REMEMBER !REMEMBER !PLACEMENT TEST per i ritardatari
contattate dott’ssa Eade: [email protected]
RICEVIMENTO BOWLESLunedi 10-11, Venerdi 14-15
DIDATTICA WEB Lingua Inglese 1 LLEM“Files” e “Comunicazioni” 1
What you need to pass the exam What you need to pass the exam if you are attending classesif you are attending classes
Material from “Files” (handout, powerpoint, documents, summaries)
Website
Regular study and practice every week2
What you need to pass the exam What you need to pass the exam if you are NOT attending classesif you are NOT attending classes
Material from “Files” (handout, powerpoint, documents, summaries)
WebsiteRegular practice every weekBooks in bibliography
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Bibliography (if you need to Bibliography (if you need to understand further/better) understand further/better)
Roach, P. English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge University Press
Carstairs-McCarthy A., An introduction to English morphology. Edinburgh University Press
Thomas, L. Beginning Syntax. Blackwell. 4
What you will find in the examWhat you will find in the exam
Written examQuestions on each lesson
- 50% phonetics/phonology
- 20% syntax
- 30% morphology
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2010-11 LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo A/B2010-11 LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo A/BIntroduction to English Linguistics mod.BIntroduction to English Linguistics mod.Bprof. Hugo Bowlesprof. Hugo Bowles
Lesson 3
Morphology 6
Structure UsePragmatics
Meaning (semantics)GrammarMedium of
Transmission
Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Lexicon Discourse
Structure of Spoken Language (from Crystal 1997)
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MorphologyMorphology
The study of the structure of words
or
how to analyse “elephant” and “supercalifrgilisticexpialidocios”
simplesimple and and complexcomplex words words
Morphology helps you to distinguish between simple and complex words.
This lesson aims to help you do morpheme analysis so that you can divide words into their constituent parts
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MorphemesMorphemes
a morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function
distinction between free morphemes and bound morphemes
Free morphemesFree morphemes
can stand by themselves as a single word
e.g. grace
can be lexical (e.g. boy,elephant)
or functional (e.g. and, but)
So a simple word is made up of one free morpheme
Bound morphemesBound morphemes
cannot stand alone but need to be “bound” to another morpheme, e.g. re-, -ful
prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes
Find the roots the following wordsFind the roots the following words unwholesome whole rulership rule underdeveloped develop overachiever achieve operational operate indispensable dispense
PREFIXESPREFIXES
e.g. un-, de-, super- e.g. un-, de-, super-
meaningful elements
come BEFORE base form
lexical role – allow for the construction of a large number of new words
SUFFIXESSUFFIXESe.g. –ness, -ed, -ere.g. –ness, -ed, -er
meaningful elements
2 types of suffix:
DERIVATIONAL
INFLECTIONAL
DEFINING SUFFIXESDEFINING SUFFIXES
DERIVATIONALe.g. -ness, -ship, -able
change meaning of base formlexical role
INFLECTIONALe.g. -s, -ed, -er
no lexical meaninggrammatical role only
SUFFIXES
INFLECTION OF PLURALINFLECTION OF PLURAL
REGULAR FORM-s, -es, -ies
IRREGULAR FORMes. children
SINGULAR MEANINGes. scissors, binoculars
PLURALSinflection
INFLECTION OF VERBSINFLECTION OF VERBS
BASE FORM
3rd pers. sing.
-S FORM
gerund
-ING FORM
past tense, past part.
-ED FORM
TYPES OF INFLECTION
Two methodsTwo methods
Two methods can be used to represent morpheme analysis:
-
- Using a tree diagram
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Dividing by hyphens
Mehtod 1 – Dividing by hyphensMehtod 1 – Dividing by hyphens
Dividing by hyphens (trattini) is the simplest and easiest method for doing morphological analysis.
How do you do it?
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Step 1 – Find the root !Step 1 – Find the root !
The root of the word is the base form to which other bound morphemes are attached.
Where is the root in:
- teacher
- paper
- truthfulness
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teach
No root ! It’s a base formtruth
Find the roots the following wordsFind the roots the following words unwholesome whole rulership rule underdeveloped develop overachiever achieve operational operate indispensable dispense
STEP 2 – Divide the bound morphemes STEP 2 – Divide the bound morphemes
from the root with a hyphen from the root with a hyphen
root =
+ bound morpheme =
+ bound morpheme =
e.g. truthfulnesstruth
truth-fultruth
truthful truth-ful-ness
-ful
-ness
Answer = truth-ful-ness
Can you divide these words Can you divide these words with hyphens?with hyphens?
ColourfulHappinessUnbelievableTeacherMonsterRattlesnake
colour-ful
happi-nessun-believ-able
teach-ermonsterrattle-snake
Method 2 – tree diagramMethod 2 – tree diagram
This involves dividing the word in terms of the grammatical functions of the morphemes and representing it as a tree.
This is more difficult !
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step 1 – divide the word using step 1 – divide the word using hyphenshyphens
truthfulness
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truth-ful-ness
step 2 – extract the words that step 2 – extract the words that are created by the morphemesare created by the morphemes
In the single word truthfulness we have actually found three words:
truthfulnesstruthful truth (root)
What is the grammatical function of these words?
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step 3 – analyse the grammar step 3 – analyse the grammar of each wordof each word
In the single word truthfulness we have actually found three words:
truthfulnesstruthful truth (root)
What is the grammatical function of these words?
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noun (N)
adjective (A)
noun (N)
step 4 – start the tree from the step 4 – start the tree from the rootroot
- -
N
Write the word at the bottom
Attach the grammatical category of the root to the root
truth-ful-ness
step 5 – attach the grammatical step 5 – attach the grammatical category of the next word category of the next word
truth – ful - ness
N
A
step 6 – attach the grammatical step 6 – attach the grammatical category of the next wordcategory of the next word
truth – ful - ness
N
A
N
Another exampleAnother example
specificationspecification
Step 1 – divide the word using hyphens
specification specif-ic-ation
step 3 – analyse the grammarstep 3 – analyse the grammar
specification (N) specific (A) specify (root) (V)
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The structure is not always like thisThe structure is not always like this
The structure of the tree will depend on how the word has been morphologically constructed. Sometimes the root is in the middle of the word or at the end of the word. This will change the structure of the tree.
Let’s try unwholesome
step 3 – analyse the grammarstep 3 – analyse the grammar
unwholesome (A) wholesome (A) whole (root) (A)
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Draw tree diagrams for the Draw tree diagrams for the following wordsfollowing words
rul-er-ship
under-develop-ed
over-achiev-er
operat-ion-al
in-dispens-able