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Rmd outmnr is o cdaanw nc tmd Pnyoa Oetmrnpnanhikoa
Iestitutd oeb o Bnktnr nc Bivieity nc Anebne
Teivdrsity. O cnrfdr fdf`dr nc tmd Nab ik
!nfpoey" md mos spdet foey ydors pdrcnrfieh ie" oeboasn writieh o`nut" #mo$dspdord. !urrdetay md is
prncdssnr ie Rmdnanhy ot %nrtm &dst Teivdrsity" #nutm
Ocriko oeb o #deinr Pdsdorkm 'daanw ie (doatm #tubids
ot Pndmofptne Teivdrsity.
8/12/2019 Ritual And Theatre by Roger Grainger
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'nr Bnrdde" witmnut wmnsd potidet suppnrt oeb
deknurohdfdet tmis wnuab edvdr movd `dde writtde.
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P n h d r H r o i e h d r
P I R T O A O E B R M D O R P D
8/12/2019 Ritual And Theatre by Roger Grainger
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!npyrihmt © Pnhdr )roiehdr
Rmd rihmt nc Pnhdr )roiehdr tn `d ibdeticidb os outmnr nc tmis wnr$
mos `dde ossdrtdb `y mif ie okknrboekd witm sdktine ** oeb *+ nc
tmd !npyrihmt" Bdsihes oeb ,otdets Okt -++.
Oaa rihmts rdsdrvdb. %n port nc tmis pu aikotine foy `d
rdprnbukdb" stnrdb ie o rdtridvoa systdf" nr troesfittdb ie oey
cnrf nr `y oey fdoes" dadktrneik" fdkmoeikoa" pmntnknpyieh"
rdknrbieh" nr ntmdrwisd" witmnut tmd prinr pdrfissine nc tmd
pu`aismdrs.
Oey pdrsne wmn knffits oey ueoutmnri/db okt ie rdaotine tn tmis pu`aikotine foy `d aio`ad tn krifieoa prnsdkutine oeb kivia kaoifs
cnr bofohds.
O !I, kotoanhud rdknrb cnr tmis titad is ovoiao`ad crnf tmd <ritism
Ai`rory.
I#<% *+ -+?0; ?2+ -
www.oustiefokouady.knf
'irst ,u`aismdb 423-?8
Oustie =okouady ,u`aismdrs Atb.
29 !oeobo #7uord
!oeory &morc Anebne
:-? 9A<
,rietdb oeb `nueb ie )rdot <ritoie
8/12/2019 Ritual And Theatre by Roger Grainger
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Ok$enwadbhfdets
I wnuab ai$d tn ok$enwadbhd tmd ievoauo`ad mdap oeb
obvikd hivde fd `y 1nme oeb =urida Pnw`nttnf" oeb
Pn`drt #mow.
8/12/2019 Ritual And Theatre by Roger Grainger
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\ r d c o k d
Rmis `nn$ knekdres tmd rdaotinesmip `dtwdde knrpnrotd rituoa
oeb tmdotrd. Rmis is o su`6dkt wmikm is nctde fdetinedb `ut
rorday d5ofiedb ie oey bdptm. Rmd outmnr is oe oetmrnpnanhist
wmnsd wnr$ ie aiturhy oeb tmdotrikoa d5pdridekd mos `dknfd
wdaa>$enwe ie okobdfik kirkads" witmnut ansieh tnukm witm tmdnrbieory rdobdr tn wmnf it is obbrdssdb. Ie portikuaor" mis eofd
is ossnkiotdb witm tmd spirituoa ibdetity nc vorinus $iebs nc
tmdropdutik tmdotrd" oeb tmd oetmrnpnanhikoa siheicikoekd tmot
brofotik rituoa pnssdssds cnr mufoe `diehs dvdrywmdrd. I smoaa
`d pnietieh nut tmot `ntm tmdotrd oeb rituoa ord knffneay
rdhorbdb os pdripmdroa tn tmd rdoa stotd nc occoirs knekdreieh
mufoe aivieh oeb byiehL nptineoa d5tros@ tn tmd sdrinus
`usiedss nc tryieh tn uebdrstoeb wmn oeb wmot wd ord. &miadbrowieh ottdetine tn tmd kuaturoa coktnrs deknurohieh tmis" I
smoaa rdaotd it tn bddpdr issuds knekdreieh mufoe vuaedro`iaity
oeb tmd ifpuasd tn bisknuet tmd voaud nc rdoaitids wmikm bdcy
rdbuktine tn tmd aitdroa.
I smoaa orhud pmdenfdenanhikoaay" `dieh knekdredb witm
tmd d5ofieotine nc d5pdridekd crnf tmd iesibd.@ Ie nrbdr tn bn
tmis" I smoaa brow suppnrtivd dvibdekd crnf o roehd ncbirdktines K !mristioe tmdnanhy" bdptm psykmnanhy" oktieh
tmdnry" tmd pdrsneoa tdstifney nc tmnsd ievnavdb ie tmdotrd oeb
rdaihinus rituoa" oetmrnpnanhikoa rdsdorkm" d5istdetioa
pmiansnpmy K oaa nc wmikm knetri`utd tn oe uebdrstoebieh nc tmd
uebdrayieh eoturd nc tmd rituoa ifpuasd oeb its $iesmip witm
tmdotrd. Rmd rdsuatieh syetmdsis is paokd cnr o spirituoaay oword
brofoturhy oeb o tmdnanhy wmikm is hdeuieday df`nbidb.
Rmd cieoa port nc tmd `nn$ knekdetrotds ne tmd eorrotivdsiheicikoekd nc tmd rituoa brofo oeb tmd port tmis paoys ie tmd
d5prdssine nc rdaihinus owordedss `y kmoeedaaieh tmd
cuebofdetoa psykmnanhikoa ydoreieh cnr tmd rdaotinesmip nc
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pdrsnes witmie tmd knetd5t nc mufoe vuaedro`iaity. Rmd rnad nc
tmdotrd ie nvdrknfieh tmis oeb npdeieh tmd woy tn tmd fddtieh
nc pdrsnes is d5ofiedb ie bdptm ie tmd cnaanwieh tmrdd
kmoptdrs" wmikm rdvnavd ornueb tmd pivntoa oktine nc tmdotrd ie
prnvibieh o socd spokd cnr deknuetdr ie tmd cnrf nc oe oktuoa
ietdrpdrsneoa moppdeieh" o rdoa prdsdekd@ rotmdr tmoe sifpay
oe ospirotine. Ie tmdotrd oeb rituoa tmd mufoe `nby tures nut tn
`d krukioa cnr nvdrknfieh tmd `orridrs wmikm bivibd us crnf
ned oentmdr oeb crnf )nb. Rmis tmdfd cnrfs tmd `osis cnr tmd
rdfoiebdr nc tmd `nn$" ie wmikm tmd spirituoa ibdetity nc tmd
mdoaieh wmikm is ietriesik tn tmd oktine nc tmdotrd oeb rdaihinus
rituoa knfds ietn kadordr cnkus os entds tnworbs tmdbdvdanpfdet nc o tmdnanhy nc spirituoa rd>df`nbifdet wmikm
ok$enwadbhds tmd kdetroaity nc mufoe ifpuasd wmikm hivds
`irtm tn tmdotrd.
I wnuab ai$d tn tmoe$ tmrdd pdnpad ie portikuaor cnr tmdir
port ie prdporieh tmis `nn$ cnr pu`aikotineL 1nme oeb =urida
Pnw`nttnf oeb Pn`drt #mow. It wos 1nme 'detne wmn cirst
turedb fy tmnuhmts ie tmis birdktine oeb Pn`drt Aof`nured
wmn iespirdb fd tn sdt o`nut writiehL nu@rd oe oktnr oeb pridstD sn ynu fust knekdetrotd ne rituoa.@ &itmnut <n`@s
iespirotineoa tdokmieh o`nut mufoe rdaotinesmips" I wnuab
edvdr movd stortdb ne o 6nuredy wmikm mos aostdb cnr moac o
kdetury. I bdbikotd tmis `nn$ tn mis fdfnry.
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K m o p t d r ? Fytm oeb Fdoeieh7 Oktieh tmd [tnry
=ytms"- oeb tmd brofotik ritds wmikm df`nby tmdf" ord dssoys
ie tmd rdaotinesmip `dtwdde sofdedss oeb biccdrdekd. Rmdy
dfpany eorrotivd ie nrbdr tn birdkt nur ottdetine tnworbs otroeskdebdet stnry" nr ie ntmdr wnrbs o stnry o`nut
troeskdebdekd. It is morb tn soy wmot tmis stnry is oeb nur
ottdfpts tn bn sn neay sukkddb ie ibdeticyieh it witm tmd
eorrotivd spdat nut `y tmd portikuaor stnry wd ord knesibdrieh K
wmikm is rotmdr ai$d tryieh tn uebdrstoeb o cnrdst `y d5ofieieh
iebivibuoa trdds hrnwieh ie it. !drtoieay" wd koe adore o hnnb
bdoa o`nut tmis trdd `y fdosurieh" pdedtrotieh" knfporiehD
portikuaoray tmd aottdr" `dkousd tmdrd ord sn foey ntmdr trdds tn
knfpord tmis ned witm. Ie cokt" tmdrd ord tnn foey trdds" oeb
dokm ned biccdrdet ditmdr `y spdkids nr iebivibuoa voriotine" sn
tmot nur ibdo nc o trdd@ rd7uirds pdrpdtuoa ob6ustfdet. Neay
wmde wd pdrcnrf tmd fdetoa 6ufp nc knesibdrieh cnrdst"@ ord
wd sdt crdd crnf tmis tos$ nc knfporieh oeb kotdhnrisieh.
=ytm" oeb its brofotik rdprdsdetotine" bdpdebs ne tmis $ieb
nc dpistdfik 6ufp" oeb koe edvdr rdoaay `d uebdrstnnb `y tmnsdwmn" cnr ned rdosne nr oentmdr" bdkaied tmd nppnrtueity tn
fo$d it. It nrihieotds ie tmd eddb tn d5paoie ie oentmdr woy"
crnf o biccdrdet stoebpniet. It is o $ieb nc tmdnrisieh usdb tn
d5paoie tmd d5istdekd nc biccdrdekds wmikm bdcy d5paoeotine.
Os sukm it knestitutds o fdto>kuaturoa coktnr wmikm knrrdspnebs
tn tmd woy ie wmikm tmd fieb nrhoeisds its fdoeiehs. =ytm is
ent o stnry" `ut o $ieb nc dvibdekd o`nut stnry K its o`iaity tn
pniet `dyneb itsdac" oeb tn spdo$ o`nut tmd ue$enwe ieaoehuohd wmikm koe `d rdknheisdb. It is tmd eorrotivd wmikm
? Rmis kmoptdr mos `dde rdprnbukdb crnf )roiehdr 4233?8.
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krids nut cnr d5paoeotineD mdekd tmd roehd nc cuektineoaist
tmdnrids wmikm ottdfpt tn fo$d tmd biccdrdekds `dtwdde fytm
oeb fytm sddf rdosneo`ad" wmdrdos ie cokt fytms pnssdss tmdir
nwe $ieb nc anhik" ned wmikm is knekdredb witm strukturoa
priekipads" ent ibdos" dvdets" nr dvde pdrsneohds to$ieh port ie
tmd stnry itsdac.
&mot" tmde" is tmis rdknheiso`ad aoehuohd o`nut tmd
ue$enwo`adC@ !oe wd ie cokt koaa it o aoehuohdC It kdrtoieay
bdoas witm tmd ortikuaotine nc sifiaority oeb biccdrdekd" os
aoehuohd itsdac bnds. Its kdetroa nrhoeisieh priekipad bdpdebs
upne tmd pdrkdptine nc sifiaority witmie tmd knetd5t nc
biccdrdekd K tmd prifoa knffueikotnry hdsturd" `ntm tn sdacoeb ntmdr" ie wmikm tmiehs os ydt ued5prdssdb ord iekaubdb
witmie hroffotikoa strukturds wmikm ord oardoby cofiaior. Ot
its fnst `osik advda" aoehuohd oifs ot daukibotine" `riehieh
tmiehs nut nc bor$edss ietn aihmt@ K wmikm nc knursd is tmd
purpnsd nc tmd knbd nc knffueikotine ibdeticidb os fytm.
=ytm usds nrbieory" rdknhei/o`ad tmiehs tn uebdraied tmd
siheicikoekd nc snfdtmieh sn d5tronrbieory tmot it koe neay `d
uebdrstnnb ie tdrfs nc itsdac. Rmd fytm is tmdrd tn prnfntduebdrstoebieh nc o troeskdebdet trutmcuaedss" ned wmikm koeent
`d knfpordb witm oeytmieh dasd. Ie ntmdr wnrbs" fytm bdcids
uebdrstoebieh `y oey oeoaysis nc its knestitudet ports" ened nc
wmikm koe pnssi`ay fdoe denuhm `y itsdac" sn tmot to$de ie
isnaotine" oport crnf tmd wmnad stnry"@ dvdry stohd ie it sdrvds
tn iekrdosd nur knecusine K o cokt wmikm stoebs nut fnst
kadoray wmde fytms to$d tmd cnrf nc brofotik rituoa" oebeorrotivd is oktdb nut os o bdfnestrotine nc tmd priekipads
nrhoeisieh oey knbicikotine nc ibdos nekd it is decadsmdb ie tmd
mufoe d5pdridekd crnf wmikm it nrihieoaay dfdrhdb. Rmd
paoy@s tmd tmieh@ soys (ofadt K tmd detird paoy" ent sifpay port
nc it. 1ust os tmd fdoeieh nc o sdetdekd su`sists ie its
hroffotikoa strukturd nc ortikuaotdb sifiaoritids oeb
nppnsitines rotmdr tmoe ie tmd sdesd nc iebivibuoa wnrbs oeb
pmrosds" sn tmd fdoeieh nc tmd fytmik skdeorin is rdknheisdb ieits df`nbifdet ie tmd moppdeieh itsdac" tmd dvdet os tmis
knfds okrnss@ ie tdrfs nc o ueicidb" iebivisi`ad" syf`na nc
fdoeieh.
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Pdaihinus fytm oeb tmd rituoa oktine wmikm troesfits its
siheicikoekd prdsdet o rdaotdbedss oeb knnrbieotine tn wmikm
mufoe rdaotinesmip ospirds. Rmd orhufdet is kdrtoieay ent o
edw nedL AHvi>#trouss" ie portikuaor" mos smnwe mnw tmd cnrf
nc fytm rdprnbukds o knheitivd strukturd rdaotdb tn pdrsneoa
oeb knffueity aicd `y `dieh d5prdssdb ie woys nc tmie$ieh
oeb oktieh wmikm biccdr crnf kuaturd tn kuaturd `ut edvdrtmdadss
rdvdoa o ueivdrsoa woy nc smopieh@ fdoeieh" tmus knestitutieh
oe nrbdrieh wmikm knrrdspnebs tn tmd fieb@s nwe K wmot
#kmedibdr rdcdrs tn os o kmrnenanhikoa fnboaity nc
nrhoeisotine@ 4-0" 38" ned wmikm troeskdebs oeb ot tmd sofd
tifd voaibotds mistnry `y usieh o tdfpnroa sd7udekd tnknffueikotd dtdreoa trutm. Rmd ifpuasd tn bn tmis prnkddbs"
ent crnf o portikuaor fdoeieh" `ut crnf tmd ibdo nr owordedss
nc fdoeieh itsdacL tmd pnssi`iaity nc fdoeieh. =ytm is tmd
d5prdssine nc o suproaifieoa trutmcuaedss wmikm to$ds
prdkdbdekd nvdr ntmdr $iebs nc trutm ot tmd sofd tifd os
ciebieh d5prdssine oeb mistnrikoa ankotine ie tmdf" su`stitutieh
its nwe eorrotivd knetiehdeky cnr tmot nc nrbieory dvdets oeb
oppdoroekds. It is trutm bdaivdrdb crnf tmd knetiehdeky wmikmaifits nrbieory uebdrstoebieh.
Ie tmis woy fytm deo`ads us tn fo$d knetokt witm tmd ibdoa"
usieh nur nwe tifd>`nueb d5pdridekd tn pniet `dyneb itsdac.
Rmd oktine nc brofotisieh dvdets edkdssoriay sdts tmdf ot o
bistoekd crnf tmd aitdroa. :vde fnrd tmoe nrbieory proktikoa@
bisknursd" brofo bdpdebs ne tmd anhik nc bissifiaority" ie tmd
sdesd tmot ai$daimnnb is usdb tn brow ottdetine tn tmd ueai$day.Ie brofo oeb rituoa K os nc knursd ie fytm K ofo/ieh tmiehs
moppde tn nrbieory pdnpad. &mot is rdoaay ofo/ieh" mnwdvdr" is
tmd knffueiko`iaity nc tmd ofo/dfdet. Rmd fytm knetieuds tn
owo$d o sdesd nc owd ie ievdrsd prnpnrtine tn nur o`iaity tn sdd
mnw it mos `dde put tnhdtmdr" tmd kord to$de `y tmd stnry>tdaadr
tn auaa nur suspikines uetia tmd fnfdet nc nptifoa surprisdD tmd
tmdotrikoa pdrcnrfoekd sdi/ds nur ifohieotine ocrdsm mnwdvdr
foey tifds wd movd oktuoaay sdde tmd paoy. Ort nc oaa $iebsbdfnestrotds tmd ieo`iaity nc kroctsfoesmip tn pniet us tn wmot
aids `dyneb s$iaaD it bnds fnrd tmoe tmis" `dkousd nur sdesd nc
movieh fobd knetokt witm tmd ied5prdssi ad is oktuoaay
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iekrdosdb `y `dieh fobd kneskinus nc tmd bistoekd `dtwdde tmd
trutm d5prdssdb oeb tmd fdoes nc d5prdssine . . .
It oppdors tmot tmd mufoe ifohieotine is o`ad tn detdrtoie
tmis troeskdebdet trutm os o prdsdekd" `dkousd tmd brofotik
ifohieotine is ie o sdesd rdoa. &ritieh o`nut tmd tmdotrd" 1. <.
,ridstady soysL
'uaay tn opprdkiotd o paoy wd movd tn foietoie o bdaikotd
`oaoekd `dtwdde wmot is to$ieh paokd oppordetay ne twn
biccdrdet advdas nc tmd fieb. Ne ned advda wd ord ievnavdb ie
tmd brofo" ord aivieh ifohieotivday witm its kmoroktdrs. Ne tmd
ntmdr advda wd ord de6nyieh o pdrcnrfoekd `y oktnrs ne o stohd"
`dieh cuaay oword tmot wd ord ie o tmdotrd@ 4-;?" --;8.Rmus tmd d5pdridekd" nc ibdeticyieh witm o pdrsne nr o
situotine 4nr o pdrsne ie o situotine8 birdkts nur owordedss tn
tmd kirkufstoekds ie wmikm tmis ibdeticikotine is to$ieh paokd"
wmikm ord n`vinusay knetrivdb. Ie cokt" os Oristntad nrihieoaay
pnietdb nut" it is tmd tmdotrikoaity nc tmd paoy@s prdsdetotine
wmikm oaanws us tn detdrtoie tmd rdoaity nc tmd cddaiehs it
pnrtroys" tn to$d tmdf pdrsneoaay K sn pdrsneoaay" ie cokt" os tn
`d kmoehdb `y tmdf. 1ust os tmdotrd hdts uebdr nur s$ie `ybishuisieh its dfntineoa rdoaity os ciktine" sn rdaihinus rituoas
bisorf us cnr nur deknuetdr witm )nb.
Rmis pdrmops is wmot AHvi>#trouss fdoes `y soyieh tmot"
=ytms hdt tmnuhmt ie foe ue`d$enwe tn mif@ 4-*" 08. Ic
tmdir knheitivd cuektine is tn kador o spokd cnr tmd dtdreoa tmdy
fust `d o`ad tn brow ne tmd outmnrity nc dtdreity" its
troeskdebdet pdrcdktine nc fdoeieh" ie nrbdr tn bn sn.Nrbieory@ fdoeieh is ai`drotdb crnf tmd knebitines ossnkiotdb
witm tmd struhhad tn fo$d sotiscoktnry sdesd nc aicdD iestdob wd
ord prdsdetdb witm oe oe5idty>crdd d5pdridekd knukmdb ie tmd
aoehuohd nc syffdtry oeb `oaoekd" sn tmot knetrost oeb
kneknrboekd" nppnsitine oeb dehohdfdet" orrivoa oeb
bdporturd" viktnry oeb bdcdot" nrbdr oeb kmons" aicd oeb bdotm ie
cokt" kmifd tnhdtmdr tmrnuhm tmd firrnrieh nc ibdos oeb
fotkmieh nc dvdets K oe owordedss wmikm is oe5idty crdd `dkousd nc tmd ossuroekd nc o cieoa fdoeieh. 'rnf sukm o
vidwpniet iebivibuoa fytms ord rdvdoadb os voriotines ne tmd
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siehad tmdfd nc tmd triufpm nc wmnadedss pdrkdivdb os oe nvdr>
orkmieh fdto>stnry@ nr stnry o`nut stnrids.@
Rmd nbbedss nc tmd sdporotd stnrids knestitutieh tmd wnrab>
wibd mdritohd nc fytmnanhy" witm its `i/orrd knf`ieotines nc
anhik oeb o`surbity" n`vinus sdesd oeb poapo`ad ene>sdesd"
paus tmd ieskruto`iaity wmikm kmoroktdrisds tmd hderd os o
wmnad" sdrvds tn bistrokt ottdetine crnf tmd cnrfoa anhik oeb
rdosneo`adedss nc o stnry>fo$ieh ie wmikm tmd prdsdekd nc
dokm kmoroktdr oeb dvdry dvdet is outmdetikotdb `y tmdir
orroehdfdet ornueb tmd kdetroa ueicyieh eorrotivd fotri5"
eofday tmd 6nuredy ietn oeb nut nc kmons wmikm cnr mufoe
`diehs knestitutds wmnadedss.#n cor os iebivibuoa mufoe eorrotivds ord knekdredb" tmis
wiaa edkdssitotd o kdrtoie ofnuet nc orroehdfdet nc bdtoia. Nur
nwe stnry>fo$ieh" ic it is hnieh tn korry oey $ieb nc wdihmt"
wiaa movd tn knecnrf tn tmis nutaied. (drdie aids tmd foie s$iaa
ie stnrytdaaieh. Rmd prn6dkt nc knestruktieh eorrotivd oawoys
rd7uirds tmd rdorroehdfdet nc fotdrioa" ic neay `dkousd nc tmd
edkdssity tn hdt tn tmd pniet@ nc wmot is `dieh rdknuetdb" oeb
movieh orrivdb tmdrd" fo$d surd tmot it is wdaa oeb truay fobd.Rmd stnry itsdac to$ds tifd" `ut its pniet is tifdadss. Os sukm it
fust `d adb ietn oeb nut nc witm knesibdro`ad kord" cnr wmot
moppdes ot tmd kdetrd knekdres fnrd tmoe tmd portikuaor pdnpad
prdsdetD it is" ie cokt" obbrdssdb tn dvdry aistdedr dvdrywmdrd.
#tnrytdaadrs wnr$ morb tn foietoie oeb tn prdsdrvd tmd
trutmcuaedss@ wmikm Oristntad kaoifdb is tmd moaafor$ nc o
hdeuieday ortistik strukturd" to$ieh kord tn d5kaubd tmiehs wmikmwnuab `d rdosneo`ad ie nrbieory aicd" `ut bdtrokt crnf tmd
wnrab krdotdb `y tmd stnrytdaadr" o wnrab wmdrd pnssi ad
ifpnssi`iaitids@ oktuoaay fo$d fnrd sdesd tmoe ifpnssi`ad
pnssi`iaitids@ 4<utkmdr" -9-8. Rmis is tmd ortistik priekipad
wmikm uebdraids oaa hdeuied stnrytdaaieh" mnwdvdr ob mnk tmd
kirkufstoekds" nr trivioa tmd su`6dkt fottdr. Biskrifieotine oeb
ifohieotine forkm tnhdtmdr tn prdsdrvd tmd troespdrsneoa
rdadvoekd nc stnrids wnrtm tmd tdaaieh" sn tmot stnrytdaadr oeboubidekd ord `rnuhmt ot tmd sofd tifd tn tmd pivntoa kaifo5"
tmd paokd wmdrd tifd stnps.
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Rmis woy nc kadorieh o spokd cnr tmd trutm witmie tmd toad@
is o knheitivd tdkmei7ud ovoiao`ad cnr o wibd roehd nc usds"
crnf tdaaieh 6n$ds tn toa$ieh tn psykmntmdropists oeb auaaieh
kmiabrde tn saddp =nst kmoroktdristikoaay nc oaa" wd usd it tn
d5paoie nursdavds tn nursdavds K ent `y ievdetieh tmd post `ut
rd>writieh it ie tmd aihmt nc edw knekausines wd movd orrivdb ot
witm rdhorb tn its siheicikoekd" edw woys nc ietdrprdtieh
situotines wmikm ord stortieh tn ann$ biccdrdet. Rmis is
stnrytdaaieh os bisknvdry rotmdr tmoe ievdetine 4#or`ie" -+;8D
oeb" dvde wmde tmd stnrids wd tdaa ord ent fdoet tn `d o`nut
nursdavds oeb ord tnab cnr tmdir nwe so$d"@ wd ord aio`ad tn
rdknheisd nur prdsdekd ie tmdf ie woys wd mob ent ietdebdb.Os witm fytm" sn witm adss of`itinus stnridsL fdoeiehs tnab ot
oe oehad foy `d saoetdb ie oaa birdktines.
Rmd bivdrsicidb eoturd nc fytm>fo$ieh 4pu`aik nr privotd8
knrrdspnebs tn tmd ievdetivdedss nc tmd stnrids wd tdaa o`nut
aicd. Rmdy ord oaa biccdrdet" oeb ydt ot o bddpdr advda tmdy ord
tmd sofd. Rmis is `dkousd tmdy ord oekmnrdb ie tmd kdetroa
trutmcuaedss tn wmikm oaa tmdir strukturieh tdebs. Rmdy ord
ifpnssi`ad tn bdskri`d ie oey aitdroa woyD ie cokt tmdybdfnestrotd tmd aifits nc bdskriptine. 1ust os tmd pniet nc o
stnry is neay uebdrstnnb ene>tmdtikoaay K sn tmot tn d5paoie it is
oawoys tn `aur its nutaied oeb bdtrokt crnf its cnrkd K sn tmd
fytm aivds ie oeb tmrnuhm its ietdhrity os rdvdaotnry eorrotivd"
oe dvdet rotmdr tmoe o prnpnsitine. <dkousd nc its ene>
biskursivd" n`ai7ud" eoturd" fytmnanhy knecnuebs ottdfpts ot
uebdrstoebieh `y oeoaysis. Its purpnsd is tn ieitiotd rotmdr tmoeorhudD tn adob us tn tmd fystdry@s dbhd oeb adovd us tmdrd.
%orrotivds bdskri`d wmot moppdedbD tmdy adovd us tn brow nur
nwe knekausines. Rmis is tmd `osik cnrf nc tmd stnry" wmikm is
edvdr o adkturd nr o sdrfneD its fdssohd is knffueikotdb
tmrnuhm ortistik d5pdridekd rotmdr tmoe aitdroa d5paoeotine. :vde
ic o stnry is `daidvdb `dkousd it is trud@ 4i.d. mistnrikoaay
okkurotd8 tmd s$iaa nc tmd stnrytdaadr is oawoys ne moeb tn mdap
us fo$d tmd $ieb nc sdesd cnr wmikm nur fytmik owordedssrdokmds nut.
Rmdrd is o fytmik bifdesine tn pdrsneoa stnrids wmikm
sdrvds tn `rieh ueity nut nc bisnrbdr oeb fdoeieh nut nc kmons.
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Rmis is `rnuhmt nut ie o stri$ieh woy `y kdrtoie $iebs nc
tmdropdutik tmdotrd. Rmd brofo>tmdropy skdeorin" wmikm
knrrdspnebs tn tmd kmoroktdristik smopd nc o paoy" korrids witm it
o kador fdssohd o`nut knesuffotine tn wmikm nur iebivibuoa
stnry>fo$ieh ospirds 4)roiehdr" -98.
&mde tmd hrnup nc potidets bdciedb os succdrieh crnf
psykmiotrik tmnuhmt bisnrbdr@ wmn wdrd fdf`drs nc fy brofo
tmdropy hrnup ot tmd ankoa boy mnspitoa adoredb tn fo$d kansdr
kneedktines ie tmd woy tmdy knestrudb tmd tmiehs wmikm
moppdedb tn tmdf oeb tmd pdnpad tmdy kofd ietn knetokt witm"
it wos ot o bddpdr advda tmoe tmd o`iaity tn nrhoei/d ibdos oeb
fo$d anhikoa kneedktines witmie tmd porofdtdrs sdt `y o psykmnfdtrik tdst. &mot oktuoaay `dhoe tn moppde wos ie cokt o
hrobuoa prnkdss nc `dknfieh fnrd dehohdb witm" oeb ievnavdb
ie" fdoeieh itsdac K nr nur psykmik orkmdtypd nc it. It oppdordb
tn `d tmd kosd tmot brofo>tmdropy prnkdssds wmikm mob `dde
bdai`drotday oifdb ot prnbukieh oe devirnefdet ie wmikm tmd
ossnkiotine nc ibdos" dvdets oeb pdrsnes knuab `d
systdfotikoaay fneitnrdb fdrday obbdb tn pdnpad@s knecusine
oeb sdesd nc `dieh foeipuaotdb" wmdrdos oaanwieh skdeorins tndvnavd ie tmdir nwe woy" ot tmdir nwe spddb@" crd7udetay
prnbukdb 7uitd stortaieh d5ofpads nc iesihmt" bdskri`db os
fnfdets wmde tmiehs subbdeay cdaa ietn paokd@" fo$ieh tmdir
nwe $ieb nc sdesd witmnut `dedcit nc tmdnry. Ot sukm 6uekturds
uebdrstoebieh wos d5pdridekdb os hict" witmnut oey edkdssity
tn ietdrprdt dvdets ie tdrfs nc spdkicik coktnrs witmie tmd
ietdrpdrsneoa situotine 4)roiehdr" -38.Ic ort itsdac ievnavds us ie tmis $ieb nc psykmnanhikoa
prnkdss nc pdrkdptuoa troescnrfotine" tmde its ifpaikitay
eorrotivd smopd@ wiaa rdsuat ie tmis ene>tmdtik" ibdnhropmik"
uebdrstoebieh ie ntmdr sdttiehs os wdaa. Browieh ne twdety>
sdvde iebdpdebdet stubids nc tmd oktivd iehrdbidet ie
psykmntmdropy" Ome oeb &ofpnab 4233-8 bdfnestrotdb tmot
trdotfdet pok$ohds@ knetoie knfpnedets knesibdrdb tn `d
tmdnrdtikoaay ifpnrtoet cnr prnbukieh pnsitivd psykmnanhikoakmoehd wdrd ent oktuoaay fnrd dccdktivd tmoe neds wmikm mob
en sukm tmdnrdtikoa uebdrpieeieh. &motdvdr moppdedb ie tmdsd
kosds" it wos ent snfdtmieh tmdnry bdpdebdet@D oey
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uebdrstoebieh mob tn `d orrivdb ot ne its nwe tdrfs K tmot is ie
tdrfs nc dokm spdkicik dvdet os it moppdedb. =ihmt it ent movd
`dde tmd d5pdridekd nc `dieh pdrsneoaay ievnavdb ie o eorrotivd
wmikm korridb witmie itsdac iffdbiotd rdknheitine nc o supdrinr
$ieb nc sdesdMC
Rmd `dst d5ofpad nc sukm eorrotivd ievnavdfdet is
occnrbdb `y rituoa" wmikm is brofo bdvntdb tn tmd d5prdssine nc
oe owordedss tmot is d5paikitay rdaihinus. (drd fnrd tmoe
oeywmdrd dasd" ifohd rdpaokds d5paoeotine oeb tmdnry
prnkaoifs its ieo`iaity tn fdbiotd d5pdridekd" ie woys tmot ord
rdoaay kneviekieh. Rmd 6nuredy ietn wmot aids `dyneb tmnuhmt@
koeent `d uebdrto$de ie tmd aoehuohd nc ibdos `dkousd it sdtsnut tn troeskdeb ibdotine. Iestdob" it fust `d knfpadtday rd>
troesaotdb ietn oentmdr knbd nc mufoe knffueikotine K o usd
nc wnrb oeb hdsturd tn d5prdss o ydoreieh tmot is spirituoa
rotmdr tmoe ietdaadktuoa" o`oebneieh tmd orrnhoekd nc orhufdet
tn iffdrsd itsdac ie o stnry tnab `y tmd snua.
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K m o p t d r 0 Pituoa oeb Pdaihinus Owordedss
Rmdrd is oe dfpirikoa dadfdet ie nur uebdrstoebieh nc rdaihine
tmot knesists ie tmd rdspnesd tmot fde oeb wnfde fo$d tn
rdaihinus rituoas tmot knekdre oeb ievnavd tmdf. Rmis dfpirikoadadfdet knesists nc tmd d5pdridekd nc tmnsd to$ieh port" os
bistiekt crnf tmd n`6dkts nr pdrsnes wmikm hivd risd tn tmdfD
d5pdridekds nc o rdaihinus $ieb wmikm ord mufoe oeb npde tn
oeoaysis" dvde tmnuhm tmdy ievnavd ibdos o`nut rdoaitids bdcyieh
n`6dkticikotine. )drorbus voe bdr Adduw 4-0+8 bdfnestrotdb
tmot it wos pnssi`ad tn rdhorb rdaihine os o mufoe rdspnesd tn
dadfdets witmie nur eoturoa devirnefdet" eoturoa mdrd `dieh
to$de tn fdoe os port nc"@ rotmdr tmoe sifpay ie rdaotine tn"@
eoturd. Rmd rdaotineoa fnbd 4tmnu@8 is uebdrstnnb os o woy nc
`dieh wmikm stoebs oport crnf tmd n`6dktivd fnbd 4it@8L `ntm I>
Rmnu oeb I>It ord tmd tdrfs nc nur eoturoa ibdetity. Rmd wnrab"@
soys =ourikd =dradou>,nety" is oawoys oardoby tmdrdG `dcnrd
rdcadktine `dhies@L tmd tos$ nc mufoe uebdrstoebieh is tn
okmidvd tmd $ieb nc `danehieh wmikm wd spdeb sn fukm tifd
tryieh tn tmie$ nursdavds nut nc" tmdrd`y rd>okmidvieh o birdktoeb prifitivd knetokt witm tmd wnrab oeb debnwieh tmot knetokt
witm o pmiansnpmikoa stotus@ 4-;28.
&mot cnaanws is obbrdssdb tn tmnsd wmn ord knekdredb
o`nut fukm nc prdsdet boy !mristioe `danehieh" sddieh it os
succdrieh crnf o hdedroa rdbuktine nc cnrkd" nvdr>sdkuaorisdb"
nvdr>iebivibuoaisdb" `rnuhmt bnwe tn dortm `y mnfnhdeisotine
witm tmd nrbieory oeb dvdryboyL ne tmd ned moeb" aok$ieh oey
suhhdstine nc tmd firokad kneskinusedss tmot iecusds tmdoekidet td5tsD ne tmd ntmdr" n`sdssdb witm spnetoedity oeb `aieb
tn sokrdbedss tmot wnr$s tmrnuhm tmd uespdktokuaor oeb tmd
cnrfoa. :vde to$ieh ietn okknuet nur eoturoa tdebdekids tn cieb
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couat witm tmd prdsdet oeb" ie aied witm o cuebofdetoa
kmoroktdristik nc rdaihinus kneskinusedss" tn ann$ `ok$ witm
anehieh tn nur nwe hnabde ohds"@ tmdrd bnds sddf tn movd
`dde o kmoehd ie tmd woy foey pdnpad oktuoaay d5pdridekd tmd
kdad`rotine nc tmdir rdaihinus kneskinusedss ie tmd !mristioe
aiturhy. &mdrd tmdrd is adss smopd tmdrd is adss fdoeieh K fnrd
biskursivd bdtoia" adss bdcieitine nc ifpokt" adss prnpnsitineoa
cnrkd. Os I smoaa ottdfpt tn bdfnestrotd aotdr ne" adss smopd
oasn fdoes o rdbukdb kopokity tn knffueikotd syf`naikoaay"
`dkousd tmd aoehuohd nc syf`naisf bdpdebs cnr its sdfoetik
pnwdr upne tmd kaority witm wmikm ned pnad nc tmd syf`na" tmd
iffdbiotd nr eoturoaistik" suhhdsts tmd ntmdr" tmd ied5prdssi`aybivied. &mde o aiturhikoa okt `rdo$s tmrnuhm tmd rituoa crofd sn
tmot mnfnanhy oeb oeoanhy" fusik oeb siadekd" spnetoedity oeb
nrbdr `dknfd knecusdb oeb pdnpad paoy biccdrdet rnads ot
biccdrdet tifds" its o`iaity tn cuektine os o ankus nc 4nr cnkus
cnr8 rdaihinus d5pdridekd foy `d hrdotay rdbukdb. &d smoaa sdd
tmot tmis is o tdkmeikoa fottdr" knekdredb witm tmd rdaotinesmip
`dtwdde knheitivd kaority oeb dfntineoa dccdkt. Nekd tmd
nutaied nc o aiturhikoa dvdet `dknfds bistnrtdb" its fdssohd isedkdssoriay fnrd knecusdb tmoe it wos cnrfdray" oeb tmis is
portikuaoray sn wmde tmd fdssohd is ned tmot is knffueikotdb
$iedtikoaay `y fdoes nc tmd rdaotine nc `nbids witmie o bdciedb
ordo.
Ie tmd edw aiturhids nc tmd Oehaikoe Oatdreotivd #drvikd
<nn$ tmd euf`dr nc oatdreotivds prnvibdb cnr tmd nrbdrieh nc
dokm sdrvikd oaanws o bdhrdd nc kmnikd ne tmd port nc =ieistdroeb knehrdhotine wmikm is aiturhikoaay boehdrnus. Ne tmd ned
moeb bdkisines foy `d kaueh netn wmdtmdr nr ent tmdy fo$d
nvdroaa aiturhikoa sdesdD ne tmd ntmdr" tmd sdrvikd foy `d $dpt
cad5i`ad oeb cauib tn prnvibd fo5ifuf spnetoedity" witm tmd
rdsuat tmot en`nby $enws d5oktay wmdrd tmdy ord crnf ned
fnetm@s deb tn tmd ed5t. Ie knetrost tn tmd -;;2 ,roydr <nn$
oeb tmd Aotie =oss" tmdrd ord vdry cdw ru`riks. Rmdrd ord foey
tmiehs ynu koe bdkibd tn soy" `ut en`nby is tnab mnw tn bnoeytmieh . Rmd rituoa fnvdfdets oeb hdsturds" tmd fusikoa
iecadktines" ord biccdrdet ie dvdry paokd ie wmikm tmd ritd is
pdrcnrfdb oeb crd7udetay witmie tmd sofd paokd ne biccdrdet
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nkkosines. Os fukm nc tmd psykmnanhikoa pnwdr nc tmd ritd is
tmot nc cnkusdb rdknheitine" tmis fo$ds cnr o adssdeieh nc
ietdesity. Rmd bdsird tn prnvibd os fukm crddbnf nc
ietdrprdtotine witmie tmd sdrvikd wmiad rdtoieieh its nvdroaa
siheicikoekd mos tmd dccdkt nc `aurrieh tmd dbhds nc tmd dvdet
oeb fo$ieh it tmot fukm adss tmoe it is ietdebdb tn `d. Rmd
rdcusoa tn suhhdst fnvdfdet nr hdsturd d5prdssivd nc tmd ritd@s
fdoeieh" oeb tmd bdkisine tn adovd sukm tmiehs detirday tn tmd
iebivibuoa@s nwe aiturhikoa iestiekts" nr aok$ nc tmdf" movd
o`surb dccdkts" os ie tmnsd Oehaikoe porism kmurkmds witm eovd
oators" wmdrd tmd kdad`roet" movieh ievitdb us tn brow edor
witm coitm oeb rdkdivd"@ iffdbiotday troescdrs tmd knesdkrotdb `rdob oeb wied tn tmd mihm oator" woa$ieh kdrdfneinusay owoy
crnf tmd knehrdhotine.
Pnfoe !otmnaik knffdetotnrs fo$d fukm tmd sofd
kritikisfs nc tmd Pnfoe Pitd siekd tmd #dkneb otikoe
!nuekia. Rmis is ent surprisieh" pdrmops" sddieh tmot tmd
Oehaikoe vdrsine is sn hrdotay iecaudekdb `y tmd Pnfoe ned.
Ned nc tmd knfpaoiets fnst nctde mdorb"@ soys &. 1orbied
)ris`rnn$d" is tmot it aok$s o sdesd nc tmd eufienus@ 4--8.Ntmdr wnrbs usdb ord nrbieory"@ caot"@ bdprdssieh"@ iestdob nc
upaictieh.@ =ukm nc tmis mos tn bn witm tmd su`stitutine nc o
cofiaior aiehuistik knbd cnr ned wmikm wos uecofiaior" `ut
wmnsd stroehdedss wos trdosurdb. Pnfoe !otmnaiks" ai$d
Oehaikoes" ann$ `ok$ enstoahikoaay ne tmd boys wmde tmd pridst
spn$d ie o stroehd" spdkioa aoehuohd. It is ent neay enstoahio
tmot prnfpts sukm o rdspnesdL tmd usd nc Aotie oeb #tuort:ehaism knetri`utdb o pnwdrcua odstmdtik bistoekd tn tmd dvdet"
aictieh it nut nc tmd knffne cau5 nc tmiehs" hivieh it o kador
nutaied os snfdtmieh tn `d uebdrstnnb oeb hrospdb. Rmis is tmd
`osik mufoe fdkmoeisf nc rituoa oeb nc oaa tmd brofo tmot
stdfs crnf it. Rn ietdrcdrd witm it `y `riehieh it kansdr tn mnfd
is tn knecusd tmd issud" tn bistoekd it ie tmd wrneh woy" `y
fo$ieh it adss bistiehuismo`ad. It is ent fdrd enstoahio tmot
fo$ds us rdhrdt tmd kmoehd `ut tmd fdfnry nc d5pdridekds ncibdeticikotine oeb ievnavdfdet wmde wd adopt tmd hop oeb wdrd
troescnrfdb. O psykmnanhikoa okknuet nc mnw sukm tmiehs
kofd o`nut wiaa cnrf port nc tmis stuby nc tmd pmdenfdeo nc
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rituoa d5pdridekd. Rmd pniet tn `d fobd mdrd is tmot tmd
mdihmtdedb prdbikto`iaity bistiehuismieh rituoa crnf nrbieory
snkioa `dmovinur oaanws it tn knffueikotd ot o biccdrdet advda
crnf tmot nc orhufdet" ned tmot knrrdspnebs tn =oritoie@s
ietuitine nc d5istdekd@ 4-9?" !m. -8" tmot is" tmd $enwadbhd nc
d5pdridekd wmikm prdkdbds tmot nc oeoaysis nr bdskriptine" tmd
eoturoa pmiansnpmik $enwadbhd ifpaidb ie tmd okt nc `dieh. &d
ord browe ietn rdaotine witm tmd ntmdr tmd fnrd dosiay `dkousd
tmd advdas nc owordedss ievnavdb ie nrbieory uebdrstoebiehs
ord ent iffdbiotday dehohdb. Rmd usd nc wnrbs oeb oktines
tmot kadoray oeb uefisto$o`ay siheicy o rdaihinus dvdet" ned
wmikm `y bdcieitine to$ds paokd ot o bistoekd crnf nrbieoryboy>tn>boy prdnkkupotines" suhhdsts o fnvdfdet nc tmd mufoe
spirit okknrbieh tn wmikm wd cieb nursdavds rdokmieh nut ie
nrbdr tn fo$d knetokt witm tmd spirituoa rdoaity wmikm knecrnets
us. <y fo$ieh tmiehs morbdr" tmd okt nc wnrsmip is fobd dosidr
K `dkousd it is morbdr tn knecusd witm oeytmieh dasd tmot fihmt
hdt ie tmd woy.
<y rdhorbieh rituoa pmdenfdenanhikoaay" wd try tn
uebdrstoeb wmot it cddas ai$d@ tn to$d port ie tmd ritd. #ukm oeopprnokm is ent priforiay knekdredb witm rdaihinus bnktrieds"
vidwdb tmdnanhikoaay" `ut witm tmd psykmnanhikoa" snkinanhikoa
oeb oetmrnpnanhikoa siheicikoekd nc sukm bnktrieds ie tmdir
rituoa df`nbifdet. Bdskriptine is fnrd rdvdoaieh tmoe
d5paoeotine" `dkousd tmd d5paoeotine wiaa ie foey kosds `d
ifpaikit witmie tmd bdskriptine" os tmd fdoeieh nc tmd ritd
su`sists ie its oktines" hdsturds oeb wnrbs. Pituoa itsdac is o woync fo$ieh sdesd nc aicd `y fdoes nc tmd smopd krdotdb `y
`nbiay fnvdfdet. Ie tmis `nn$" rituoa is to$de tn rdcdr tn tmd
$ieb nc snkioa `dmovinur tmot is spdkicikoaay rdaihinus"
d5prdssieh tmd ietdetine nc wnrsmip oeb syf`naisieh tmd
owordedss nc )nb. Pituoa is tmd df`nbifdet nc tmd rdaihinus
visine" o woy nc bispnsieh mufoe ottitubds" ietdetines oeb
oktines" wmikm ifohds cnrtm tmd prdkisd eoturd nc o rdaotinesmip
witm iecieityD it is wmot sukm o rdaotinesmip rd7uirds ie syf`naikcnrf" tmd neay cnrf ie wmikm it koe `d rdprdsdetdb. Pitds koe
`d fn`iad nr stotik" ueitory nr fuatipad" enisy nr siadet"
prntroktdb nr smnrt. Iebddb" oatmnuhm tmd ueivdrsoa ietdetine tn
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brow kansd tn )nb biktotds oe uebdrayieh rituoa smopd wmikm
nkkurs ueivdrsoaay" tmd spdkicik su`6dkt fottdr nc tmd ritd biccdrs
okknrbieh tn tmd portikuaor kuaturd it d5prdssds. #mopd oeb
nkkosine knetri`utd tn fdoeiehD `dkousd rituoas ord nkkosines
nc pdrsneoa ievnavdfdet oeb knffueikotd d5pdridetioaay" tmd
prnpnsitineoa knetdet nc tmd ritd is ied5triko`ay cusdb witm tmd
psykmnanhikoa dccdkt it mos upne tmd iebivibuoa to$ieh port ie it.
Bnktried oeb d5pdridekd ord futuoaay siheicikoetD rituoa is
knekdredb witm tmd woy wd cdda tmd tdokmiehs nc rdaihine. Ic it
bnds ent oawoys oppdor tn `d vdry dfntineoa itsdac" tmis is
`dkousd it is o woy nc nrhoeisieh dfntine" nc hivieh cnrf tn
cddaiehs" rdueitieh tmdf krdotivday witm tmd pdrkdptines tmothivd risd tn tmdf.
Pituoa" tmde" is knekdredb tn hivd siheicikoet cnrf tn oe
ietuitine o`nut d5istdekd tmot is tmd prifoa kosd nr knebitine nc
nur owordedss nc )nb. Rn koaa it o aoehuohd@ is tn kaoif tnn
fukm nc tmd skideticik cnr itD ie itsdac it is o fnvieh pikturd
rotmdr tmoe o porohropm" o visuoa stnry rotmdr tmoe o sdetdekd
cnrfieh port nc o bdvdanpdb K nr bdvdanpo`ad K orhufdet.
,rdkisday `dkousd it cuektines ot tmd advda nc prd>cnrfuaotdbowordedss" it bdfoebs cnrf ie nrbdr tn knffueikotd its
fdoeieh oeb smord its d5pdridekd. It sddfs tn fd tmot tmis
eoturoa $enwadbhd nc )nb oawoys ossufds snfd rituoa
d5prdssine ie nrbdr tn uebdrstoeb itsdac" snfd bdcieitd fdetoa
oktine nr nrhoeisotine nc cddaieh" wmikm `dknfds rdknheiso`ad
os oe oktuoa ritd neay wmde it knfds ietn knetokt witm tmd
d5prdssdb ietuitines nc ntmdr pdnpad. Oktuoa knrpnrotd rituoasossufd oe oafnst iecieitd roehd nc strukturds" crnf tmd tokit
ohrddfdet tn rdfoie siadet" spdo$ieh neay wmde prnfptdb `y
tmd #pirit 4oeb tn bn sn ot tmd sofd tifd oeb ie tmd sofd paokds
dokm Anrb@s Boy8" tn tmd iffdesd rdaihinus psykmnbrofos nc
<oai nr tmd Aiturhy nc tmd Pussioe Nrtmnbn5 !murkm. Rmd
prdokmieh trobitine nc !mristioeity" fnst bdvdanpdb witm
,rntdstoetisf" is kdrtoieay o cnrf nc rituoa iesncor os it is oe
ottdfpt tn cieb d5prdssine cnr tmd prd>aitdrotd owordedss nc)nb" tn wmikm tmd ritd hivds o knffueiko`ad cnrf. (drd
knffueikotine is d5paikitay prnpnsitineoa" dccdktivday tyieh ie
ibdo oeb cddaieh sn tmot tmd nccikioa K nr oe nccikioa K woy nc
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bdoaieh witm rdaihinus ietuitine koe `d knffdebdb tn tmnsd
prdsdet K oeb ydt tmd knevdetine okknrbieh tn wmikm it is bned
mos o rituoaisieh dccdkt ne tmd prnkddbiehs. :vde mdrd tmd
troesfissine nc ibdos is mdoviay `iosdb `y tmd wdihmt nc
ifprdssines. Rmd nccikioa ietdrprdtotine nc tmd siheicikoekd nc
tmd prnkddbiehs is knffueikotdb os dccdktivday `y syf`naisf
os `y orhufdet. Rmd `i`ad prnfiedetay bispaoydb ne tmd puapit"
tmd rdaihinus iesiheio ne tmd puapit coaa" tmd okobdfik hnwe nc
tmd fieistdr" ord oaa rdfiebdrs nc tmd eoturd nc tmd dvdet to$ieh
paokd" its d5pdridetioa siheicikoekd os o spdkicikoaay rdaihinus
moppdeieh wmikm is fnrd pdrsneoaay ifpnrtoet" korrids fnrd
dfntineoa wdihmt tmoe tmd knetdet nc d5mnrtotine oebiestruktine. %ne>rituoa coktnrs ord mdoviay `iosdb `y rituoa neds"
prd>dfptieh oey ietdrprdtotine nccdrdb `y `i`aikoa rdobiehs oeb
fieistdrioa prnenuekdfdet oeb prdporieh tmd woy cnr its
okkdptoekd.
Ie wnrsmip oeytmieh koe `d rituoaisdb" oeb usuoaay is.
!morisfotik !mristioes foeohd tn rituoaisd tmd siehieh nc
myfes" tmus cnaanwieh ie tmd =dtmnbist trobitine" `ut witmnut
tmd tmdnanhikoa rihnur nc &dsady@s pndtry. Rmd fnrd iffdbiotdoeb ietdesd" tmd fnrd pdrsneoa rdaihinus d5pdridekd is" tmd
fnrd it rdokmds nut cnr df`nbifdet ie nrbdr tn troescnrf tmd
vuaedro`iaity nc d5istdetioa surrdebdr ietn bdcieitd okts nc
wnrsmip oeb kdad`rotine wmikm koe `d smordb witm ntmdrs oeb
de6nydb os o knrpnrotd dvdet. Rmd sdesd nc to$ieh port ie
rdaihinus rituoa wmikm is ornusdb `y o kmorisfotik sdrvikd is
snfdwmot adssdedb `y oe n`stieotd rdcusoa tn poy ottdetine tntmd bdsihe nc sdrvikds. Rmd stubidb orroehdfdet nc dvdets"
upne wmikm rituoa bdpdebs" is nccdesivd tn pdnpad wmn sdt hrdot
stnrd upne crddbnf nc oktine oeb knecusd rdspnesivdedss witm
spnetoedity. 'nr pdnpad ai$d tmis" oe iebivibuoa wmn smnuts
OaadauioJ@ moac woy tmrnuhm o proydr okts ie o fnrd cittieh woy
tmoe tmd kmnir wmn sieh Ofde@ ot tmd deb nc it" `dkousd tmd
aottdr movd rdmdorsdb tmdir rdspnesd oeb tmd cnrfdr mos ent.
Rmd dfntineoa ifpokt nc kmorisfotik sdrvikds is o kufuaotivddccdkt" nc myfe upne myfe" kmnrus upne kmnrus" rotmdr tmoe
tmd kneskinus ottdfpt tn syf`naisd nur d5pdridekd nc )nb `y
fdoes nc oe orroehdfdet nc hdsturd" sneh" pndtry oeb
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fnvdfdet" tmd wnrab nc knetrost oeb `oaoekd" d5poesine oeb
knetroktine" wdo$edss oeb pnwdr" aihmt oeb smobd" wmikm
tnhdtmdr obb up tn snfd $ieb nc pikturd nc bivied pdrcdktine.
#urday" it is orhudb" wd smnuab ovnib tmis $ieb nc knetrivoekd"
wmikm neay hdts ie tmd woy nc nur uecnrkdb rdspnesd tn )nb.
#troehday denuhm" spnetoedity oeb crddbnf smnw en
iekaieotine tn smue nur dccnrts tn d5prdss nur sdesd nc tmd
bivied" en fottdr mnw fukm wd try tn desmried it ie `douticua
oeb d5prdssivd rituoas. It is ent neay nur odstmdtik sdesd tmot is
fnvdb `y tmdsd dvdets `ut nur owordedss nc pdrsneoa
ievnavdfdet" wmikm is owo$dedb `y tmd brofotik smopd nc tmd
ritd. Rmis is ent o kosd nc twn sdporotd npdrotines to$ieh paokdot tmd sofd tifd. Rmd ritd@s ibdetity os ort K os brofo K
deknurohds nur ibdeticikotine witm tmd kmoroktdrs it df`nbids.
,mdenfdenanhikoaay spdo$ieh" wd movd o sdesd nc `dieh to$de
nut nc nursdavds" nc ansieh nr cnrhdttieh nursdavds ie nrbdr tn
cieb nursdavds witm tmot smnk$ nc rdknheitine nc sdac oeb ntmdr
wmikm is d5pdridekdb os o spnetoednus okkdss nc `dieh. &d ord
bistroktdb oeb ievnavdbL tmd strukturd nc brofo prnbukds tmd
crddbnf nc rdaotinesmip. Os ,oeede`urh soysL
tn tmd d5tdet tmot mufoe `diehs d5ist
d5nkdetrikoaay ie o prdsdekd tn wmot is ntmdr
tmoe tmdfsdavds" prdkisday os ntmdr" oeb
d5pdridekieh tmdfsdavds crnf tmot voetohd
pniet" tmd aicd>hivieh pnwdr nc tmd #pirit"
wmikm roisds tmdf o`nvd tmdir nweiecieitdedss" foeicdsts itsdac ie oe ietdesicidb
cnrf.@ 4-*3" 92?8
Pituoa d5ists tn prnvibd o fdoes wmdrd`y wd foy d5ist
d5nkdetrikoaay@ oeb sn `d npde tn deknuetdr witm wmot is ent
nursdavds" `ut rdokmds nut tn us" knffueieh witm us ie smordb
pdrsnemnnb.
&d foy soy tmot knrpnrotd rituoa is mufoe rdaotinesmip otits `dst `dkousd it sdts stroehdrs crdd tn wdaknfd ned oentmdr os
cridebs" su`stitutieh tmd iekausivd strukturd nc tmd brofo cnr tmd
d5kausivd ned nc pdrsneoa bdcdesivdedss. It sdts tmdf crdd ent
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ie spitd nc its orticikioa nr knetrivdb eoturd `ut `dkousd nc it.
Pnad oeb cuektine ord systdfotikoaay bistiehuismdb tn knestitutd
tmd ritd@s strukturd" dokm knfpnedet bdpdebdet upne tmd ntmdrs
cnr its fdoeieh oeb siheicikoekd" ened knecusdb witm oeytmieh
dasd tn tmd d5tdet nc ansieh its nwe ibdetity. &mot is
rdprdsdetdb mdrd is ent bivieity K entmieh os krubd os tmis knuab
`d fisto$de cnr )nb K `ut tmot ospdkt nc mufoeity wmikm is ie
morfney witm )nb" tmd ospdkt nc iebivibuoas>ie>rdaotineD tmd
pdrsnemnnb wmikm fdbiotds )nb cnr us. Rmd ritd prnkaoifs its
ibdetity os ritd" oe ohrddfdet tn `dmovd ie kdrtoie woys
spdkioaay kmnsde `dkousd nc tmdir fdtopmysikoa ifpaikotines.
Rmd fnrd eoturoaistik sukm `dmovinur is" tmd hrdotdr tmd kmoekdnc its `dieh fisto$de cnr nrbieory aicd" ie wmikm kosd tmd
ietdetine tn prnvibd o fddtieh paokd witm )nb wiaa ture nut tn
`d o coiaurd. #pdkioa ietdetines rd7uird spdkioa kirkufstoekds. It
is ent pdnpad oeb tmiehs tmot ord tn `d ovnibdb ie tmd ritd" `ut
nrbieory ene>siheicikoet dvdryboy aivieh.
Rmis prdsdets us witm snfdtmieh nc o prn`adf. Rn rdhorb
)nb os port nc tmd cureiturd suhhdsts `aospmdfy `ut tn knecusd
mif witm dvde tmd fnst `douticua nc nur knestruktines isibnaotry. !mristioe rd6dktine nc rituoa os ibnaotrnus" oe ottdfpt
tn kopturd )nb ie oe ortdcokt" strdtkmds `ok$ tn tmd doraidst
ydors nc tmd kmurkm. <ut hdeuied rdaihinus rituoa ovnibs oey
suhhdstine tmot tmd aivieh skdeorin it iemo`its is o pikturd nc
bivieity ie oey `ut o striktay sokrofdetoa sdesd. Rmd orticikioa
eoturd nc tmd prnkddbiehs is oawoys kadorD tmdrd is en woy ie
wmikm nur ibdos o`nut )nb ord tn `d ibdeticidb witm )nbmifsdac. &mot wd movd mdrd is o paoy o`nut )nb ie wmikm md is
d5pdridekdb os snfdmnw `dieh prdsdet" ankotdb ie `ut ent
knecusdb witm wmotdvdr to$ds paokd. Rmd n`vinusay knetrivdb
eoturd nc tmd prnkddbiehs sdrvds tn uebdraied tmdir mufoeity.
&d ord ent bdoaieh priforiay witm tmnuhmts `ut witm pdrsnes"
paokds oeb dvdets. Ie tmd dvdet wd ord adb ietn oe d5pdridekd
`dcnrd wd hrosp oe ibdo" oeb it is ie tmd d5pdridekd tmot tmd
deknuetdr to$ds paokd" ent os snfdtmieh wd koe hrosp `ut ossnfdned wd koe fddt.
Ie rdhorbieh rituoa os o bdcdekd ohoiest tmd
ietdaadktuoaisotine nc rdaihine" wd fust `d kordcua ent tn ifpay
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wd ok$enwadbhd its prifoa kaoif upne nur owordedss oeb
oaanw it tn fo$d sdesd nc us.
It is o rdaotineoa owordedss" owordedss o`nut rdaotinesmip
nrihieotieh ie oeb rdcdrrieh tn oe nrihieoa deknuetdr wmikm is
tmd tdrfs nc nur pdrsnemnnb K nrihieoa ie o sdesd tmot iekaubds
tifd rotmdr tmoe `dieh iekaubdb ie it. Ie tmd `dhieeieh"@ soys
=ortie <u`dr" is rdaotine.@ Pituoa sdts tmd skded cnr o sdac>
kneskinus rd>deoktfdet nc tmd prifoa dvdet ie wmikm tmd sdac is
fobd foeicdst ie oeb tmrnuhm its rdaotinesmip tn tmd Ntmdr. Rmd
deoktfdet is sdac>kneskinus `dkousd it is spdkioaay knetrivdbL ot
tmis tifd oeb paokd fde oeb wnfde sdt o`nut d5prdssieh oe
ietdetine tn brow kansd tn tmd snurkd nc aicd. Rmd morbdr tmdywnr$ owoy ot bdcieieh tmdir pnsitine ie o wnr$ nc d5prdssivd
ort" tmd fnrd tmdy knetri`utd tn tmd rdaotineoa eoturd nc tmd
dvdet" tmd pnaor ueity nc cddaieh@ 4<u`dr" -9*" ;*8 wmikm
kmoroktdrisds rdoa deknuetdr. Ie tmd ritd" I prdsdet fysdac os ned
wmn brows en knekausines" fo$ds en kaoifs" usieh fy ortistry
tn prdsdet trutm ent ciktine" tn rdvdoa fysdac os I ofD os"
witmnut wnr$ieh it nut nr fdbitotieh upne it" I $enw fysdac tn
`d. Ie rituoa wd prnkaoif nur aifitotine" `y rdbukieh nurknffdetieh oeb knfporieh mufoeedss tn tmd strikt nutaied nc
o wnr$ nc ort" nur eoturoa woy nc okmidvieh iffdbioky ie tmd
pdrkdptine nc wmot is ent nursdavds. %n systdf nc ibdos" en
cnrd$enwadbhd" oeb en coeky ietdrvded `dtwdde I oeb Rmnu.@
4<u`dr" -9+" --8 Rmd cuektine nc tmd ritd is tn bn oaa tmot is
mufoeay pnssi`ad tmot tmis smoaa `d tmd kosd.
It is ifpnrtoet tn rdoaisd tmot tmd ritd knetri`utds tn tmdsdesd wd movd nc tureieh owoy crnf nursdavds tnworbs tmd
ntmdr pdrsne" oeb knesd7udetay tnworbs tmd Ntmdredss nc )nb.
Rmd smddr coktikity@ nc rituoa" its eoturd os o mufoe
orroehdfdet" wnr$s ie tmd birdktine nc knuetdrieh tmd
knecusine nc ibdetitids tmot iemi`its tmd fddtieh nc ntmdredss"
wmikm is tmd prifoa cokt nc rdaotinesmip. Pituoa rdsdf`ads tmd
$ieb nc brofo tmot prnkaoifs its nwe tmdotrikoaity oeb" witmnut
ottdfptieh tn sdbukd tmd spdktotnr" brows mif nr mdrifohieotivday ietn tmd paoy@s oktineD it is prdkisday `y ovnibieh
sdbuktine tmot o crdd fddtieh is okmidvdb" cnr wd ibdeticy
witmnut oey cddaieh nc foeipuaotine. &d $enw it is neay o
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paoy@ K wd koe sdd tmd kurtoies" tmd aihmts" tmd stohd nr tmd
ordeo K `ut tmd trutm it desmrieds is mufoe trutm.
Ie tmd ritd it is bivied trutm" oeb ent o wmit adss trud `y
`dieh neay o ritd.@ Rmd n`vinusay mufoe fnvdfdets" hdsturds
oeb snuebs bistoekd oaa tmd oktnrs" kadrikoa oeb aoy" crnf
troeskdebdekd tmot `dk$nes tmdf" bdfnestrotieh tmdir eddb tn
`d troescnrfdb. Rmd sdporotine nc tmdotrne crnf sjded is ent
sn n`vinus os ie tmd tmdotrd" ie tmot it is ent oawoys o visi`ad
aied nc bdforkotine `dtwdde twn hrnups nc mufoe `diehs. Ie
rituoa tmd aied is `dtwdde pdnpad oeb )nbD `ut it wnr$s 6ust tmd
sofd woy" tureieh us tn (if oeb tn ned oentmdr. Rmis is ent tn
bdfntd )nb `y prdsdetieh (if os snfd $ieb nc d5oatdb ortistikkrdotine" nr tn kaoif o spdkicikoaay rdaihinus ibdetity cnr brofo
os o mufoe oktivity. (ufoe `diehs eoturoaay d5prdss
tmdfsdavds ie woys tmot koe `d prdsdetdb tmdotrikoaay. Os
)rnssvnhda soys" Ot tmd `dhieeieh nc tmdotrd tmdrd is fdrday
tmd okt nc tmd mufoe `dieh wmnsd hdsturd `iebs mif tn oentmdr
`dieh@ 4-;2" -+38. 'nr o pdrsne tn nrbdr mis nr mdr oktines oeb
wnrbs" nr tn okt spnetoednusay ie o brofotik woy" is cnr tmot
pdrsne tn d5prdss mdr nr mifsdac eoturoaay.@ 'nr snfdned tn `dbrowe ietn tmd oktine@ os o rdsuat nc n`sdrvieh wmot is hnieh
ne is d7uoaay outmdetik uespdkioaisdb mufoe `dmovinur.
<dkousd tmis is tmd woy wd deknuetdr ned oentmdr" it fust movd
snfd `dorieh ne tmd woy wd rdhorb nur rdaotinesmip witm o
pdrsneoa )nb. Rn okt ie ntmdr woys is ent tn prdsdet nursdavds
os wd ord. Rmus tmd brofotik eoturd nc rituoa mdaps us rdaivd tmd
ieenkdekd oeb wmnadmdortdbedss tmot kmoroktdrisdbrdaotinesmips ie iaan tdfpnrd"@ tmd dtdreity rdkoaadb oeb rd>
prdsdetdb witmie tmd ritd.
Rmis `dieh tmd kosd" wd fust ohrdd witm Pneoab )rifds
wmde md soysL
Rmdrd is o sdesd ie wmikm tmd d5drkisd is tmd
midrnpmoey. Pituoa syf`nas oeb hdsturds `dor
tmd sokrdb. <rdob bnds `dor tmd ,rdsdekd.Bnhs bn movd <ubbmo eoturd. Ic ditmdr bnhs nr
`rdob is iekopo`ad nc `dorieh tmd sokrdb anob"
sn is dvdrytmieh dasd.@ 4-+2" ??8