8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
1/33
1
PRESENTATIONON
RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION
:ubmitted to.r Abhinav Bansal.r lecturerCE Department
aj Kumar Goel Institute Of Technology Ghaziabad
:ubmitted byaurabh kr Agrahar0703331094C VII B
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
2/33
2
Radio ,roviding the means of wireless interrogation .ommunication and transfer of data or information
Frequency ,efined spectrum for operating RFID devices, , ,ow high ultra high and microwave each with
.istinguishing characteristics
Identification f items by means of codes contained in a-emory based data carrier and accessed by radio
.nterrogation
adio FrequencyIdentification
ReaderTagost nformation
anagementSystemItem
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
3/33
3
History of RFIDHistory of RFID
Harry stockman invented it in 1948. It was first used in world war II by
the united kindom to distinguish there
airoplane from the german ones. In 1973Mario Cardullo patent it and is known as
the ancestor of modern RFID.
Came into commercial use only in 1990s.
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
4/33
4
What is RFID?
RFID uses electrostatic and electromagneticcoupling in the RF portion of the electromagenticwaves to uniquely identify an object, animal orperson. It can be used to identify objects and store information
about the object in question
Bar codes can store limited amounts of information aboutan object.
RFID can be used to store vast amounts of information.
It can be used to accurately locate and identify objectsfrom a distance using RF signals.
It can be used to detect and read objects that are not inline of sight.
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
5/33
5
Basics of RFID Radio-frequency identification
Using radio frequency (RF) signals
to identify (ID) an object Does not require line-of-sight
Tags are attached to an object
ID number in tag uniquely identify the object, not just its class
Current tags use 64 to 128 bits
Can include other information besides ID
Current state
Location
History
Awidevarietyoftags
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
6/33
6
How Does RFID Work?
3 Components
Transceiver Tag Reader
Transponder RFID tag
Antenna
Enterprise
SystemRFID Tag
RFID Reader Middleware
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
7/33
7
RFID Enabled Label
and a chipattached to it
on asubstrate. .e g a plastic
...foil
,an antenna,printed etched
...or stamped
A paper labelwith RFID inside
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
8/33
8
System overviewSystem overview
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
9/33
9
Passive RFID TagsPassive RFID Tags
Tag contains an antenna, and a smallchip
that stores a small amount of data
Tag can be programmed atmanufacture
or on installation
Tag is powered by the high powerelectromagnetic field generated bythe antennas usually in doorways
The field allows the chip/antenna toreflect back an extremely weaksignal containing the data.
Collision Detection recognition ofmultiple tags in the read range isemployed to separately read theindividual tags
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
10/33
10
Active RFID TagsActive RFID Tags
Battery Powered tags Have much greater range
100m
Hold much more information Kbytes
Can integrate sensingtechnology
Temperature, GPS
Can signal at defined time
Multiple tags can be recorded
at once
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
11/33
11
DIFFERENCESDIFFERENCES
Active RFID Passive RFID
Tag Power Source Internal to tag Energy transferred usingRF from reader
Tag Battery Yes No
vailability of power Continuous Only in field of reader
equired signal strength to
TagVery Low Very High
ange Up to 100m Up to 3-5m, usually less
ulti-tag reading 1000s of tags recognized up to 100mph
Few hundred within 3m ofreader
ata Storage Up to 128Kb or read/writewith sophisticated search
and access
128 bytes of read/write
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
12/33
12
RFID System Frequencies
Operation in Specific Frequency Ranges Inductive Coupling (near field)
Low Frequency (LF)--10KHz to 135 KHz Systems operated at LF have short reading range
and are commonly used in asset tracking andsecurity access
High Frequency (HF)-- 6.78, 13.56, 27.125 and 40.68MHz
HF systems are used for automated toll collectionand railroad car tracking
Electromagnetic Waves (far field)
Ultra High Frequency (UHF)--850 MHz to 950 MHz Microwave-- 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz
RFID systems operated in these bands offer longread ranges (greater than 90 feet) and highreading speeds
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
13/33
13
Method of Coupling
All RFID systems have two basic ways ofexchanging information: (1) inductive coupling
(2) electromagnetic backscatter
TransceiverTag Reader
antenna
RFIDTag
IC or microprocessor
antenna
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
14/33
14
Inductive Coupling(near field)
Inductive coupling means that the transponder and theantenna are coupled by the magnetic flux through bothcoils, much like a transformer. All the energy used in thetag is drawn from the primary coil of the antenna.
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
15/33
15
Inductive Coupling Specification
Operating Frequency: 13,56 MHz(HF) Also 135 kHz
Transmission Range:
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
16/33
16
Resonators The antenna coil of the transponder and the
capacitor form a resonant circuit tuned tothe transmission frequency of the reader.The voltage U at the transponder coilreaches a maximum due to resonance in thecircuit. This is way a radio receiver works
The efficiency of power transfer between theantenna coil of the reader and thetransponder is proportional to: the operating frequency f the number of windings n the area A enclosed by the transponder
coil the angle of the two coils relative to
each other the distance between the two coils.
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
17/33
17
The rest of the picture
C circuitscillator
The energy in the coil can is harvestedusing
diodes and capacitors (C2) to rectify the
current.
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
18/33
18
FOR LARGER RANGE
Opposite to inductive coupling, electromagneticbackscatter works beyond the near field.
The energy available at the transponder is found bycalculating the free space path loss aFbetweenthe reader and the transponder.
aF = 147.6 + 20 log(r) + 20 log(f ) 10 log(GT) 10 log(GR)
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
19/33
19
Backscatter Coupling
Electromagnetic backscatter is quite similar toradars.
Depending on its characteristics, an antennareflects part of an incoming electromagnetic
wave back to the sender. Electromagnetic wave are reflected by most
objects that are larger than half the wavelength.
The efficiency of reflection is particularly large for
antennas that are in resonance with theincoming waves. The short wavelengths of UHF facilitate the
construction of antennas with smaller dimensionsand greater efficiency.
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
20/33
20
Backscatter CouplingSpecification
Operating Frequency: 915MHz (UHF), 2.5 GHz &5.8 GHz (Microwave)
Also 868MHz (Europe)
Transmission Range: >1 meter Data Storage Capacity: high bandwidth
Power Supply: passive, semi-passive, active
Both read only and read-write, etc
Transmission Types: HDX, FDX, SEQ
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
21/33
21
How it works?
The power reflected from thetransponder is radiated into
free space. A small proportionof this (free space attenuation)
is picked up by the readersantenna.
The reflected signal travels intothe antenna connection of thereader in the backwardsdirection and can be decoupled
using a directional coupler.
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
22/33
22
Communication between tag and reader
S A i
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
23/33
23
System Architecture
Local database
DataProcessin
g
Middleware
Basic RFID tag read operationThe reader initiates tag collection and sends messages to all tagsAll the tags in the readers field of contact respond by transmitting their tag ID to
the readerThe reader forwards all collected tag IDs through a middleware platform that
filters and aggregates data before passing it on to the host computer
Reader
. . .01 203D2A 916E8B 8719BAE03C
Tag
Reader
Local network
. . .01 203D2A 916E8B 8719BAE13C
Tag
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
24/33
24
EPC CODEEPC numbers have four key elements
Header (8-bits),which identifies the length of the EPCnumber, including the number, type and version
EPC manager (28 bits),which identifies the company orentity responsible for managing the next two EPC elements
Object class (24 bits),acts as the tracking mechanism for
specific groups (for example, lot number) Object ID number (36 bits), which identifies a unique
serial number for all items in a given object class
1234301. 203D2A. 916E8B. 8719BAE03C
Manufacturer 28 bits
Product 24 bits
Serial Number 36 bitseader 8 bits
2 36 = 68,719,476,736
RFID V B C dRFID V B C d
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
25/33
25
RFID Vs Bar CodeRFID Vs Bar CodeRFID Barcode
Forging is difficult Forging is easy
Scanner not required. No need to bringthe tag near the reader Scanner needs to see the bar code to readit
RFID is comparatively fast
Can read multiple tags Can read only one tag at a time
Relatively expensive as compared to BarCodes(Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents a piece)
Can be reusable within factory premises Cannot be reused
EPC
Code
E x p i r a t i o n D a t e
a x T a r i f fill Command
RepairHistory
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
26/33
26
Frequency Trade-Offs
nLifespan
nRangen
nPower
n
CostnBandwidth
n Line ofSight
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
27/33
27
RFIDs Advantages Passive
wireless Store data on a tag
Can be hidden
Work in harsh environments Low cost?
Size a grain of rice
Ability to hold more data than bar codes
Durability
A li i
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
28/33
28
RFID Applications Just a few applications that already exist
EZ Pass Toll Systems Pet identification technology
For toll booths (or any pay for entry system)
Luggage tagging
- E.g., baggage tagging and boarding passes Car keys, wireless entry and ignition
Animals
Hospital Patients
Time and attendance management
- To identify in- and out- times
Hazardous materials
- Avoids the need for physical contact
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
29/33
29
RFID Shortfalls
Cost Transceiver ~ $1000 RFID Tags $0.20 each Not competitive with cost of barcode
UHF signals problematic near metal and water
Reader Collisions Can be overcome using TDMA
Tag Collisions Required some engineering of tag transmit timing
Security Concerns
Still a new technology many issues with standards and security.
Lack of standards!
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
30/33
30
RFID PRIVACY CONCERNS
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
31/33
31
Industrial Initiatives in RFIDIndustrial Initiatives in RFIDPatni Computer Systems Lab Implemented Animal Tracking System
Wipro Technologies - Member of the Electronic Product Code (EPC)
- Setting up a lab to study RFID
- Working on pilot projects
Infosys Technologies RFID consulting on logistics player in the RFIDspace.
TCS have tied up with Hyderabad university to produce RFID tagged
mark sheets & degrees to deter use of fake degree.
Intellicon - pilot project for BEL Bangalore, tags installed on employeebuses. Buses inside the BEL campus were tracked with the aim of
gauging employee punctuality.
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
32/33
32
NY ?NY ?
8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited
33/33
33
THANK YOU