Razia Sultana. Wajeeha Ali, S G A Shah & Faisal Ameer
Food & Marine Resources Research CenterPCSIR Labs Complex Karachi
Karachi-75280Pakistan
ON THE ARTEMIA POPULATIONFROM PAKISTAN
Introduction
• A parthenogenetic population of Artemiawas first recorded in 1991 from coastal salt works of Korangi Creek
• Two years study from May 1991 through April 1993
• Occurrence of population was seasonal and cyclic
• Appeared in last week of October and disappeared in May
• Maximum population density in Nov-Dec at temperature from 20-28 0C
Occurrence of Artemia in Pakistan
Longitude 240 47’ 43 NLatitude 670 10’ 02 E
Korangi Creek Salt worksCrystallizers Intermediate salinity ponds
Crystallizers Crystallizers
Steps taken to protect & maintain Artemia
• From 1995 onward the population gradually declined and completely disappeared after 1997 due to the man made factors (expansion activities in which the previous Artemia ponds were converted to crstallizers and new intermediated salinity ponds were made ; and pollution from nearby industerial area particularly the tanneries)
• Artemia population was maintained in three small ponds (1.5 m2) for six years from 1998-99 to 2003-04.
Methodology• The ponds were covered with transparent nylon netting, which allows
the penetration of light in the pond, also found useful to lower the temperature
• Seawater was prepared by dissolving crude sea salt, obtained from coastal salt works. The seawater was prepared, filtered and aerated; salinity was adjusted to 80 ppt. Inorganic (i.e urea and DAP) and organic fertilizers (chicken manure) were added at the same rategiven by Tackaert and Sorgeloos (1991)
• The depth of water in ponds was kept 0.6 meter to prevent the quick temperature change; during the summer months (i.e. May and June)water depth was further increased to 0.75meter.
• Each year Artemia nauplii were inoculated @ five/ liter in October and the experiment concluded in September by draining the ponds for re-inoculation.
• The cysts naturally produced were collected. Ecological parameters like, temperature, salinity, pH, D.O. , and phytoplankton abundance were monitored.
• Temperature was recorded twice a day, at 9.00 am and at 1.00 pm,whereas, salinity twice a week, dissolved oxygen and phytoplankton abundance once a week.
Experimental data of Artemiapopulation in 1.5 m2 ponds
Inoculation Maximum Minimum Average Average size
Years density population population size of of cyst (no/L) density (no/L) density (no/L) adult (mm) (µm)
Average ± STDAverage ± STD
Average ± STD
Average ± STD
1998-1999 5 1175 ± 138.6 245 ± 7.1 10.40 ± 0.90 258 ± 09.7 1999-2000 5 1367 ± 157.7 234 ± 19.8 10.08 ± 1.07 255 ± 10.9 2000-2001 5 1678 ± 116.7 21 ± 8.5 10.50 ± 1.02 243 ± 11.0 2001-2002 5 2038 ± 195.2 129 ± 22.6 10.83 ± 0.98 244 ± 12.5 2002-2003 5 2211 ± 15.6 567 ± 88.4 11.09 ± 0.85 250 ± 11.4 2003-2004 5 2290 ± 113.1 645 ± 149,2 10.5 ± 1.50 240 ± 13.1
• Average maximum population density / liter was ranged between 1175 ± 138.6 to 2290 ± 113.1 (average of three ponds), whereas average minimum density of the three ponds was found between 645 ±149.2 to 21 ± 8.5 during six years study period.
• The average size of adult Artemia varied between 10.08 ± 1.07 mm to 11.09 ± 0.85 mm, whereas the cyst size (hydrated untreated) varied between 240 ±13.1 µm to 258 ± 09.7 µm
• The cyst produced naturally were collected, dried and stored for future use.
Results
• The year wise and steady increase in population density/ Liter may be attributed to better management evolved from previous experiments
• Maximum population density on monthly basis (i.e seasonal abundance) was found during November to March, whereas minimum in May-June. The population density was mainly temperature dependent.
• The ovoviviparous mode of reproduction dominated the population throughout the year
Ecological factors studied• Temperature
– The population thrives well between 28-320C– The maximum densities of Artemia were found at temperatures
from 20-28 0C. – The upper tolerance limit for Artemia survival was found to be
37 0C. – Temperature never reaches below 8 0C, and Artemia survived
well at this minimum temperature, though switch over to the oviparity below 10 0C, but as soon as the temperature increased the population became ovoviviparous (Such low temperature spell never stays longer than 2 days in Karachi)
– Temperature was not controlled in ponds but never allowed to rise above 33 0C during the six years period.
Seasonal variation of annual temperature (average of maximum, minimum and average during 1998-99 to 2003-04) in 3 Artemia ponds (1.5 m2)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Tem
pera
ture
(0 C
)
Minimum Maximum Average
Minimum 17 18 21 26 30 30.5 29 28.5 26 24 23 20
Maximum 20 25.5 31 32 33 33 33 33 32 33 31 28
Average 17.5 20.75 24.41 28 32 32.5 31.5 30.5 31 30 24 22
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Ecological factors studied• Salinity
– The suitable salinity range for growth and survival of Artemia was from 80 to 100 ppt.
– 100 % population died at 10, 20, 140 to 250 ppt levels with in 12 hours, when salinity was changed abruptly (nauplii hatched at satandard conditions were directly transferred to the experimental salinity range from 10 to 250 ppt at an interval of 10 ppt
– Salinity when gradually increased was tolerated up to 180 ppt
Ecological factors studied
Suitability of microalgae as food
• The suitability of four species of microalgae viz, Tetraselmis chuii, Chaetoceros sp. Isochrysis galbana, and Skeletonema tropicum was assessed
• Tetraselmis chuii was best for growth, survival and reproductive output
Assessment of suitability of micro-algae as feed
Micro-algae Isochrysis galbana
Tetraselmis chuii
Skeletonema costatum
Chaetoceros sp.
Initial population density
100
100
100
100
Final population density
1400
2800
1000
2700
No. of cyst or nauplii/ brood
74 ±12 nauplii
85 nauplii
40 cysts
88 nauplii
Spawning Interval (days)
4-5
3-4
4-5
4-5
Average survival (%)
80
95
100
80
Average size of adult (n=10)
11.2 mm
12.2 mm
11.0 mm
10.9 mm
Present Studies
• Artemia are being propagated by semi-intensive method in a comparatively large (93 m2) outdoor pond.
• The objective is to develop methodologies to produce adequate stocking material either in the form of cyst or adults to inoculate the Artemia in coastal ponds and re-inoculate into coastal saltworks
• Population reached to a density of 2540 Artemia/Liter from (at different stages) / liter in exactly two months Inoculation was done on ( 12. 2. 2004).
• The experiment was started late due to a major oil spill in along Karachi coast in August 2003
Pond (93 m2)was covered to prevent rise of temperature
Monthly temperature variation in Artemia pond (1000 sq ft pond)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Minimum Maximum Average
Minimum 18 21 26 28 29 29.5 30.5
Maximum 25.5 31 34 34 35 33 32
Average 21.75 25.41 29.08 30.84 31.45 31.25 31.25
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Average of population density, Artemia/ Liter in 93m2 culture pond
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Feb March April May June July August
Monthly average of population density / liter
• There was a rapid increase in population during March and April;
• it increased roughly 35 times from February (10 individual) to March (346 individual) and about 4 times from March to April (X= 1222 individual). The population was declined in May (655 individual) and again increased in June (X= 1058 individual), it negligibly decreased in July (1024), and again increased in August (X=1322 individual).
Clusters of Artemia in Pond
Dsc00473.jpg
Clusters of Artemia in Pond
Conclusion
• The climatic conditions are suitable for pond culture of Artemia
• To keep the culture operation throughout the year, the depth of water should be more than 0.5-0.75 meters in small ponds and in large pond of about 1 acre size at least 0.4 meter
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