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Forms of Government
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Forms of Government:1) As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers
a) Monarchy
the supreme & final authority is in the handsof a single person such as
king,
queen,emperor,czar
Louis XIV of France Sun King
The first Russian ruler to be formallycrowned as "tsar of all Russia
Ivan IV
Queen CleopatraEgypt
Queen Elizabeth IIEngland
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1) As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers
2 types of Monarchy:
Absolute Monarchy ruler rules by divine right
Limited Monarchy ruler rules according to a Constitution
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According to Thomas Hobbes (English)
Monarchy is the best form of government .
1) Less division
2) Less scope of corruption
3) Wider consultation
(the monarch can select experts and get advice in private)
4) More effective secrecy
5) Less chance of civil war(since the Monarch cannot disagree with himself)
6) Policies will be more consistent
7) Complete obedience to single will(essential to order and security)
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2 Ways in which right can be given-up according to Thomas
Hobbes
1) By simply renouncing the right
2) By transferring the right
> it can be made by promise or contract / covenants
> transferring of right is voluntary
> there is one right that cannot be transferred
the ultimate right to defend our lives
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Example of Contemporary Absolute Monarchy
The Sultan of Brunei is both head of state and head of government.
Executive power is exercised by the government.
Brunei has a Legislative Council with 20 appointed members,that only has consultative tasks.
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
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b) Aristocracy
political powers is exercised by few privilege class
also known as oligarchy
derived from the Greek aristokratia meaning the best'
is a form of government in whichpower effectively rests with a smallelite segment of society
Oligarchies have been tyrannical throughout history.
Example:
The French First Republicgovernment under theDirectory A body of five Directors that held executive
power in France
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Example: French Aristocracy
Lower Class:commoners/laborers
Middle Class:nobles/merchants/traders
Upper Class
clergy/priest
aristocrats /
elite
b) Aristocracy
Voltaire Rosseau
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c) Democracy the power is exercised or resides in the people
2 types:1) Direct / Pure Democracy
the will of the state is directlyexpressed by the people
2) Indirect / Representative /
Republican Democracy people choose representatives /
delegates to govern /
rule them
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2) As to extent of powers exercised by the CENTRAL /NATIONAL government
e.g. Philippines
a) Unitary Government
control of the national and local affairs is exercised by the central / national
government
headed by the President thatrepresents the central / national
government
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2) As to extent of powers exercised by the CENTRAL / NATIONALgovernment
b) Federal Governmentpowers of government are
divided between national and
local affairs
each organ (national & local) isSUPREME within its own sphere
e.g. United States
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3) As to relationship between EXECUTIVE and LEGISLATIVEbranches of government
a) Presidential
President is the head of state and ofgovernment
Pres. George Washington1789-1797
Pres. Manuel QuezonFirst President of the Commonwealth - 1935
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3) As to relationship between EXECUTIVE and LEGISLATIVEbranches of government
b) Parliamentary Government
Prime Minister runs the affairs of thegovernment
President serves as ceremonial / symbolicleader of the state
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Example: JAPAN
Power is held chiefly by thePrime Minister of Japan and
other elected members of theDiet.
While sovereignty is vested in theJapanese people.
Constitutional Monarchy
The power of the Emperor is very limited.
As a ceremonialfigurehead , he is defined bythe constitution as the
symbol of . . . . .
1) the state
2) the unity of the people
Japan's legislative organ is theNational Diet , a bicameralparliament
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Akihito the current Emperor
of Japan
Michiko the current Empress
of Japan
NaruhitoCrown Prince of Japan,stands as next in line to
the throne
Crown Princess
Masako
IncumbentPrime Minister
of Japan
Yukio Hatoyama since 16 September 2009
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National Diet of Japan is Japan's
bicameral legislature.
It is composed of alower house , called the
House of Representative , and an
upper house , called the House ofCouncilors.
Both houses of the Diet are directly
elected by the people.
In addition to passing laws , theDiet is formally responsible for
selecting the Prime Minister
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Bhumibol Adulyadejcurrent
King of Thailand
Abhisit Vejjajiva ,leader of the Democrat Party,
since December 17, 2008
Thailands Prime Minister
Government: ConstitutionalDemocraticMonarchy
1932 - the first writtenconstitution was promulgated
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Other Forms of Government:
a) Military Government government implemented by one state over
another state under their control
e.g. military government during the Japaneseoccupation of the Philippines
a government run by military junta
e.g. present government of Myanmar (Burma)
from 1962 up to present
Senior GeneralTHAN SHWE
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September 24, 2007Tens of thousands of monks andcivilians march in Burma in the
biggest protest so far againstthe ruling junta.
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b) Revolutionary Government
the power of the government is obtainedthrough force
e.g. revolutionary government under Emilio Aguinaldo(June 29, 1898)
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Other Forms of Government: (As to legitimacy)
c) De Jure Government
government that is founded on constitutional law
e.g. the Commonwealth government underPres. Manuel L. Quezon
(Latin) -- rightfully; lawfully; by legal title
SIGNING THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH
23 MARCH 1935.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, signing the Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth;Manuel L. Quezon, President
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Other Forms of Government: (As to legitimacy)
d) De facto Government
government not founded on constitutional law
administration of the state by superior force brought aboutby revolutions, invasions, insurgency
e.g. revolutionary government under
Andres Bonifacio
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How will you describe the Philippine Government ?
a) representative democracy
through election
b) unitary
c) presidential
control of the national & local affairsby the central government
separation of powers by the 3branches of government