7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
1/36
Solid Waste Managment
Dr. Rajesh Roshan Dash
Assistant Professor
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
2/36
Waste is the by product of human activity whichhas lack of value or use.
What is Waste?
Classification of Waste
On the basis of Physical State
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Gaseous Waste
According to Original Use
Food Waste
Packaging Waste etc.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
3/36
It refers to a waste which is solid or semi solid or which has
insufficient moisture content to be free flowing. The main characteristics of solid waste is that it remains
visible in the environment.
Solid wastes are stored and transported through societies and
are major threat to adversely affect the environment.
SolidWasteWaste is the by product of human activity which
has lack of value or use.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
4/36
CITY - WISE DISTRIBUTION
OF MSW GENERATION
Different Classifications of
solid waste Material
Glass
Paper etc.
Physical Properties
Compostable
Combustable
Recyclable
Sources
Domestic
Commercial
Industrial Safety Level
Hazardous
Nonhazardous
The classification on the basis of source is
widely adopted and is used.
No of Cities
, < 50, 26,
9%
No of Cities
, 50 -150,
176, 59%
No of Cities
, 150-250 ,
36, 12%
No of Cities
, 250-500,
25, 8%
No of Cities
, 500 -
1000, 19,
6%
No of Cities
, >1000, 17,
6%
Chart Title
< 50 50 -150 150-250
250-500 500 - 1000 >1000
TPD Cities
< 50 26
50 -150 176
150-250 36
250-500 25
500 - 1000 19
>1000 17
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
5/36
Sources of Solid Wastes
Residential Waste: Garbage including food waste, paper,crockery and ashes from fires, furniture.
Commercial Waste: Similar to residential wastes
produced from offices, shops, restaurants etc.
Institutional Waste: Similar to residential wastes plus
hazardous, explosive, pathological and other wastes
which are institution specific (hospital, research institute
etc.)
Industrial Waste: Wastes generated by various industries.
Construction and Demolition Waste: Bricks, brick bats,
concrete, asphaltic material, pipes etc.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
6/36
Agricultural Waste : Waste arising from agricultural practice.
Treatment Plant Waste: Solids from grit chambers,
sedimentation tank, sludge digesters of waste watertreatment plant.
Mining Waste: Mainly inert material from mineral extracting
industries.
Energy Production Waste: Waste from energy productionunits including ash from coal burning.
Dredging Waste: Organic and mineral wastes from dredging
operations.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
7/36
Municipal Solid Wastes
What is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ?
The MSW refers to all wastes collected by local authority ormunicipality and is the most diverse category of waste.
MSW comprises all wastes except agricultural, mining, energy
production and dredging wastes
- Municipal Solid Waste : 40 million tonnes/yr
- Municipal Liquid Waste : 5000 million cubic m/yr
- In addition large quantities of solid & liquid waste generated
in industrial sector
(Waste is Increasing due to fast growing population,
urbanization & industrialization)
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
8/36
Municipal solid waste
Components of MSW :
Mixed household waste
Recyclables
Household hazardous waste
Commercial waste
Yard waste
Litter and waste from community trash cans
Bulky items (refrigerators , rugs , etc. )
Construction and demolition waste
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
9/36
Quantities of MSW generated indifferent countries
Country Kg/person/day
India 0.25 to0.33
Srilanka 0.40
Singapore 0.85
UK 0.95 to 1.0
Japan 1.12
USA 1.25 to 2.25
Quantities of MSW generated insome Indian Cities (1991)
City Tons/day
Mumbai 5000
Kolkatta 3500
Delhi 4600
Chennai 3500
Quantity of solid waste generated (million tons per year) (1991)
Country Agricultural
Mining C&D Sewagesludge
EnergyProduction
Industry MSW
UK 260 240 35 27 13 62 110
USA - 1400 31.5 8.4 63 430 133
INDIA - 700-900 7.2 - 60 - 24
Waste Quantities
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
10/36
Major Constituents of MSW Generated in UK, USA and India
Constituent UK(1992) USA(1990) India(1990)
Paper 35 40 5
Plastic 11 8 1Metals 8 8.5 1
Glass 9 7 0.5
Inert Material - - 39
Compostable Matter 19 25 37.5
Others 18 11.5 16
Projected Municipal, Energy and Mine Waste Generation in India (Million Tons/year)
Year MSW Energy Waste (ash) Mine waste
1980 - - 430
1990 24 46 830
2000 39 92 1220
2010 56 113 -
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
11/36
Characteristics of Solid WasteSolid waste generated by a society may be inert, biologically active or
chemically active.
Agricultural waste is primarily biologically active. It is generated in largequantities and remains uniformly dispersed on land surface area.
Industrial wastes are generated in industrial area and are highly industry
specific. They usually comprise of chemicals and allied products, rubber,
plastic, metals, petroleum and coal products etc.
Mining waste is primarily inert and is also generated in large volumes.
However it accumulates continuously at mining sites.
MSW is generated at densely populated urban centers and are most
heterogeneous.
The predominant constituents of MSW are paper, food, wastes,plastics, glass , metals and inert material.
In developing country like india, 40% waste is compostable, 40%
inert material where as in developed countries, paper forms a major
part of MSW followed by compostable matter.
The inert material content is low.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
12/36
Fundamental objectives of solid waste management.
To minimize the waste.
To manage the waste still produced.
Various Activities Associated with Solid Waste
Waste Generation
Processing at Source
Collection
Processing/Separation at a Central Facility
Recycling/Recovery
Transportation and final disposal on land
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
13/36
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
14/36
Resource Recovery Through
Separation and Recycling
Recycling involves
Separation of waste materials
Preparation of separated fractions forreuse
Reprocessing and remanufacturing
Reuse of prepared material
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
15/36
Materials in MSW which can be
separated and recycled Paper Glass
Plastic
Ferrous metals
Aluminium cans
Recycling is a good process as it reducesthe volume of waste to be disposed offon land.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
16/36
Resource Recovery Through Waste
Processing
Waste processing involves the physical, chemical
or biological alterations of wastes to recover
products for reuse. The various techniques used
for this are
Biological Treatment
Composting
Anaerobic digestion/ Biogasification
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
17/36
Thermal Treatment
Incineration
Refuse Derived Fuel Burning
Physical Treatment
Making building blocks/bricks frominert waste
Chemical Treatment
To recover compounds such asglucose, synthetic oil and celluloseacetate etc.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
18/36
Waste Transformation
After recovery of various resources froma waste, the residual material may be
subjected to a variety of processes to
reduce the volume of waste requiringdisposal. Treatment process may involve
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
19/36
Shredding
Size separation (screening)
Volume Reduction by thermal treatment
or compaction
Encapsulation (to reduce toxicity)
These processes help in reducing
the final land areas required forwaste disposal
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
20/36
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Incinerate (withenergy Recovery
Landfill
Open Dumping
Open Burning Least Preferred
Most Preferred
We arestill here
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
21/36
Waste Disposal on Land
Despite all efforts to minimize waste, the
following requirement for storage/disposal of
the following types of waste will continue to
remain.
The solid waste that cannot be recycled.
The residual waste after all types of processing
has been undertaken.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
22/36
Available Options
Disposal on the earths surface.
Disposal deep below the earths surface.
Disposal at the Ocean bottom.
Among all the above three options,
Option 1 is the least desirable but it willremain the best practical option for theforeseeable future.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
23/36
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
24/36
When waste is stored on land,it becomes the part of the
hydrological cycle. During infiltration of water
through waste as well asduring runoff of water fromthe surface of waste,numerous contaminants are
removed from the waste tothe adjacent areas as well asthe strata below the waste bythe action of the percolatingwater.
This action of water alongwith the action of wind aswell as reactions occurringwith in the waste can havesignificant impact on theadjacent environment.
To minimize the impact of waste on theenvironment, final disposal is done inEngineered Landfills which offer anenvironmentally sustainable methodologyfor disposing waste on land.
Waste Interaction with Hydrologic Cycle
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
25/36
Impact on EnvironmentThe potential impacting agents are:
Solids in the waste
Liquids in the pore space of the waste
Gases emanating in the pore space of the
waste Noise of the waste dumping vehicles
Fine particles in the waste capable of wind
erosion and water erosion Light weight litter capable of being wind
blown
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
26/36
The impact of waste dump onthe environment
The pathways of potential
impactare:
Precipitation
Infiltration
Seepage
Evaporation
Surface runoff
Prevailing wind
Ground water flow
Rivers and stormwater drains
Rodents and pests
Vegetative growth on
waste dumps
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
27/36
The receptor of the potentialimpact are:
Adjoining areas
People
AnimalsVegetation
The Built Habitat
Protected wood lands
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
28/36
Waste Containment
The impact of a waste dump on the
environment can be minimized by
isolating at the source or by eliminating
the pathway.
This can be achieved through
containment of the waste dump as shownin the adjoining figure.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
29/36
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
30/36
Engineered Landfills
The term landfill is used to describe a facilityused for the disposal of solid waste on the
surface of the earth.
The term engineered landfill is used todonate a landfill designed and operated to
minimise environmental impact.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
31/36
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
32/36
The components of the engineeredlandfill are:
A liner system at the base and sides of thelandfill which prevents migration of
leachate or gas to the surrounding soil.
A leachate collection facility which collectsand extracts leachate from within and from
the base of the landfill and then treats the
leachate.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
33/36
A gas control facility which collects and
extracts gas from within and from the top of
the landfill and then treats it or uses it forenergy recovery.
A final cover system which enhances surface
drainage and intercept infiltrating water andsupports surface vegetation. The final cover
system comprises of multiple layers of soils and
geomembrane materials.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
34/36
A surface water drainage system which
collects and removes all surface runoff
from the landfill site.
An environmental monitoring system
which periodically collects and analyses air,
surface water, soil-gas and ground water
samples around the landfill site.
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
35/36
A closure and post closure plan which lists
the steps that must be taken to close and
secure a landfill site once the fillingoperation has been completed and the
activities for long term monitoring and
maintenance of the completed landfill ( 30to 50 Years).
7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management
36/36
Landfill liner comprise of
Compacted clays
Geomembranes
Geosynthetic clay liner Combinations
Leachate collection systems comprise of a leachate drainage network and
leachate removal facility. Drainage networks comprise of coarse grained
soils, perforated pipes or geotextile drainage layers. Drainage removal
facility comprises of a system of sumps, wells and pumps. Leachate drainage
and removal facilities are designed after estimating the quantity of leachate
on the basis of a water balance for the landfill.