International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com September 2014, Volume 2 Issue 4, ISSN 2349-4476
168 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
RAPESEED OIL BASED LUBRICANT REDUCES SMOKE
EMISSION IN TWO-STROKE PETROL ENGINES
C.Venkatesan*1
, K.Vignesh2, P.Kannadasen
3 and G.Ramasivam
4
1-4 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aksheyaa College of Engineering,
Puludivakkam, Kanchipuram , Tamilnadu, India.
ABSTRACT
There are growing commercial and research interests in replacing products
based on non-renewable petroleum with those derived from renewable resources.
As petroleum supplies decrease, production migrates toward higher transportation fuel fractions and
geopolitical considerations also affect the supply which move towards national self-sufficiency for
liquid energy supplies will become even more
important. This research aims to develop engine lubricants that are both derived
from renewable rapeseed oil and are equivalent in every way to their petroleum-
based counterpart. In addition to providing somewhat greater security against
disruption of foreign-sourced oil supplies, they will supply the domestic industry
with an environmentally friendly and biodegradable replacement for hydrocarbon
lubricants. This study aimed at using alkyl-rapeseed oil methyl ester and
manufacturers recommended oil (MAK2T oil) adds (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%)
in definite proportions as two stroke crankcase lubricants. Emission analysis for
smoke is to be conducted in various proportion of bio-based 2T oil along with
MAK 2T oil using exhaust gas analyzer and the results are analyzed.
Keywords: Rapeseed oil; lubricant; smoke; emission, 2-stroke petrol engine.
I.INTRODUCTION
Lubrication is the process, or technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in
close proximity, and moving relative to each other, by interposing a substance called lubricant
between the surfaces to carry or to help carry the load (pressure generated) between the opposing
surfaces. The interposed lubricant film can be a solid, (e.g. graphite, MoS2) a solid/liquid dispersion,
a liquid, a liquid-liquid dispersion (a grease) or, exceptionally, a gas. In the most common case the
applied load is carried by pressure generated within the fluid due to the frictional viscous resistance
to motion of the lubricating fluid between the surfaces. Lubrication can also describe the
phenomenon such reduction of wear occurs without human intervention (hydroplaning on a road).
The science of friction, lubrication and wear is called tribology. Adequate lubrication allows smooth
continuous operation of equipment, with only mild wear, and without excessive stresses or seizures
at bearings. When lubrication breaks down, metal or other components can rub destructively over
each other, causing destructive damage, heat, and failure. As the load increases on the contacting
surfaces three distinct situations can be observed with respect to the mode of lubrication, which are
called regimes of lubrication. Film lubrication is the lubrication regime in which through viscous
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169 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
forces the load is fully supported by the lubricant within the space or gap between the parts in motion
relative to one another (the lubricated conjunction) and solid–solid contact is avoided.
Lubricating oil creates a separating film between surfaces of adjacent moving parts to
minimize direct contact between them, decreasing heat caused by friction and reducing wear, thus
protecting the engine. In use, motor oil transfers heat through convection as it flows through the
engine by means of air flow over the surface of the oil pan, oil cooler and through the buildup of oil
gases evacuated by the Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) system. In petrol (gasoline) engines,
the top piston ring can expose the motor oil to temperatures of 160 °C (320 °F). In diesel engines the
top ring can expose the oil to temperatures over 315 °C (600 °F). Motor oils with higher viscosity
indices thin less at these higher temperatures. Coating metal parts with oil also keeps them from
being exposed to oxygen, inhibiting oxidation at elevated operating temperatures preventing rust or
corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors may also be added to the motor oil. Many motor oils also have
detergents and dispersants added to help keep the engine clean and minimize oil sludge build-up. The
oil is able to trap soot from combustion in itself, rather than leaving it deposited on the internal
surfaces. It is a combination of this, and some singeing that turns used oil black after some running.
Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum hydrocarbon base stock derived
from crude oil, with additives to improve certain properties. The bulk of typical motor oil consists of
hydrocarbons with between 18 and 34 carbon atoms per molecule. One of the most important
properties of motor oil in maintaining a lubricating film between moving parts is its viscosity. The
viscosity of a liquid can be thought of as its "thickness" or a measure of its resistance to flow. The
viscosity must be high enough to maintain a lubricating film, but low enough that the oil can flow
around the engine parts under all conditions. The viscosity index is a measure of how much the oil's
viscosity changes as temperature changes. A higher viscosity index indicates the viscosity changes
less with temperature than a lower viscosity index. Another manipulated property of motor oil is its
Total Base Number (TBN), which is a measurement of the reserve alkalinity of oil, meaning its
ability to neutralize acids. The resulting quantity is determined as mg KOH/ (gram of lubricant).
Analogously, Total Acid Number (TAN) is the measure of a lubricant's acidity. Other tests include
zinc, phosphorus, or sulfur content, and testing for excessive foaming. Synthetic base lubricating
oils are produced by chemical synthesis from chemically defined structural element (e.g., ethylene).
Their development has made it possible to systematically satisfy even extreme requirements (e.g.,
lubricant temperature > 150). According to their chemical composition, synthetic lubricant are
subdivided in to synthetic hydrocarbons, which only contain carbon and hydrogen [e.g.,
polyalphaolefines(PAO), dialkylbenzenes (DAB), polyisobutenes (PIB)], and synthetic fluids(e.g.,
polyglycols, carboxylie acid esters, phosphoric acid ester, silicon oils, poluphenyl esters, fluorine-
chlorine-carbon oils). Typical characteristics of synthetic oils are provided in the table. And a
comparison of the properties of the synthetic oils with those of mineral oils is presented.
II. BIO LUBRICANTS
Lubricants based on vegetable oils are biodegradable and less toxic compared to mineral oil
counterparts. These are derived from renewable resources and are low-cost alternatives to synthetic
fluids. At present, their use is limited in the area of total loss applications and those with very low
thermal stress. Other industrial application of vegetable-oil based lubricants is biodegradable
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170 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
hydraulic fluids for use in environmentally sensitive areas (excavators, earthmoving equipment,
tractors, agricultural, forestry, and fresh water). Despite considerable ecological and economical
advantages, the present market share of these lubricants is relatively small (2% worldwide, with an
estimated growth rate of 5-10%). To increase the market share, the acceptability must be improved.
This can be performed by overcoming the inherent disadvantages of vegetable oils. Apart from
ecological advantages, vegetable oils have ideal technical properties, such as low volatility because
of the high molecular weight of the triacylglycerol molecule and narrow range of viscosity change
with temperature. The ester linkages deliver inherent lubricity and enable the oils to adhere to metal
surfaces. Further, vegetable oils have higher solubilizing capacity for contaminants and additives
than mineral base fluids. In all of these technical properties, the vegetable oils are comparable or
better than mineral oils. However, they have certain disadvantages, such as poor oxidative stability,
primarily because of the presence of bisallylic protons.
These protons are highly susceptible to radical attack and subsequently undergo oxidative
degradation to form polar oxy compounds. This oxypolymerization process ultimately results in
insoluble deposit formation and an increase in oil acidity and viscosity. Vegetable oils also show
poor corrosion protection and the presence of ester functionality render these oils susceptible to
hydrolytic breakdown. Low-temperature studies have also shown that most vegetable oils undergo
cloudiness, precipitation, poor flow, and solidification at cold temperatures. Some of these problems
can be resolved by avoiding or modifying polyunsaturation in triacylglycerol structures of vegetable
oils. Genetic and chemical modification of vegetable oils can overcome these shortcomings, by
Reducing or eliminating unsaturation in vegetable oils. Further improvements can be made by using
modified vegetable oils in combination with additives (antioxidants and pour point depressants) and
diluents or functional fluids. High oleic varieties of vegetable oils are considered to be potential
candidates to replace conventional mineral oil-based lubricating oils and synthetic esters because of
their greater oxidative stability.
Because of a higher percentage of oleic acid, these oils require less processing to provide
higher oxidative stability with relatively low trans and saturated fatty acid contents. Benefits of
biodegradable lubricants are higher safety on road due to higher flash and fire point at the same
viscosity, higher viscosity indices i.e. viscosity does not vary with respect to temperature as
compared to mineral oil, free from aromatic compounds, leads to rapidly biodegradable, less
emission, non-toxic, cheaper than synthetic oils, better skin compatibility, less dermatological
problems.
Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rappi, rapaseed is a bright
yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family). Rapeseed oil was
produced in the 19th century as a source of a lubricant for steam engines. It was less useful as food
for animals or humans because it has a bitter taste due to high levels of glucosinolates. Varieties have
now, however, been bred to reduce the content of glucosinolates, yielding a more palatable oil. This
has had the side effect that the oil contains much less erucic acid. Rapeseed is grown for the
production of animal feed, vegetable oil for human consumption, and biodiesel; leading producers
include the European Union, Canada, the United States, Australia, China and India. In India, it is
grown on 13% of cropped land According to the United States Department of Agriculture, rapeseed
was the third leading source of vegetable oil in the world in 2000, after soybean and oil palm, and
also the world's second leading source of protein meal, although only one-fifth of the production of
the leading soybean meal. Natural rapeseed oil contains 50% erucic acid. Wild type seeds also
contain high levels of glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosindes), chemical compounds that
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171 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
significantly lowered the nutritional value of rapeseed press cakes for animal feed. In North America,
the term "canola", originally a syncopated form of the abbreviation "Can.O., L-A." (Canadian
Oilseed, Low-Acid) that was used by the Manitoba government to label the seed during its
experimental stages, is widely used to refer to rapeseed, and is now a trade name for "double low"
(low erucic acid and low glucosinolate) rapeseed.
Rapeseed "oil cake" is also used as a fertilizer in China, and may be used for ornamentals,
such as bonsai, as well. Rapeseed produces great quantities of nectar, and honeybees produce a light-
colored, but peppery honey from it. It must be extracted immediately after processing is finished, as
it is quickly granulate in the honeycomb and impossible to extract. The honey is usually blended
with milder honeys, if used for table use or sold as bakery grade. Rapeseed
growers contract with beekeepers for the pollination of the crop. Average composition of rapeseed
oil/ fatty acid chain values is mentioned in Table.1.
Table1. Average composition of rapeseed oil/ fatty acid
Acid name Average percentage range
Myristic acid 1.5
Palmitic acid 1-4.7
Stearic acid 1-3.5
Oleic acid 13-38
Linoleic acid 9.5-22
Linolenic acid 1-10
Erucic acid 40-64
During the last decade due to strict government and environmental regulations, there has been
a constant demand for environmentally friendly lubricants. Most of the lubricants originate from
petroleum stock, which is toxic to environment and difficult to dispose (Schmidt H.G, 1994; Goyan
Rebecca L et al., 1998). Vegetable oils with high oleic content are considered to be potential
candidates to substitute conventional mineral oil-based lubricating oils and synthetic esters.
Vegetable oils are preferred over synthetic fluids because they are renewable resources and cheaper
(Fessenbecker A, 1995). Vegetable oils as lubricants are preferred because they are biodegradable
and non-toxic, unlike conventional mineral-based oils. They have very low volatility due to the high
molecular weight of the triacylglycerol molecule and have a narrow range of viscosity changes with
temperature. Polar ester groups are able to adhere to metal surfaces, and therefore, possess good
boundary lubrication properties (Goyan Rebecca L et al., 1998).
In addition, vegetable oils have high solubilizing power for polar contaminants and additive
molecules. On the other hand, vegetable oils have poor oxidative stability primarily due to the
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172 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
presence of bis allylic protons and are highly susceptible to radical attack and subsequently undergo
oxidative degradation to form polar oxy compounds (Perez Joseph M et al., 1996; Becker and Knorr,
2003; Sraj R et al., 2001). The phenomena of insoluble deposits are increases in oil acidity and
viscosity. Vegetable oils also show poor corrosion protection. The presence of ester functionality
renders these oils susceptible to hydrolytic breakdown. Therefore, contamination with water in the
form of emulsion must be prevented at every stage (Glavati O et al., 2000; Becker and Knorr, 2003).
Low-temperature study has also shown that most vegetable oils undergo cloudiness, precipitation,
poor flow, and solidification at −10 ◦C upon long-term exposure to cold temperature in sharp
contrast to mineral oil-based fluids (Waller E et al., 2000). Chemical modification of vegetable oils is
an attractive way to solve these problems and to obtain valuable commercial products from
renewable raw materials (Stefanescu I et al., 1999; Sraj R et al., 2001).
Bio-fuel is produced by the transesterification of vegetable oil triglycerides with an aliphatic
alcohol (such as, methanol) employing sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. Fatty acid methyl esters
(FAME) are obtained as the main product of this reaction. Thus, FAMEs have become extensively
available and are produced with high purity. This has open new pathways to the synthesis of
oleochemical products. 2T oil derived from renewable resources and at par with the international
specification. If this type of product will pass the oxidation stability, solubility and foam tests, then
the product would have excellent potential in the market as a new generation eco-friendly 2T
lubricant. The effect of nano boric acid and nano copper based engine and transmission oil additives
in different volume ratios (1:10, 2:10, and 3:10) on friction and wear performance of cast iron and
case carburized gear steel has been investigated (Sraj R et al., 2001). The present work effort was
made to develop biodegradable 2T oil derived from renewable resources and at par with the
international specification.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Rapeseed oil was purchased commercially from a local firm was used as a substrate. The
primary raw materials used in production of biolubricant are Rapeseed oil. Rapeseed oil was
obtained from seeds of Brassica napus after refining process. These materials contain triglycerides,
free fatty acids, and other contaminants. Methanol and other chemicals were obtained from Hi media
and Nice chemical Pvt Ltd, Mumbai for transesterification and Aryl-alkylation process. The catalyst
is required because the alcohol is sparingly soluble in oil phase. The catalyst promotes an increase in
solubility to allow the reaction to proceed at reasonable rate. Suitable amount of water was taken into
a container flask and heated till temperature rises to 700C. Suitable amount of Rapeseed oil was
added into container flask containing hot water, and wait for 30 minutes till impure particles settles
down.
Hot water containing Rapeseed oil was collected into the separating funnel and shack it
vigorously for 5 to 10 minutes. Because of low density of Rapeseed oil settles on the top of the
funnel and high density water and impurities settled at bottom of the funnel. Then disperse water and
impure particles by opening the funnel valve, after that the purified Rapeseed oil was collected into
the jar. Thus they are prone to corrosion when in contact with water. Hence it is necessary to dry the
water washed biodiesel product. Collected purified Rapeseed oil was heated to 600C to remove FFA
and moisture contamination in oil.
Transesterification was carried out in a batch type reactor. This reactor consists of magnetic
stirrer with heater arrangement, spherical flask, temperature controller, stirrer controller. Spherical
flask is used to collect sample of mixture (oil + Methanol + catalyst). Magnetic stirrer and heater
provide the stirring and heating effect simultaneously. Temperature controller is used to control the
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173 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
desired heating effect. Stirrer controller is used to control the stirring effect. For trans-esterification,
200g of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol was heated with 3g of sodium (catalyst) at 120oC untill all sodium
dissolved to give clear solution (Schuchardt et al., 1988). This sodium ethylhexonate solution was
added to 200g of rapeseed oil and the reaction mixture was refluxed at 180oC for 30 hours. Excess
ethyl-hexanol was removed by distillation under vacuum at 10mm. steam was passed through the
contents heated at 120oC till sodiumenthylhexanoate hydrolyzed. The lower layer was acidified to
pH 7 with dilute hydrochloric acid and removed. This layer contains glycerol. The upper layer,
contains traces of water, was dissolved in toluene and traces of water was removed by “Dean and
Stark” trap and the toluene was distilled off. The ester was dried under vacuum at 130oC to remove
the remaining 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and toluene.
For aryl-alkylation, 200g of ethyl hexyl ester (of rapeseed oil) was dissolved in 500g of
toluene and cooled to -10oC. 10g of anhydrous AlCl3 was added slowly over a period of 1hr (Black
and gunstone, 1995; Nakano and foglia, 1984). The temperature was allowed to rise to 0oC and
reaction mixture was maintained at that temperature for 15hr with constant stirring. The contents
were poured into water with 10% hydrochloric acid and kept for 8hr. the upper layer was washed
repeatedly with water to remove acidity. The entrained water in the upper layer was removed by a
dean and stark trap. The toluene was distilled off and last traces of water and toluene were removed
under vacuum. The tolyl-alkylation reaction can be explained as in below equation.
Ethyl hexyl ester of toluene catalyst tolyl ethyl hexyl
Rapeseed fatty acid ester of rapeseed fatty acid
This base stock was blended with 1500mg/L of a additives. A suitable commercial additive
pack could have been selected but here a synergistic combination was developed after several trials.
It consisted of (100 mg/L) Di-t-butyl 4-methyl phenol as antioxidant, (100 mg/L) N,N’/-
disalicylidene 1,2-ethylene diamine as metal deactivator, (200 mg/L) molybdenum thiophosphoro
pentadecylphenol as extreme pressure additive, (200 mg/L) sullfurized hydro-genated karanja oil as
2nd
extreme pressure additive, (150mg/L) methyl hydroxyl hydro cinnamate as secondary antioxidant
/ multifunctional additive, (100 mg/L) polyisobutylene succinimide of pentaethylene hexamine as
detergent- dispersant, (100 mg/L) hexylnitrite as combustion improver, (200 mg/L) polymethacrylate
as pour point depressant, (100 mg/L) glycerol as anticing agent, (150 mg/L) octylphosphonate as
secondary detergent and (50 mg/L) cyclopentadienyl manganese tricabonyl as anti-knocking agent .
the doping into base oil was done at 60oC with stirring for 2hr (singh, 2004). BIS 14234, product
specification for “Lubricants for air-cooled spark-ignition engines”, was taken as the benchmark
standard. As per this standard formulated, 2T lubricating oil must have kinematic viscosity at 100oC:
6.5cst minimum, flash point (COC): 70oC minimum and sulphated ash: 0.25% by mass maximum.
Table 2. Shows the comparison of lubricant properties.
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174 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
Table 2. Comparison of lubricant properties
Property Standard 2T oil Rapeseed oil Bio based lubricant
Viscosity, cst 1000c 11-12 7.51 10.4
Viscosity, cst 400c 48-70 34.26 63
Viscosity index 150 156 155
Flash point, 0c 160 246 185
Pour point, 0c -33 -31.7 -34
Transesterified oil methyl ester and MAK2T oil is to be taken in separate beakers. Quantity
of oil taken up for test in 2 stroke vehicle is 50 ml/L. MAK 2T oil is poured into flask according to
the proportions and proportionate methyl ester is added on it. Magnetic stirrer is dropped inside flask
and made to stir the blend thoroughly for 30 minutes to attain fine blend and to avoid separation in
the future. Once mixture does not blend properly, there are chances of improper mixture, which may
leads to increase emission level. Table 3 shows the various samples and their composition.
Table 3. Sample proportions
Sample
No Bio lubricant Synthetic oil
SYN 0% 100%
B1 10% 90%
B2 20% 80%
B3 30% 70%
B4 40% 60%
B5 50% 50%
The spark ignition engine used for study was Bajaj M80, single cylinder, constant speed, vertical air
cooled engine and the specification details are given in table. The experimental set-up was shown in
fig. The engine has always been run at its rated speed. The smoke intensity was measured by an
AVL437 smoke meter and Nitrous oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC) were
measured by a AVL 444 Di gas analyser. Emission characteristics of engine were taken for synthetic
lubricant, bio-based 2T oil blends from lower load to full load condition. The tests were repeated for
three times and finally the average value of the three readings was taken. Table 4, Table 5 and Table
6 are shows engine specification, AVL gas analyzer specification and AVL Smoke meter
Specification respectively.
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175 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
Table 4. Engine specification
Particulars Specifications
Make & model Bajaj-M80
BHP & speed 4.5bhp & 6000rpm
Type of engine Spark ignition and 2 stroke
Compression ratio 8.8 1.5:1
Engine displacement 74.08 CC
Type of loading Mechanical
Method of cooling air cooling
Bore x Stroke 44 x 48.9 mm
Lubrication Forced, Wet sump
Oil Pump Lobe type
Starting Kick start
Table 5. AVL gas analyzer specification
Particulars Specifications
Type Digas 444
Power supply 11 to 22 VDC/100-300 VAC @50Hz
Power consumption 25W max
Operating temperature 5 to 450C
Storage temperature 0 to 500C
Relative humidity ≤ 95% non condensing
Inclination 0 to 900
Max.over pressure 450hpa
CO 0-10% vol
HC 0-20,000 ppm vol
CO2 0-20% vol
NOX 0-5000 ppm vol
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176 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
Table 6. AVL Smoke meter Specification
Particulars Specifications
Type 437
OPV 230V AC 50Hz DC 11.5-36 V
Smoke column 0.430 ± 0.005m
Smoke intensity 0-100 opacity (%)
Figure 1. Exhaust gas analyzer setup
Five exhaust gases (HC, CO, CO2, O2, and NOX) are measured by latest technology. All five
of these gasses, especially CO2 and O2 are excellent troubleshooting tools. Use of an exhaust gas
analyzer is allow narrowing down potential cause of derivability and emission concerned, focus
troubleshooting, an exhaust gas analyzer also gives the ability to measure effectiveness or repairs by
comparing before and after exhaust readings. As per Bharath standards (BS) norms, 2-stroke engine
emissions are to be tested with various mixtures in order to obtain the better result. Figure 1 shows
the exhaust gas analyzer setup.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The 2-stroke engine emissions (NOX, HC, CO2, CO and smoke) are analyzed and the results
are discussed as follows.
NOX Emission
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177 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
The variation of NOX for bio-based 2T blends tested is presented in Figure 2. The amount of
NOx produced for B1 to B5 varied between 246 and 993 ppm as compared to 427 ppm for synthetic
lubricant. Oxides of nitrogen were lesser by 42.4% for the B3 compared to servo MAK 2T oil. The
reductions in emissions could be due to complete combustion of bio based oil as compared to
synthetic oil.
Figure 2. NOx emission
HC Emission
The HC emission variation for different blends is indicated in Figure 3. It is seen from the
figure that the HC emission decreases with increase in methyl ester proportion. As the octane number
of alkylated ester based fuel is higher than petrol, it exhibits a shorter delay period and results in
better combustion leading to low HC emission. Also the intrinsic oxygen contained by the methyl
ester was responsible for the reduction in HC emission.
Figure 3. HC emission
CO2 Emission
Figure 4. depicts the CO2 emission of various blends used. The lower percentage of bio-based
2t oil blends emits less amount of CO2 in comparison with synthetic oil. Blend B3 emit very low
emissions. This is due to the fact that biolubricant in general is a low carbon fuel and has a lower
elemental carbon to hydrogen ratio than fossil fuel. In general biolubricant themselves are considered
carbon neutral because, all the CO2 released during combustion had been sequestered from the
atmosphere for the growth of the vegetable oil crops.
0
500
1000
1500
SYN B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
NOX(PPM)
NOX(PPM)
0
1000
2000
3000
SYN B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
HC (PPM)
HC (PPM)
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178 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
Figure 4. CO2 emission
CO Emission
The variation of CO produced by running the petrol engine using bio-based 2T blends is
compared with synthetic oil in Figure 5. The minimum and maximum CO produced were 0.01%,
0.5% resulting in a reduction of 90% by B3, as compared to MAK 2T oil.
Figure 5. CO emission
5.5. Smoke Density
The variation of smoke density produced during the test for bio-based oil blends are
presented in Figure 6. The minimum and maximum smoke densities produced for Bio-lubricant
blends were 20.37% and 19.29% with a maximum and minimum reduction of 7.87% as compared to
synthetic lubricant.
`
Figure 6. Smoke density
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
SYN B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
CO2 (% by volume)
CO2 (% by volume)
0
0.5
1
1.5
SYN B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
CO(%by volume)
CO(%by volume)
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179 C.Venkatesan, K.Vignesh, P.Kannadasen , G.Ramasivam
V. CONCLUSION
This work showed that the 2T oil from rapeseed oil was easily meeting the requirement of
international specifications laid down for petroleum based 2T oil, i.e., BIS 14234. It is biodegradable
and can be used in eco-sensitive areas. Use of vegetable oil based 2T lubricants will reduce
dependence on petroleum.
Density, Specific gravity, Cloud point and Gross Calorific Value are nearly equal to the
petroleum based lubricants. It concluded that, bio-based lubricants can replace the petroleum-based
lubricants, since bio-lubricants are renewable and does not contribute to global warming due to its
closed carbon cycle.
This 2T-oil is less volatile than conventional 2T oil, produces lower emission of VOCs and
reduces green house gases, extends engine life due to higher lubricity and enhance oxidative stability
of gasoline. It was effective on half of present dosage, i.e., fuel: lube ratio 100:1. It is safe to store
due to higher flash point, offers better use of non-edible oils, will provide new employment avenues
in rural sector. This 2T oil offer significant benefits to environment and to end-users. Smoke
reduction will be more effective with use of castor based 2T oil if drive smoothly at low speed and
with engine in good condition.
Thus the above results shows that emission characteristics of blend B3 (30% methyl ester +
70% servo LML 2T oil) produces the best result as compared with the synthetic petroleum based oil.
So B3 bio based 2T oil is recommend as crank case oil for medium speed two stroke petrol engines.
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