iri
s-ge
rman
ica.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Salt tolerantDraught tolerantHigh hp tolerant
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Flourine
Manganese
Zinc
sun
method Rhizofiltrationquantity
Hyperaccumulator
Iris pseudacorus
Iris p
seud
acor
us
Pale Yellow Iris
[htt
p://w
ww
.pla
ntrig
ht.o
rg/s
ites/
defa
ult/
files
/Iris_
pseu
daco
rus-
Flick
rCom
mon
s_Co
anri-
slas
h-Ri
ta.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Aluminum
Arsenic
Atrazine
Beryllium
Cadmium
Copper
Manganese
method Rhizodegradation
sun
Hyperaccumulatorquantity
Juncus effuses
Junc
us e
ffuse
s
Soft Rush
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
d/d2
/Pitr
us_p
lant
_(Ju
ncus
_effu
sus)
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Ammonia
Anthracene
Arsenic
Nitrate
Nitrogen
Phosphate
sun
method Rhizofiltration
Juniperus procumbens
Juni
peru
s pro
cum
bens
Juniper
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
b/bb
/Juni
peru
s_pr
ocum
bens
_nan
a_M
N_2
007.
JPG]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Salt tolerant
Petroleum
sun / semi-shade
Tolerantquantity
Lemna minor
Lem
na m
inor
Lesser Duckweed
[htt
p://w
ww
.pla
nted
evis.
ro/a
sset
s/ga
lerie
/lint
i-ta
-lem
na_m
inor
_14.
JPG]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Aquatic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Petroleum
sun / semi-shade
Liquidambar styraciflua
Liqui
dam
bar s
tyra
ciflu
a
American Sweet Gum
[htt
p://w
ww
.nat
ural
land
scap
esnu
rser
y.com
/sw
eet-
gum
tree.
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Cesium
Plutonium
Uranium
Vinyl Chloride
sun / semi-shade
method Phytodegradation
Rhizodegradation
Hyperaccumulatorquantity
Liriodendron tulipifera
Lirio
dend
ron
tulip
ifera
Tulip Tree
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/3/
3a/L
iriod
endr
on_t
ulip
ifera
_-_L
a_H
ulpe
_(1
).JPG
]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Clay tolerant
Low hp tolerant
Tolerant to wet conditions
Cesium
Formaldehyde
Plutonium
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Strontium
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Vinyl Chloride
Xylene
sun
Accumulatorquantity
Littorella uniflora
Litto
rella
uni
flora
American Shoreweed
[htt
p://w
ww
.web
.foru
mac
varis
t.ro/
wp-
cont
ent/
up-
load
s/20
13/0
7/Li
ttor
ella
-uni
flora
2.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Copper
Lead
sun / semi-shade
Lolium perenne
Loliu
m p
eren
ne
Perennial Ryegrass
[htt
p://o
nlin
e-m
edia
.uni
-mar
burg
.de/
biol
ogie
/nut
zp-
flanz
en/b
ilder
/vb/
loliu
m_p
eren
ne1.
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Barium
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
sun / semi-shade
method Phytoextraction
Phytostabilization
Lupinus albus
Lupi
nus a
lbus
White Lupin
[htt
p://e
rnes
t.org
free.
com
/pla
ntes
/Pap
iliona
ceae
/Lu
pinu
s%20
albu
s2.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Low hp tolerant
Arsenic
Nitrogen
sun / semi-shade
method Rhizoaccumulation
Maclura pomifera
Mac
lura
pom
ifera
Osage Orange
[htt
p://w
ww
.tree
topi
cs.co
m/m
aclu
ra_p
omife
ra/
osag
e_or
ange
_104
0345
.png
]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Salt tolerant
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
sun
method Rhizodegradation
Medicago sativa
Med
icago
sativ
a
Alfalfa
[htt
p://w
ww
.phy
toim
ages
.siu.
edu/
user
s/pa
ra-
man
1/8_
16_0
9_2/
Uplo
ad16
Aug0
9D/1
16M
edica
-go
Sativ
a.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Barium
Benzene
Bifenthrin
Cesium
Lead
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Zinc
sun / semi-shade
method Phytodegradation Accumulatorquantity
Morus alba ‘Platanifolia’
Mor
us a
lba
‘Pla
tani
folia
’
Fruitless Mulberry
[htt
p://w
ww
.verif
lor.c
om/a
sset
s/pr
oduc
ts/
P324
0006
.JPG]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Anthracene
Arsenic
sun
Morus rubra
Mor
us ru
bra
Red Mulberry Tree
[htt
p://w
ww
.leeg
ov.co
m/g
ov/d
ept/
dcd/
EnvS
cienc
es/
Publ
ishin
gIm
ages
/Pro
tect
edTr
ees/
01re
dmul
berry
.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Anthracene
Arsenic
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
sun / semi-shade
Nymphaea odorata
Nym
phae
a od
orat
a
Water Lily
[htt
ps://d
avisl
a2.fi
les.w
ordp
ress
.com
/201
2/07
/nym
-ph
aea-
odor
ata.
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Aquatic
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
sun
method Rhizofiltrationquantity
Accumulator
Panicum virgatum
Pani
cum
virg
atum
Switchgrass
[htt
p://w
ww
.ksut
urf.o
rg/O
rnam
enta
lGra
sses
/Im
ages
/200
8/M
-Z/P
anicu
m_v
irgat
um_’
Dalla
s_Bl
ues’_
2008
_9.JP
G]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Hydrocarbons
Picloram
sun
method Rhizodegradation
Pascopyrum smithii
Pasc
opyr
um sm
ithii
Western Wheatgrass
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/3/
34/P
asco
pyru
m_s
mith
ii_N
RCS-
4.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Atrazine
Hydrocarbons
Lead
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Zinc
method Rhizodegradation
sun / semi-shade
Phalaris arundinacea
Phal
aris
arun
dina
cea
Reed Canary Grass
[htt
p://e
rick.d
ronn
et.fr
ee.fr
/bel
les_
fleur
s_de
_fra
nce/
imag
es/p
hala
ris_a
rund
inac
ea1.
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Cadmium
Cesium
Nickel
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
sun / semi-shade
Phragmites australis
Phra
gmite
s aus
tralis
Common Reed Grass
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
f/f0
/Phr
agm
ites_
aust
ralis
-200
9_09
_09_
01.JP
G]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet condistions
Ammonia
Atrazine
Benzene
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Nitrogen
method Rhizodegradation
sun / semi-shade
quantityAccumulator
Picea mariana
Pice
a m
aria
na
Black Spruce
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/1/
17/P
icea_
mar
iana
_(Sp
ruce
_bla
ck).jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Low hp tolerant
Uranium
sun
Picea pungens
Pice
a pu
ngen
s
Dwarf Globe Blue Spruce
[htt
p://w
ww
.schu
mac
hers
nurs
ery.c
om/s
ites/
defa
ult/
files
/92_
img0
_col
orad
o-sp
ruce
_0.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Low hp tolerant
Petroleum
sun
Tolerantquantity
Pinus nigra
Pinu
s nigr
a
European Black Pine
[htt
p://s
tatic
.pan
oram
io.co
m/p
hoto
s/la
rge/
9189
2729
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
High hp tolerant
Salt tolerant
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
sun
method Rhizodegradation
Pinus ponderosa
Pinu
s pon
dero
sa
Ponderosa Pine
[htt
ps://c
onpm
.file
s.wor
dpre
ss.co
m/2
010/
07/p
i-nu
s-po
nder
osa-
uprig
ht.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Plutonium
Strontium
sun
Accumulatorquantity
Pinus taeda
Pinu
s tae
da
Loblolly Pine
[htt
p://1
.bp.
blog
spot
.com
/-cx
PjZE
r_St
s/Ty
IH-
K8H
1WpI
/AAA
AAAA
ABZ8
/0Tn
NhT
bNw
Co/s
1600
/Pi
nus_
taed
a_2.
JPG]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Arsenic, Chromium
Creosote, Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
sun
method Phytodegradation
Rhizodegradation
Polygonum lapathifolium
Polyg
onum
lapa
thifo
lium
Smartweed
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
f/f1
/Sm
artw
eed,
_Pol
ygon
um_l
apat
hifo
lium
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Chromium
Copper
Lead
sun / semi-shade
Populus deltoides
Popu
lus d
eltoi
des
Eastern Cottonwood
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/0/
02/P
opul
us_d
elto
ides
_(50
2672
4621
).jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Anthracene, Arsenic
Atrazine
Chlorinated Solvents
Lead
Mercury
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Strontium
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Zinc
sun
Accumulatorquantity
Populus maximowiczii
Popu
lus m
axim
owicz
ii
Japanese Poplar
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/5/
54/P
opul
us_n
igra
-bek
es.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Benzene
Ethyl
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Toluene
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Vinyl Chloride
Xylen
sun
Populus tremuloides
Popu
lus t
rem
uloi
des
Quaking Aspen
[htt
p://w
ww
.bom
engi
ds.n
l/usa
octo
ber/p
ics/q
uakin
g_as
pen_
_pop
ulus
_tre
mul
oide
s_br
yce_
torre
y-br
y-ce
2im
g_84
11.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Bifenthrin
Chlorinated Solvents
Chromium
Ethyl
Lead
Palladium
Plutonium
sun
method Phytodegradation
Rhizodegradation
Phytoextration
Accumulatorquantity
Potamogeton crispus
Pota
mog
eton
crisp
us
Curly pondweed
[htt
p://f
lora
.nhm
-wie
n.ac
.at/
Bild
er-P
-Z/P
otam
oge-
ton-
crisp
us-2
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Aquatic
Copper
Lead
sun
Accumulatorquantity
Pyrus calleryana
Pyru
s cal
lerya
na
Bradford Flowering Pear
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
mm
ons/
e/e9
/Pyr
us_c
alle
ryan
a.JP
G]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Clay tolerant
Low hp tolerant
Draught tolerant
Petroleum
sun / semi-shade
Tolerantquantity
Quercus palustris
Quer
cus p
alus
tris
Pin Oak
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/9/
93/Q
uerc
us_p
alus
tris_
1_(n
autic
al2k
).jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Vinyl Chloride
sun / semi-shade
Raphanus sativus
Raph
anus
sativ
us
Radish
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/7/
77/R
adijs
_pla
nten
_(Ra
phan
us_s
ativu
s_su
bsp.
_sat
ivus)
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Arsenic
Cobalt
Copper
Nickel
sun / semi-shade
method Phytostabilization
Rhus typhina
Rhus
typh
ina
Staghorn Sumac
[htt
p://w
ww
.jacq
ues-
bria
nt.fr
/med
ias/
RHUS
-TYP
HI-
NA-
DISS
ECTA
-A.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Nickel
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
sun
Hyperaccumulatorquantity
Salix alba
Salix
alb
a
White Willow
[htt
p://w
ww
.tree
sand
hedg
ing.
co.u
k/pr
odzo
om-
img7
14.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Salt tolerant
Clay tolerant
Chromium
Mercury
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Silver
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Vinyl Chloride
sun
Salix alba ‘Tristis’
Salix
alb
a ‘Tr
istis’
Golden Weeping Willow
[htt
p://w
ww
.egg
ert-
baum
schu
len.
de/im
ages
/pr
oduc
t_im
ages
/pop
up_i
mag
es/1
079_
1_Sa
lix-a
l-ba
-Tris
tis-T
raue
rwei
de.JP
G]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Clay tolerant
Arsenic
Benzene
Chloroform,
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Phosphorus
Silver
Toluene
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Tritium
Zinc
sun
method Phytostabilization
Phytoextraction
Phytodegradation
Rhizodegradation
Phytovolatilization
Salix exigua
Salix
exig
ua
Narrowleaf Willow
[htt
p://w
ww
.smm
flow
ers.o
rg/b
loom
/pics
/S7
223a
WLR
Db.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Clay tolerant
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
sun
Salix nigra
Salix
nigr
a
Black Willow
[htt
p://w
ww
.fore
stry
imag
es.o
rg/b
row
se/d
etai
l.cf
m?im
gnum
=546
8258
]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Clay tolerant
Bentazon
Cadmium
Copper
Endosulfan Sulfate
Ethyl,
Nickel
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Silver
Styrene
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Tritium
Zinc
sun
method Phytodegradation
Rhizodegradation
Phytoextration
quantityAccumulator
Salix pentandra
Salix
pen
tand
ra
Laurel-Leaved Willow
[htt
p://s
earc
h.ea
glel
aken
urse
ries.c
om/C
onte
nt/Im
-ag
es/P
hoto
s/A1
05-1
2.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant to wet conditions
Clay tolerant
Arsenic
Chloroform
Lead
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Tritium
Zinc
sun
method Phytostabilization
Phytoextraction
Phytodegradation
Rhizodegradation
Scirpus acutus
Scirp
us a
cutu
s
Hardstem Bulrush
[htt
p://2
.bp.
blog
spot
.com
/-3c
xd06
Mju
z8/T
3K6J
b-GU
_hI/A
AAAA
AAAE
64/C
nCha
01G7
Ms/
s160
0/Sc
irpus
%2Bl
acus
tris.
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Aquatic
Benzene
sun / semi-shade
Silene vulgaris
Silen
e vu
lgaris
Bladder Campion
[htt
p://w
ww
.xn--
natu
rnah
e-gr
ten-
ritte
r-b5
b.ch
/im-
ages
/Bild
er%2
0Wild
stau
den/
Sile
neVu
lgar
is200
8.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Cadmium
Zinc
sun
method Phytostabilization
Phytoextraction
Spartina pectinata
Spar
tina
pect
inat
a
Prairie Cord Grass
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/8/
85/S
part
ina_
pect
inat
a_2.
JPG]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Salt tolerant
Cadmium
Copper
Nitrogen
sun / semi-shade
Spirodela polyrhiza
Spiro
dela
pol
yrhi
za
Giant Duckweed
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/7/
7d/S
tella
riaM
edia
001.
JPG]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Aquatic
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium
Nitrate
sun
Hyperaccumulatorquantity
Stellaria media
Stell
aria
med
ia
Chickweed
[htt
p://w
ww
.luon
topo
rtti.
com
/suo
mi/i
mag
es/1
0739
.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Cesium
sun / semi-shade
Accumulatorquantity
Thlaspi caerulescens
Thla
spi c
aeru
lesce
ns
Alpine Pennycress
[htt
p://w
ww
.luon
topo
rtti.
com
/suo
mi/i
mag
es/1
0739
.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
sun / semi-shade
method Phytostabilization
Phytoextraction
Hyperaccumulatorquantity
Phytoindicator
Tradescantia bracteata
Trad
esca
ntia
bra
ctea
ta
Longbract Spiderwort
[htt
p://w
ww
.bin
tgod
dess
.com
/pla
ntpi
cs/IM
G_10
53.
JPG]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Draught tolerant
Cesium
Cobalt
Plutonium
Strontium
Tritium
Uranium
sun
quantity
Trifolium repens
Trifo
lium
repe
ns
White Clover
[htt
p://a
mc-
nh.o
rg/r
esou
rces
/gui
des/
wild
flow
ers/
imag
es/T
rifol
ium
%20r
epen
s_W
hite
%20C
love
r,%20
Dutc
h%20
Clov
er_p
rimar
y_2_
Glou
cest
er,%
20M
A_20
1206
22_T
om%2
0Tod
d_IM
GP07
42.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Clay tolerant,
High hp tolerant
Diesel Fuel
Hydrocarbons
Lead, Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
sun
method Rhizodegradation Accumulatorquantity
Triticum aestivum
Triti
cum
aes
tivum
Common Wheat
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/2/
2f/T
riticu
m_a
estiv
um_(
ripe)
_3.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Barium
Copper
Lead,
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Triazine
Zinc
sun
Typha latifolia
Typh
a la
tifol
ia
Broad-Leaved Cattail
[htt
p://w
ww
.nw
plan
ts.co
m/im
ages
/com
mon
s/Ty
-ph
a_la
tifol
ia_j
en09
2710
35.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Tolerant of very wet conditions
Ammonia
Benzene
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Nitrate
Nitrogen
Phosphate
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
sun
method Rhizodegradation Accumulatorquantity
Urtica procera
Urtic
a pr
ocer
a
Tall Nettle
[htt
p://l
uirig
.alte
rvist
a.or
g/cp
m/a
lbum
s/bo
t-01
1/ur
tica-
dioi
ca-s
ubsp
-dio
ica23
954.
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
method Rhizodegradation
sun / semi-shade
Vicia Americana
Vicia
Am
erica
na
American Vetch
[htt
ps://c
lass
conn
ectio
n.s3
.am
azon
aws.
com
/696
/fla
shca
rds/
1206
696/
jpeg
/vici
a_vil
lo-
sa13
3736
1960
176.
jpeg
]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
sun / semi-shade
Vicia faba
Vicia
faba
Horse Bean
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/8/
8c/V
icia_
faba
1.jp
g]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Aluminum
sun / semi-shade
Accumulatorquantity
Vicia grandiflora
Vicia
gra
ndifl
ora
Vetch
[htt
p://u
ploa
d.w
ikim
edia
.org
/wiki
pedi
a/co
m-
mon
s/4/
44/V
icia_
gran
diflo
ra_W
.jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Normal
Aluminum
sun / semi-shade
Viola spp.
Viol
a sp
p.
Violet
[htt
p://b
log.
ches
tnut
herb
s.com
/wp-
cont
ent/
up-
load
s/20
12/0
9/Co
mm
onbl
uevio
let.j
pg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Varying between cultivars
Cadmium
method Phytoextraction
sun
quantityHyperaccumulator
Zostera marina
Zost
era
mar
ina
Eel Grass
[htt
p://w
ww
.mar
lin.a
c.uk/
imgs
/o_z
osm
ar5.
jpg]
tole
ranc
eac
cum
ulat
ed to
xins
spatial character
Aquatic
Cadmium
sun / semi-shade
Sources
Books
KIRKWOOD, N. (ed.) (2001) Manufactured sites - Re-thinking the Post-Industrial Landscape. London: Taylor & Francis.
SCHUL, J. (2010) Hvilken plante hvor - planteguide for hagen. 2nd ed.Oslo: Cappelen Damm AS
Official documents
NORGE, ARTSDATABANKEN. (2012) Fremmede arter i Norge - med norsk svarteliste. Trondheim: Skipnes Kommunikasjon AS.
USA, THE INTERSTATE TECHNOLOGY & REGULATORY COUNCIL PHYTOTECHNOLOGIES TEAM. (2009) Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance and Decision Trees. . [Online] Available from: http://www.itrcweb.org/GuidanceDocuments/PHYTO-3.pdf. [Accessed: 2nd February 2015].
USA, PUGET SOUND PARTNERSHIP. (2012) Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound. [Online] Sampling of Plant Species Studied for Phytoremediation. p.209-214. Available from: http://www.superorg.net/archive/proposal/plant%20species%20phyto.pdf. [Accessed: 20th January 2015].
USA, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center. (2010) Plant Fact Sheet: black willow. . [Online] Available from: http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_sani.pdf. [Accessed: 27th February 2015].
USA, NASA (1989) Interior Landscape Plants For Indoor Air Pollution Abatement. [Online] Available from: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930073077.pdf .[Accessed: 2oth February 2015].
Thesis
HILL, J.C. (2010) Sustainable Remediation and the Landscape Architect.Birmingham: Birmingham University.
BIZECKI ROBSON, D. (2003) Phytoremediation Of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil Using Plants Adapted To The Western Canadian Climate. A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree ofDoctor of Philosophy in the Department of Soil Science.Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan.
RONNHEDEN, J. & FALK, M. (2010) Succession: Landskapsarkitekten & fytoremedieringenUppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.
Journals
SARMA, H. (2011) Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants: A Review Focusing on Phytoremediation Technology. [Online]Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4 (2). p.118-138. Available from: http://scialert.net/qredirect.php?doi=jest.2011.118.138&linkid=pdf. [Accessed: 20th January 2015].
Web-pages
FAMULARI, S. (2015) North Dakota State University. [Online]Available from: http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/famulari_research/index.php.[Accessed: 5th January2015].
POTTORFF, L. (2010) Colorado State University. [Online]Available from: http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/CoopExt/4DMG/Plants/clean.htm.[Accessed: 20th February 2015].
UK, ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY (2015) Royal Horticultural Society Plant Finder. [Online]Available from: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/search-form.[Accessed: 5th January - 20th March 2015].
UK, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE (2015) Plants for a Future Plant Search. [Online]Available from: http://www.pfaf.org/user/Default.aspx.[Accessed: 5th January - 20th March 2015].
Photos
Web-page URL placed adjacent to each plant photo.[All accessed: 3rd - 4th March 2015]