DRAWING FUTURES TOGETHER.
Diagrams for the Design of Scenarios for Liveable Cities
Serena PollastriRSD3 SymposiumOslo, October 2014
A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEHow (and why) I got where I am.
Milan
service design
creative communities
collaborative urban maps
A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEHow (and why) I got where I am.
MilanShanghai
service design
service design “rururban”
sustainability
urban agriculture
foodcreative
communities
collaborative urban maps
A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEHow (and why) I got where I am.
Toronto MilanShanghai
service design
service design “rururban”
sustainability
urban agriculture
foodcreative
communities
collaborative urban maps
foodgraphic design
service design
A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEHow (and why) I got where I am.
Toronto Milan
Lancaster
Shanghai
service designvisualisations
urban living
future(s)metadesign
service design “rururban”
sustainability
urban agriculture
foodcreative
communities
collaborative urban maps
foodgraphic design
service design
SCENARIOS OF FUTURE URBAN LIVINGForesight report: Living in the City
Urry, J., Caletrio, J., Birtchnell, T., Pollastri, S. Future Cities: Living in the Cities. UK Government Office for Science. 2014https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-cities-living-in-the-city.
SCENARIOS OF FUTURE URBAN LIVINGForesight report: Living in the City
Urry, J., Caletrio, J., Birtchnell, T., Pollastri, S. Future Cities: Living in the Cities. UK Government Office for Science. 2014https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-cities-living-in-the-city.
SCENARIOS OF FUTURE URBAN LIVINGForesight report: Living in the City
SCENARIOS OF FUTURE URBAN LIVINGForesight report: Living in the City
SCENARIOS OF FUTURE URBAN LIVINGForesight report: Living in the City
SCENARIOS OF FUTURE URBAN LIVINGForesight report: Living in the City
SCENARIOS OF FUTURE URBAN LIVINGForesight report: Living in the City
Urry, J., Caletrio, J., Birtchnell, T., Pollastri, S. Future Cities: Living in the Cities. UK Government Office for Science. 2014https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-cities-living-in-the-city.
RESEARCH CONTEXTCities, complexity, futures
Design approach:- map the system to find emerging opportunities, rather than solving single problems- design tools for collaboration.
how many designers does it take to change a light bulb?
how many designers does it take to change a light bulb?Does it have to be a light bulb?
Metadesign:John Wood (2008, p. 4) identifies Metadesign as an approach able to “transform the world by reimagining new ways to live”. This profound rethinking of the system is needed because working within the limits of the current system to make it “sustainable” is not enough (Wood, 2009).Metadesign is the collaborative design of the design tools, processes that are able to produce a systemic change
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKMetadesign approach.
Metadesign:John Wood (2008, p. 4) identifies Metadesign as an approach able to “transform the world by reimagining new ways to live”. This profound rethinking of the system is needed because working within the limits of the current system to make it “sustainable” is not enough (Wood, 2009).Metadesign is the collaborative design of the design tools, processes that are able to produce a systemic change
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKMetadesign approach.
“How can visualisation processes contribute to the design of future
scenarios of radically different liveable cities?”
A VISUAL HISTORY OF THE FUTURE (FORESIGHT)Evidence based report on how future cities have been visualised in the past 100 years.
VISUAL HISTORY OF THE FUTUREA TAXONOMY
HOW TO READ THIS DIAGRAM
AuthorTitle CITY CATEGORY
28 “Cities”
FORMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Storytelling ...Static ...
SECTION�e Foresight Project on Visions of Place is divided into seven sections:
Cities of Vision Representation of Cities Context of Cities Technology of Cities Socialities of Cities Digital Cities UK Characteristics
ABOUT THE TAXONOMY
�is taxonomy is part of the Foresight working paper: “A Visual History of the Future”�e report is about how future cities have been visualised during a period that is just over the last one hundred years i.e. from the start of the twentieth century to the early twenty-�rst century. It focuses on the attempts, by a vast range of artists, architects, and visual designers from various �elds, to imagine cities di�erently.
One of the most poignant observations of architectural drawing by Robin Evans (2008) is that draw-ing has a ‘reverse directionality’; meant that the drawing exists before the built thing, it projects into the future. In the city context this rings true, though sometimes the image has a reactive directional-ity, the city is already formed, the image projects di�erent conditions existing now. It carries and projects these embedded thoughts. �e agency of the image sometimes has urgency. �is visual tax-onomy has been established in order to locate the conceptual thoughts of each city image. �e graphic layers movements, timelines and connectivity through the establishment of thirty eight cate-gories of city (27 in this mid-point review). Such a method means that images of future cities can be not only located within a timeline, but in a way that shows connectivity and reoccurrence.
n
Reference Number
Visions of FutureCity Categories
PLAN
HU
MAN
PO
INT O
F VIE
W
ICONIC
CROSS
-SEC
TIO
N
INFR
AST
RC
UC
TU
RE
LAN
DSC
APE
MAP
DIAGRAM
FIGURATIVE
ABSTRACT
2D
STATIC
ILLUSTRATEDSTORYTELLING
3D
TR
AN
SPO
RT
MOTION
INTERACTIVE
CYBER CITY
LAYERED CITY
CROSSING CITY
FLOATING CITY
GARDEN CITY
MECHANICAL CITY
CONTINUOUS CITY
DIVIDED CITY
COLLAGE CITY
MEDIA CITY
MOVING CITY
SPACE CITYTRADING CITY
VERTICAL CITYWASTE CITYCLUSTER CITYHAPTIC CITYSKY CITYSPECTACLE CITY
VICE CITYDESERT CITYDIY CITYHORIZONTAL CITY
SMART CITY
UNDERGROUND CITY
COGNITIVE CITY
CONNECTED CITY
WATER CITY
Jean-Louis Chanéac
Architecture Megalithique45Arthur Quarmby
Corn on the Cob52
Archigram
Plug-in City4Raymond Hood
Proposal for Manhattan14
Francesco Mujica
100-Story City15
Paul Rudolph
Lower Manhattan Expressway18
Geo�rey JellicoeMotopia
2
Bill BarrettPooleyville 85
Helmut JakobyMK in 1990 86
Colin BuchananTra�c in Towns 3
Sydney R. FisherManchester Heliport 43
Cedric PricePotteries �inkbelt 88
R&Sie(n)I’ve Heard About It 79
Newton FallisAutopia Ampere 32
Le CorbusierRadiant City 17
Piero VentureBook of Cities 31
Hugh FerrisUnknown 13
Studio LinforsCloud City 10
Jack Lynn & Ivor SmithPark Hill 47
CloudsAcqualta 76
Mike Evans
Cumbernauld 87
Foster+Partner
Masdar Development 65
A. and P. Smithson
Collage for Golden Lane 83
Hugh Casson
Dome of Discovery 35
Atelier Bow-Wow
Generations of Tokyo Architecture 62
DSRNY
Granite Web 92
NCAP
Skarne Construction system90
Leon Krier
Aerial of Pondbury 89M
atsys
Sietch78
Anthony Lau
Floating City 203077
Plasma Studio&
Groundlab
Flowering City75
Crab Studio
Soak City74
Bild/Dyskors/M
GS/M
aterial �inking
Saturation City73
Nigel Coates
A Guide to Ecstacity
61Yona Friedm
an
Spatial City
54Jakob Tigges
�e B
erg51
Walter Jonas
Intrapolis50
Claire Rickert
Drop C
ity42
Buckminster Fuller
Dom
e Over M
anhattan40
Iannis XenakisC
osmic C
ity34
Lawrence H
alprinFort W
orth City W
alk Map
30
Kathryn Moore
HS2
93
Patrick Abercrombie
Forshaw C
omm
unity Map
82
Simon Elvins
Silent Birm
ingham71
Kevin LynchPerceptual Form
of the Cyty
29
Buckminster Fuller, M
. Gabel
World G
ame Institute
12
OM
AEneropa
11
Donald and Sylvia Reay
Plan for Stevenage Centre
84
MARS G
roup
Photomechanical Print
81
Louis de Soissons
Welw
yn Town Plan
80
Diana Balm
ori
Sejong Masterplan
64
Andrew Mahaddie
Cowcom
mon Canyon
63
Walter Christaller
Central �eory
56
Kenzo Tange
Plan of Tokyo Bay33
Constant Nieuwenhuys
New Babylon7
Ebenezeer Howard
Garden City1
URBED
Uxcester Masterplan
94
Chora
�ames Gateway
91
Archizoom
Non Stop City46
Wenzel Hablik
Structure of a Colony(...)36
Tomas Saraceno
Cloud City9
Markus Novak
Mutable Algorythm Landscape69
Paolo Soleri
Babel IIB
44
Oscar Newman
Nuke Proof M
anhattan25
Rem Koolhaas
Asian City
of Tomorrow
19
Eugene H
enard
�e C
ity of th
e Future
16
N. Schö�
er,C. Pare
nt
Tour Lumièr
e Cybern
étique
66
Hans R
ucker
Co
Palmtre
e Isla
nd57
M. Ginz
burg,
G. Gass
enp�u
g
VI Nem
irovic
h-Danchen
ko59
Mass
imo S
colari
�e P
ilot o
f the
Lab
yrin
th53
David
George
Emmeri
ch
Coupo
les st
éréom
étriq
ues
41
James
Wine
s
High
rise o
f Hou
ses37
Mike
Hin
ge
Para
sec C
ity27
K. G
arlan
d, D
. Je�
eris
Futu
re C
ities
26
Jean-
Paul
Jung
man
n
DYO
DO
N F
lotta
nt6
Han
s Holl
ein
Airc
raft
Carr
ier
5
G. D
omen
ig, E
. Hut
h
Übe
rbau
ung
Ragn
itz60
Zaha
Had
id
One
Nor
th M
aste
rpla
n70
Terr
eform
1U
rban
eer
49Sh
imiz
u Co
rpor
atio
nG
reen
Flo
at38
Albe
rt Sp
eer
Plan
for
Ber
lin8
Ridl
ey S
cott
Bla
de R
unne
r21
Terr
y Gill
iam
Bra
zil
48Al
fons
o C
uaro
nC
hild
ren
of M
en39
Bell
Ged
des
�e
Wor
ld o
f Tom
orro
w22
Hein
z Sh
ulz
Neu
dam
mM
etro
polis
23
Stan
ley K
ubrik
A C
lock
wor
k O
rang
e55
Neil
Blo
mka
mp
Dis
tric
t 958
Will
Wrig
ht
Sim
Cit
y M
etro
polis
67
Mar
cus “
Not
ch” P
ersso
n
Min
ecra
ft68
Geo
mat
ics G
roup
Poin
t Clo
ud D
ata
72
Gor
don
Culle
n
Bri
tain
, the
Cru
st is
Cra
ckin
g28
Katsu
hiro
Oto
mo
Akir
a24
Push
wage
r
Soft
Ciry
20
https://www.pinterest.com/visualfuture/
A VISUAL HISTORY OF THE FUTURE (FORESIGHT)Evidence based report on how future cities have been visualised in the past 100 years.
VISUAL HISTORY OF THE FUTUREA TAXONOMY
HOW TO READ THIS DIAGRAM
AuthorTitle CITY CATEGORY
28 “Cities”
FORMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Storytelling ...Static ...
SECTION�e Foresight Project on Visions of Place is divided into seven sections:
Cities of Vision Representation of Cities Context of Cities Technology of Cities Socialities of Cities Digital Cities UK Characteristics
ABOUT THE TAXONOMY
�is taxonomy is part of the Foresight working paper: “A Visual History of the Future”�e report is about how future cities have been visualised during a period that is just over the last one hundred years i.e. from the start of the twentieth century to the early twenty-�rst century. It focuses on the attempts, by a vast range of artists, architects, and visual designers from various �elds, to imagine cities di�erently.
One of the most poignant observations of architectural drawing by Robin Evans (2008) is that draw-ing has a ‘reverse directionality’; meant that the drawing exists before the built thing, it projects into the future. In the city context this rings true, though sometimes the image has a reactive directional-ity, the city is already formed, the image projects di�erent conditions existing now. It carries and projects these embedded thoughts. �e agency of the image sometimes has urgency. �is visual tax-onomy has been established in order to locate the conceptual thoughts of each city image. �e graphic layers movements, timelines and connectivity through the establishment of thirty eight cate-gories of city (27 in this mid-point review). Such a method means that images of future cities can be not only located within a timeline, but in a way that shows connectivity and reoccurrence.
n
Reference Number
Visions of FutureCity Categories
PLAN
HU
MAN
PO
INT O
F VIE
W
ICONIC
CROSS
-SEC
TIO
N
INFR
AST
RC
UC
TU
RE
LAN
DSC
APE
MAP
DIAGRAM
FIGURATIVE
ABSTRACT
2D
STATIC
ILLUSTRATEDSTORYTELLING
3D
TR
AN
SPO
RT
MOTION
INTERACTIVE
CYBER CITY
LAYERED CITY
CROSSING CITY
FLOATING CITY
GARDEN CITY
MECHANICAL CITY
CONTINUOUS CITY
DIVIDED CITY
COLLAGE CITY
MEDIA CITY
MOVING CITY
SPACE CITYTRADING CITY
VERTICAL CITYWASTE CITYCLUSTER CITYHAPTIC CITYSKY CITYSPECTACLE CITY
VICE CITYDESERT CITYDIY CITYHORIZONTAL CITY
SMART CITY
UNDERGROUND CITY
COGNITIVE CITY
CONNECTED CITY
WATER CITY
Jean-Louis Chanéac
Architecture Megalithique45Arthur Quarmby
Corn on the Cob52
Archigram
Plug-in City4Raymond Hood
Proposal for Manhattan14
Francesco Mujica
100-Story City15
Paul Rudolph
Lower Manhattan Expressway18
Geo�rey JellicoeMotopia
2
Bill BarrettPooleyville 85
Helmut JakobyMK in 1990 86
Colin BuchananTra�c in Towns 3
Sydney R. FisherManchester Heliport 43
Cedric PricePotteries �inkbelt 88
R&Sie(n)I’ve Heard About It 79
Newton FallisAutopia Ampere 32
Le CorbusierRadiant City 17
Piero VentureBook of Cities 31
Hugh FerrisUnknown 13
Studio LinforsCloud City 10
Jack Lynn & Ivor SmithPark Hill 47
CloudsAcqualta 76
Mike Evans
Cumbernauld 87
Foster+Partner
Masdar Development 65
A. and P. Smithson
Collage for Golden Lane 83
Hugh Casson
Dome of Discovery 35
Atelier Bow-Wow
Generations of Tokyo Architecture 62
DSRNY
Granite Web 92
NCAP
Skarne Construction system90
Leon Krier
Aerial of Pondbury 89M
atsys
Sietch78
Anthony Lau
Floating City 203077
Plasma Studio&
Groundlab
Flowering City75
Crab Studio
Soak City74
Bild/Dyskors/M
GS/M
aterial �inking
Saturation City73
Nigel Coates
A Guide to Ecstacity
61Yona Friedm
an
Spatial City
54Jakob Tigges
�e B
erg51
Walter Jonas
Intrapolis50
Claire Rickert
Drop C
ity42
Buckminster Fuller
Dom
e Over M
anhattan40
Iannis XenakisC
osmic C
ity34
Lawrence H
alprinFort W
orth City W
alk Map
30
Kathryn Moore
HS2
93
Patrick Abercrombie
Forshaw C
omm
unity Map
82
Simon Elvins
Silent Birm
ingham71
Kevin LynchPerceptual Form
of the Cyty
29
Buckminster Fuller, M
. Gabel
World G
ame Institute
12
OM
AEneropa
11
Donald and Sylvia Reay
Plan for Stevenage Centre
84
MARS G
roup
Photomechanical Print
81
Louis de Soissons
Welw
yn Town Plan
80
Diana Balm
ori
Sejong Masterplan
64
Andrew Mahaddie
Cowcom
mon Canyon
63
Walter Christaller
Central �eory
56
Kenzo Tange
Plan of Tokyo Bay33
Constant Nieuwenhuys
New Babylon7
Ebenezeer Howard
Garden City1
URBED
Uxcester Masterplan
94
Chora
�ames Gateway
91
Archizoom
Non Stop City46
Wenzel Hablik
Structure of a Colony(...)36
Tomas Saraceno
Cloud City9
Markus Novak
Mutable Algorythm Landscape69
Paolo Soleri
Babel IIB
44
Oscar Newman
Nuke Proof M
anhattan25
Rem Koolhaas
Asian City
of Tomorrow
19
Eugene H
enard
�e C
ity of th
e Future
16
N. Schö�
er,C. Pare
nt
Tour Lumièr
e Cybern
étique
66
Hans R
ucker
Co
Palmtre
e Isla
nd57
M. Ginz
burg,
G. Gass
enp�u
g
VI Nem
irovic
h-Danchen
ko59
Mass
imo S
colari
�e P
ilot o
f the
Lab
yrin
th53
David
George
Emmeri
ch
Coupo
les st
éréom
étriq
ues
41
James
Wine
s
High
rise o
f Hou
ses37
Mike
Hin
ge
Para
sec C
ity27
K. G
arlan
d, D
. Je�
eris
Futu
re C
ities
26
Jean-
Paul
Jung
man
n
DYO
DO
N F
lotta
nt6
Han
s Holl
ein
Airc
raft
Carr
ier
5
G. D
omen
ig, E
. Hut
h
Übe
rbau
ung
Ragn
itz60
Zaha
Had
id
One
Nor
th M
aste
rpla
n70
Terr
eform
1U
rban
eer
49Sh
imiz
u Co
rpor
atio
nG
reen
Flo
at38
Albe
rt Sp
eer
Plan
for
Ber
lin8
Ridl
ey S
cott
Bla
de R
unne
r21
Terr
y Gill
iam
Bra
zil
48Al
fons
o C
uaro
nC
hild
ren
of M
en39
Bell
Ged
des
�e
Wor
ld o
f Tom
orro
w22
Hein
z Sh
ulz
Neu
dam
mM
etro
polis
23
Stan
ley K
ubrik
A C
lock
wor
k O
rang
e55
Neil
Blo
mka
mp
Dis
tric
t 958
Will
Wrig
ht
Sim
Cit
y M
etro
polis
67
Mar
cus “
Not
ch” P
ersso
n
Min
ecra
ft68
Geo
mat
ics G
roup
Poin
t Clo
ud D
ata
72
Gor
don
Culle
n
Bri
tain
, the
Cru
st is
Cra
ckin
g28
Katsu
hiro
Oto
mo
Akir
a24
Push
wage
r
Soft
Ciry
20
* who makes the visualisation --> process and actors* what is the purpose -> agency of the image* subject of the visualisation
The key role of diagrams as negotiation and decision-making tools is to enable common and shared understanding in multi-actors context (Ciuccarelli, Ricci and Valsecchi, 2008). Diagrams have always been integral part of different disciplines, from architecture and engineering to mathematics and natural sciences. In design research, diagrams are “operating devices able to reveal weak links among the elements of the system and to show the driving forces that can facilitate (or hinder) a design intervention” (Scagnetti et al., 2007)
DIAGRAMS FOR DESIGNAs a method for representing the complexity of urban life
DIAGRAMS FOR DESIGNUsing information visualisation processes throughout the design process
SCENARIOS
Policy-Orienting Scenarios
Future Studies
S1
S2
S3
P1
P2
P3
Strategic Planning
S1
S2
S3
P1
PP2
P3
Design-Orienting Scenarios
Design
S1
S2
S3
P
Decision Making in the scenario(s)
Design of the scenario(s)
keyS
P P
scenario
project / potential project
SCENARIOSPOS and DOS
Design Experiment:Future visioning workshops series
LIVEABLE CITIES
August 2013 Activity of mapping relationships between research topics
DIAGRAMS FOR DESIGNUsing information visualisation processes throughout the design process
- Macro scale- Collaborative (sync and
non sync)
FUTURE VISIONING WORKSHOPA multidisciplinary design orienting conversation on radically different future
FUTURE VISIONING WORKSHOPA multidisciplinary design orienting conversation on radically different future
FUTURE VISIONING WORKSHOPA multidisciplinary design orienting conversation on radically different future
1 Set the contextWhat are the most relevant things that happened in the last 50 years in your sector?
Integrated planning
Decline of the car Popularity of bikes
Design with people in mind
Re-birth of the railway
Energy issues
Movement of goods
Lenght of travel
“what changed in the sector is the belief that car is the answer.”
“the amount of long distance journey has doubled over the past 15 years in the UK, that means that we need to think about transport in a different way: people will need to travel further and more frequently”
“the assumption that the railway industry was in ter-minal decline”
“the role of stations has changed: from big, celebrated places where people would meet, to something that, as cities get denser, people don’t pay attention to. Now people are back thinking more about the stations, which are being upgrad-ed and made more open. Stations now are thought of more from the people point of view, and are becoming something more than places where you go to get somewhere else.”
“not just in London, but in a lot of the major towns, what has changed is how people are moving using the bicycle and the decline of the car. Other than fashion and accessories for the middle age men who like to buy stuff, it is also about taking the street back, and making car drivers think twice about driving at speed (because there are more bikes).”
“internal combustion engine is really not the future. The view now is that there must be alternative ways to produce energy for vehicles, which is something that 10, 15 years ago people wouldn’t really consider”
“the change is that I heard this morning an engineer saying ‘cities are about people’”
“the containerization of freight, that has made the world as a whole in the way things move around”
“if we imagine a chicken and egg scenario of planning, which comes first: transport or land-use? In this country, as in many other countries in the world, we plan for the land use, and then we retrospectively fit the transport system around it. I think that this is the wrong way to do it, and historically strong networks were what gave shape to the society that we want.”
“the idea of a green infra-structure. We can use the landscape to link different elements together, for ex-ample through cycle ways, transport corridors, water, energy, climate control. This holistic use of landscape makes it much more plea-surable to move around. Landscape design can be-come one of the key disci-pline to improve the way we live in cities”
“we started to make more efficient the use of roads that are already in place. We started to implement a multimodal approach, in which we look at all the steps of getting from A to B in an integrated way, to max-imize journey time and economic impact”
FUTURE VISIONING WORKSHOPA multidisciplinary design orienting conversation on radically different future
1 Set the contextWhat are the most relevant things that happened in the last 50 years in your sector?
2 get negativity out of the wayWhat are the worst possible things that could happen in the last 50 years?
FUTURE VISIONING WORKSHOPA multidisciplinary design orienting conversation on radically different future
1 Set the contextWhat are the most relevant things that happened in the last 50 years in your sector?
2 get negativity out of the wayWhat are the worst possible things that could happen in the last 50 years?
3 explore possible worldsThinking cards + silly ideas
Thinking cards- technology- society- politics/economics- environment
FUTURE VISIONING WORKSHOPA multidisciplinary design orienting conversation on radically different future
1 Set the contextWhat are the most relevant things that happened in the last 50 years in your sector?
2 get negativity out of the wayWhat are the worst possible things that could happen in the last 50 years?
3 explore possible worldsThinking cards + silly ideas
4 design the future city of your sectorDesign your city. How will people live, what the city will look like, what are the paradigms of production and consumption
FUTURE VISIONING WORKSHOPSome (very) preliminary results
Retail SectorEnvironment and natural scientists
Archaelogists, and culture and heritage sector
Transport and utilities
FUTURE VISIONING WORKSHOPReports and other outcomes
liveablecities.org.uk/challenges/future-visions
VISUALISEFocus on activity 3 and 4
(Work in progress)
VISUALISEActivity 3Mapping emerging is-sues, relevance and rela-tions
Transport and Utilities sector
VISUALISEActivity 3Mapping emerging is-sues, relevance and rela-tions
Archaeologists and historians
VISUALISEActivity 3Mapping emerging is-sues, relevance and rela-tions
Archaeologists and historians
Transport and utilities sector
VISUALISEActivity 3Mapping emerging is-sues, relevance and rela-tions
Archaeologists and historians
“Slowness”
Transport and utilities sector
“Slowness”
VISUALISENext steps
retail
environm.
heritage
transport
X
X
X
X
X
X X
liveable citiesframework
Feedback, dissemination, further discussions
1.WORKSHOPS
2.VISIONS OF FUTURE(mapped conversations)
3.THEMES+ synergies and controversies
*Mapping of activity 2 to be completedMapping of activity 3 to be designedComparative mapping, overlaying
*
FUTURE VISIONING WORKSHOPConclusions
Preliminary findings
Limitations
- Interesting when compared- Design of the activities and material is crucial (more than facilitation) - Fine balance creativity/structure- Leave room to disagree - Conversations are more important for the analysis than artefacts produced in the workshops.
- Participant’s profile- Time available- We have no detailled information on how the results will be used (even thou we know it will be included in Liveable Cities outcome)
SOME NOTES ON MY RESEARCHPutting the experiment in context
why why
why
what type? what type?
what types?
diagrams
methods, processes, and tools
design orienting scenarios
visualisations future scenarios
LITERATURE REVIEW
RESEARCH QUESTION
DESIGN EXPERIMENTS
CONTEXT
cities&liveability interdisciplinarity complexity
future visioning workshops visualisations