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Runway Incursion Prevention &Visual Aids at Aerodromes
Yong Wang
Chief, Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids
TRAINRO/1-PPT/30
First Training Course of Regional Officers(FLS and ATM Regional Officers)
(Montreal, 16 27 November 2009)
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Overview
Definition of RI
Contributory factors
ICAO documentation
Annex 14, Volume I provisions on visual aids& RI prevention
Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations
Other Annexes provisions
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ICAO Definition of RI
Any occurrence at an aerodromeinvolving the incorrect presence of an
aircraft, vehicle or person on theprotected area of a surface designatedfor the landing and take-off of aircraft.
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US Airways Runway Incursion Accident Los Angeles: Controller cleared aircraftto land with another aircraft on the runway.
February 1991
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Contributory Factors
Breakdown in Communications
Pilot Factors
Air Traffic Control Factors
Airside Vehicle Driver Factors
Aerodrome Design Factors
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ICAO Documentation
Annexes 2,11,14 PANS-ATM (Doc 4444); PANS-OPS (Doc 8168) Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control
Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual (Doc 9830)
Manual on Simultaneous Operations on Parallel orNear-Parallel Instrument Runways (SOIR)(Doc 9643)
Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, Visual Aids (Doc9157)
Safety Management Manual (SMM) (Doc 9859)Manual on the Prevention of Runway Incursions
(Doc 9870) Runway Safety toolkit
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Visual Aids at Aerodromes
Marking
Lighting
Signs
Markers
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Markings
Runway-holding position markings
Intermediate holding position marking
Road-holding position marking
Mandatory instruction marking
Information marking
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Lighting
Stop bars
Runway guard lights
Intermediate holding position lightsRoad holding position lights
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Signs
Mandatory instruction signs
Information signs
Road-holding position sign
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A 14 V l I i i
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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stopbars
Note 1. The provision of stop bars requirestheir control either manually or automaticallyby air traffic services.
Note 2. Runway incursions may take placein all visibility or weather conditions. Theprovision of stop bars at runway holding
positions and their use at night and in visibilityconditions greater than 550 m runway visualrange can form part of effective runwayincursion prevention measures.
A 14 V l I i i t
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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stopbars
5.3.19.1 A stop bar shall be provided atevery runway-holding position serving arunway when it is intended that the runway
will be used in runway visual range conditionsless than a value of 350 m, except where:
A 14 V l I i i t
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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stopbars
5.3.19.1 A stop bar shall be provided atevery runway-holding position serving arunway when it is intended that the runway
will be used in runway visual range conditionsof values between 350 m and 550 m, exceptwhere:
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A 14 V l I i i t
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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stopbars
5.3.19.4 Recommendation.- Where thenormal stop bar lights might be obscured(from a pilots view), for example, by snow or
rain, or where a pilot may be required to stopthe aircraft in a position so close to the lightsthat they are blocked from view by thestructure of the aircraft, then a pair of
elevated lights should be added to each endof the stop bar.
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Annex 14 Volume I provisions on stop
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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stopbars
9.8.6 Where a surface movementguidance and control system is provided byselective switching of stop bars and taxiway
centre line lights, the following requirementsshall be met:
a) taxiway routes which are indicated byilluminated taxiway centre line lights shall be
capable of being terminated by an illuminatedstop bar;
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Annex 14 Volume I provisions on
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Annex 14, Volume I provisions onrunway guard lights
Note. The purpose of runway guard lightsis to warn pilots, and drivers of vehicles whenthey are operating on taxiways, that they are
about to enter an active runway. There aretwo standard configurations of runway guardlights as illustrated in Figure 5-27.
Annex 14 Volume I provisions on
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Annex 14, Volume I provisions onrunway guard lights
5.3.22.1 Runway guard lights, ConfigurationA, shall be provided at eachtaxiway/runway intersection associated
with a runway intended for use in:a) runway visual range conditions less than a
value of 550 m where a stop bar is notinstalled; and
b) runway visual range conditions of valuesbetween 550 m and 1 200 m where thetraffic density is heavy.
Annex 14 Volume I provisions on
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Annex 14, Volume I provisions onrunway guard lights
5.3.22.2 Recommendation.Runwayguard lights, Configuration A, should beprovided at each taxiway/runway
intersection associated with a runwayintended for use in:
a) runway visual range conditions of valuesless than a value of 550 m where a stop
bar is installed; andb) runway visual range conditions of values
between 550 m and 1 200 m where thetraffic density is medium or light.
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Annex 14 Volume I provisions on
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Annex 14, Volume I provisions onrunway guard lights
5.3.22.3 Recommendation.Runwayguard lights, Configuration A orConfiguration B or both, should be
provided at each taxiway/runwayintersection where enhanced conspicuity ofthe taxiway/runway intersection is needed,such as on a wide-throat taxiway, except
that Configuration B should not becollocated with a stop bar.
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Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome
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Annex 14 provisions on aerodromevehicle operations
Note 1. Guidance on aerodrome vehicleoperations is contained in Attachment A, Section18 and on traffic rules and regulations for vehiclesin theManual of Surface Movement Guidance and
Control Systems (SMGCS).
Note 2. It is intended that roads located on themovement area be restricted to the exclusive use
of aerodrome personnel and other authorizedpersons, and that access to the public buildings byan unauthorized person will not require use ofsuch roads.
Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome
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Annex 14 provisions on aerodromevehicle operations
9.7.1 A vehicle shall be operated:
a) on a manoeuvring area only as authorizedby the aerodrome control tower; and
b) on an apron only as authorized by the
appropriate designated authority.
Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome
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Annex 14 provisions on aerodromevehicle operations
9.7.2 The driver of a vehicle on the movement areashall comply with all mandatory instructions conveyedby markings and signs unless otherwise authorizedby:
a) the aerodrome control tower when on themanoeuvring area; or
b) the appropriate designated authority when on theapron.
Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome
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Annex 14 provisions on aerodromevehicle operations
9.7.3 The driver of a vehicle on themovement area shall comply with allmandatory instructions conveyed by lights.
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Amendment 10 to Annex 14, Volume I
Amendment 10 to Annex 14, Volume I bringsto the Annex provisions on enhanced taxiwaycentre line markings and mandatory
instruction markings and enhancedmandatory instruction signs to furtherstrengthen runway incursion prevention
Recently adopted by Council on 4 March
2009Will become applicable as of 19 November
2009
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Enhanced taxiway centre line markings
5.2.8.4 Recommendation.Where it isnecessary to denote the proximity of arunway-holding position, enhanced taxiway
centre line marking should be provided.
Note. The provision of enhanced taxiway
centre line marking may form part of runwayincursion prevention measures.
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Enhanced taxiway centre line markings
5.2.8.5 Where provided, enhancedtaxiway centre line marking shall be installedat all taxiway/runway intersections at that
aerodrome
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Enhanced taxiway centre line markings
5.2.8.9 Where provided, an enhancedtaxiway centre line marking shall extend fromthe runway holding position Pattern A (as
defined in Figure 5-6, Taxiway markings) to adistance of up to 45 m (a minimum of three(3) dashed lines) in the direction of travelaway from the runway or to the next runway
holding position, if within 45m distance.
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M d t I t ti M ki
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Mandatory Instruction Markings
5.2.16.2 Recommendation. Whereoperationally required, such as on taxiwaysexceeding 60 m in width, or to assist in the
prevention of a runway incursion, amandatory instruction sign should besupplemented by a mandatory instructionmarking.
M d t I t ti M ki
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Mandatory Instruction Markings
5.2.16.3 The mandatory instructionmarking on taxiways, where the code letter isA, B, C, or D, shall be located across the
taxiway equally placed about the taxiwaycentre line and on the holding side of therunway-holding position marking as shown inFigure 5-9 (a). The distance between the
nearest edge of the marking and the runwayholding position marking or the taxiway centreline marking shall be not less than 1 m
M d t I t ti M ki
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Mandatory Instruction Markings
5.2.16.4 The mandatory instructionmarking on taxiways, where the code letter isE or F, shall be located on both sides of the
taxiway centre line marking and on theholding side of the runway-holding positionmarking as shown in Figure 5-9 (b). Thedistance between the nearest edge of the
marking and the runway holding positionmarking or the taxiway centre line markingshall be not less than 1 m.
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E h d M d t I t ti Si
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Enhanced Mandatory Instruction Signs
5.4.2.13 Recommendation.Where,owing to environmental or other factors, theconspicuity of the inscription on a mandatory
instruction sign needs to be enhanced, theoutside edge of the white inscription shouldbe supplemented by a black outlinemeasuring 10 mm in width for runway code
numbers 1 and 2, and 20 mm in width forrunway code numbers 3 and 4.
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Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
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Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
Annex 2 Rules of the Air
Aircraft shall not taxi onto maneuveringarea without clearance
Aircraft shall stop and hold at all runwayholding positions
Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
Movement of persons and vehicles must becontrolled by the control tower
Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
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Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
Movement of persons and vehicles mustbe controlled by the control tower
ATS safety management
Read-back of clearances
Use of surface movement radar
Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
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Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
Amendment to Annex 13 Aircraft Accidentand Incident Investigationand theProcedures for Air Navigation Services Air
Traffic Management(PANS-ATM) to includerunway incursions (severity A) as seriousincidents to be reported by States to ICAOand new runway incursion reporting forms
Applicable from November 2009)
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Thank you
Yong WangChief, AGA/ANB
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)