Review (Chromosomes)
Packages of compacted DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes per normal body cell. Each chromosome lines up in a pair. (homologues). The chromosomes contain the DNA. DNA has the genes. Genes are the codes for
Proteins (ACCTTGGGTA). Proteins direct the
activities of the cell and body.• Genes are the instructions. • Proteins express the genes. • We have about 20K genes.• We have 3.2 billion bases.In
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Heredity =
The passing of traits from parent or parent(s) to the offspring (children).
1 Parent 2 Parents
Binary Fission
Reproduction =
The process by which organisms produce other organisms of the same kind (species).
S Reproduction involves the union of male and female reproductive cells (gametes). Most multi-celled organisms reproduce this way.
AS Reproduction is the type in which the offspring are produced by a single parent without reproductive cells. Most single-celled organisms and simple animals and plants reproduce this way.
Asexual Reproduction
Requires only one parent Offspring have 100% the same chromosomes
as the parent. In other words, the offspring are exact “clones”
of the parent. Does not need Meiosis to make gametes. Some form of cell division needed. Does not
mean that Mitosis is needed for all organisms. Movie
Asexual Reproduction: Budding
Budding In this form, an offspring grows out of the body of the parent. Hydras exhibit this type of reproduction. Hydras are closely related to the Jelly Fish
Movie
Asexual Reproduction: Budding
Budding In this form, a parent releases a specialized
mass of cells that can develop into an offspring.
sponges exhibit this type of reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction: Fragmentation
Fragmentation In this form, the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring.Planarians (flat worms) exhibit this type of reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction: Regeneration Regeneration
In this form, if a piece of a parent is detached, it can grow and develop into a completely new individual.Echinoderms (star fish, brittle stars etc.) exhibit this type of reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction: Plant Cuttings
Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction in plants that relies on multi-cellular structures formed by the parent plant. It has long been exploited in horticulture and agriculture, with various methods employed to multiply stocks of plants.
Asexual Reproduction: Example
Potatoes are actually an underground stem part called a tuber. Each individual seed potato, planted by a farmer, grows several underground tubers (the potatoes that we buy at the store) that are dug up and harvested from the ground. New potatoes can easily be asexually reproduced from the “eyes” of the mother.
Binary Fission
Binary Fission Bacteria Protists
Binary fission is a form of asexual
reproduction where every organelle
is copied and the organism divides in two.
Sexual Reproduction
Requires two parents that each give a copy of ½ of their genetic information. Offspring share the characteristics of each
parent. Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction: Animals
Animal Kingdom Many of the members of the Animal
Kingdom Fish Mammals Amphibians Birds Reptiles Insects Crustaceans
Sexual Reproduction: Plants
Plant Kingdom Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. Some plants cross – pollinate. Some flowers have both male and female
reproductive organs on the same flower and can self- pollinate.
Sexual Reproduction
Happens 2 ways 1. Internally (inside)
The egg is fertilized by sperm inside the female Mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, spiders
2. Externally (outside) The egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female The female lays the eggs and then the male
fertilizes them. Fish and some amphibians Plants and fungi (pollen and spores) Nemo Movie Clip
Mammal Reproduction (Internal S. Repro)
All mammals reproduce have internal sexual reproduction and nurture young with milk. Monotremes = lay eggs (i.e. platypus) Marsupials = give birth to live young that are
partially developed (i.e kangaroo) Placental Mammals = give live birth (4000 spp.
including whales, elephants, bats, horses and humans and more)
Frogs (External S. Reproduction)
Some Frogs: Females lay eggs and then the male covers the eggs with sperm cells to fertilize them. The eggs hatch into tadpoles.
Some organisms can do both types of reproduction: Sexual and Asexual Many plants and animals are adapted to
reproduce both ways. There are advantages to each method. Komodo Dragon (New Adaptation Discovered in
2006) Daffodil Flower Cactus Plant Mushroom Sponge Starfish + others
Part 2: Group Organism Investigation Spiny Water Flea
Tiny and Transparent Arthropod Crustacean Reproduce Rapidly Lives in the Great Lakes Invader from European Waters
Protected by Barbed Tail (70% of Body) Can Alternate Between AS and S.
AS = Female releases eggs into brood chamber on her back. The eggs develop into clones within a few days. During the summer she can produce clones every two weeks.
S = When food becomes scarce or temperature changes some females produce resting eggs that can remain dormant.
Desert Grasslands Whiptail Lizard Whiptail Lizard
Lizard of the Southwest US Long sleek bodies with stripes from nose to
toe. Uses Parthenogenesis
= no male species. More eggs can be produced this way.
Meadow Garlic
Allium canadense Flowering plant that is onion like Grows Wild. Native Am. Used for Cooking AS and S
Bulblets sprout and/or Bulblets Pollinated Not self-pollinating. Must cross-pollinate.
Red Kangaroo
Macropus rufus Live in Australia and can jump well
Can Jump as Far as 12 feet Can Run up to 35 MPH!
S Reproduction Short gestation (3 per year) Start in Pouches Baby called Joeys Joeys live in pouch for
7 months
Brittle Star
Ophiactis savignyi Related to Starfish They have Radial Symmetry
Central Disk Holds Mouth, Stomach and Organs. AS and S Reproduction
Fission or Fragment Arms Break off and regenerate.
Duck Leech
Thermomyzon tessulatum Attaches to nostrils, eyes, throats and brains
of ducks and other waterfowl. S Reproduction
Hermaphrodite = Has Both Male and Female Reproductive Structures.
Requires gametes from other leeches.
Leech Cocoons hold as many 400 eggs.
Grizzly Bear
Ursus horribilis Live in Rugged Mountain Areas Require a HUGE Habitat (350 sq. miles) Males 1000 lbs. Females 700 lbs. S. Reproduction
Internal Delayed Fertilization Cubs with mom for 3 years. She won’t reproduce again until they leave.
Leafy Sea Dragon
Phycoduras eques Dragons lurk in cool waters. Can be big as 2 feet. Live in Australia in Calm and Cool Waters S. Reproduction
Males Carry and Hatch the Young (200 eggs).
Salmonella
Salmonella typhimurium Small 1-Celled Eubacteria Causes Food Poisoning in Small Intestine
Could be life threatening Found in raw eggs, raw meats, reptiles, feces.
AS Reproduction Binary Fission