Rationality, Language, and the Brain
Darwin’s Family Tree
Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Eugenics (“well-born”):The attempt to improve the human race through
selective breeding
Galton’s Chart of notable persons withfamily member of talent
HEREDITARY GENIUS 1869
GALTON’S CHART OF HEREDITARY GENIUS
GALTON’S ANTHROPOMETRIC LABORATORY
GALTON’S HEAD CALIPERS, 1882
Samuel Morton (1799-1850)
Crania Americana (1839)
Crania Aegyptica (1844)
Founded Société d’Anthropologie
in Paris 1859
first Anthropological Society
(1871)
(1875)
From Essays on AnthropologyPaul Broca
2 vols. (1871) p. 144
Stereograph for drawing
The shape of the skull(a tenth its natural size)
Compass to measure
micrometric thickness
From Essays on AnthropologyPaul Broca
2 vols. (1871) p. 153
General Instructions for anthropological research and observationsPaul Broca, (1865)
Template for determination
of eye & skin color
Paul Broca Instructions générales pour
les recherches et observations anthropologiques
(1865)
Basque SkullsBrachyocephalic—
Broader, short-headedvs.
(Dolicocephalic—long-headed
Parisian skulls)
Mémoires D’AnthropologiePaul Broca, 1871
from Étude sur le Cerveau du Gorille
(Study on the brainof a Gorilla)
Paul Broca (1878)
Brain of a young male chimpanzee (left)Brain of the Hottentot Venus (right)
Edmund Gurney, Henry Sedgwick & Frederick Myers
“HOTTENTOT VENUS”
Report on Phineas Gage
Boston Post September, 1848
Tamping Iron
Phineas Gage’s Death Mask and Skull
Warren Anatomical Museum Countway Medical Library, Boston
EDUARD HITZIG AND ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE DOG’S BRAIN
David Ferrier (1843-1928) Localization of Function
“ the most elevated cerebral faculties such as judgment, reflection, the faculties of comparison
and abstraction have their seat in the frontal convolutions, while convolutions of the temporal,
parietal and occipital lobes are affected by sentiments, predilections and passions.”
Broca (1861) p. 57.
Brain of Leborgne“Tan”
Broca’s patientDiagnosed with aphemia
(loss of speech)also called aphasia
Diagram of Broca’s area—Third frontal convolution
JOHN HUGHLINGS JACKSON (1835-1911)
“If this be the process of evolution, then the reverse process of dissolution is not only a ‘taking off’ of the higher, but is at the very same time a ‘letting go’ of the lower. If the governing body of this country were destroyed suddenly, we should have two causes for lamentation: 1) the loss of services of eminent men; and 2) the anarchy of the now uncontrolled people.”
John Hughlings Jackson (1887)
General Paralysis Success Story• 1896 German pathologist Franz Nissl
diagnoses general pareses on basis of cellular pathological evidence
• c. 1898 Richard von Krafft-Ebing injects fluid from sores of known syphilitics into the blood of general pareses patients. It is assumed that they are already infected
• 1905 Franz Schaudinn demonstrates presence of Treponema palidum, a microorganism, in the primary lesions of syphilis.
General Paralysis Success Story, cont.
• 1906 August von Wasserman develops first immunological test for the diagnosis of syphilis
• 1910 Paul Ehrlich develops Salvarsan (Number 606, the ‘magic bullet’) for the treatment of syphilis and neurosyphilis, or what used to be called general paralysis.
Disease Models of the Brain-late 1800s
• Dissolution—higher brain levels impaired, releasing activity of less evolved brain areas,
• Localization—destruction of certain localized cerebral areas
• Germ Theory--microorganism invades the brain and causes disease