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Typologies of DevelopmentTypologies of Development
DycotomizedDycotomized into:1.Primitive or moderninto:1.Primitive or modern
Civilized or uncivilizedCivilized or uncivilized
Literate or nonLiterate or non--literateliterateSimple of TechnologicallySimple of Technologically
Advanced Advanced SocitiesSocities
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UnderdevelopedUnderdevelopedCharacteristicsCharacteristics Subsistence economicsSubsistence economics where people live awhere people live a
handhand--toto--mouth existencemouth existence Produce their own food, clothing &Produce their own food, clothing & sheltershelter Level of technology is low, low level of Level of technology is low, low level of
productivity & incomeproductivity & income Main occupation maybe hunting, food gathering,Main occupation maybe hunting, food gathering,
agriculture & fishing oragriculture & fishing or animal husbandryanimal husbandry Culture is homogenousCulture is homogenous
People are called nature's, primitives or savagesPeople are called nature's, primitives or savages Target of traders who needed exotic goods forTarget of traders who needed exotic goods for
maximum exploitation of indigenous natural &maximum exploitation of indigenous natural &human resources & of missionaries who worriedhuman resources & of missionaries who worriedabout their soulsabout their souls
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Typologies of DevelopmentTypologies of Development
Trichotomy:Trichotomy: 2. Under developing and2. Under developing anddeveloped societiesdeveloped societies
Dichotomy:Dichotomy: 3. Less developed countries3. Less developed countries
(LDC) & developed(LDC) & developedcountries (DC)countries (DC)
Trichotomy:Trichotomy: 4. 14. 1st st , 2, 2ndnd, 3, 3rdrd world societiesworld societies
Dichotomy:Dichotomy: 5. North and South5. North and South
6. Newly Industrialized6. Newly Industrialized
CountriesCountries
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UnderdevelopedUnderdevelopedCharacteristicsCharacteristics These people belongs to the bands, tribes orThese people belongs to the bands, tribes or
chiefdomschiefdoms Activities revolve around the family & bigger Activities revolve around the family & bigger
kinship groupkinship group
Social institutionsSocial institutions financial, economic, political,financial, economic, political,religious & educationalreligious & educational Cooperation, mutual sharing & assistance areCooperation, mutual sharing & assistance are
dominant modes of interactiondominant modes of interaction
Social change occurs very slowlySocial change occurs very slowly Low health & education standardLow health & education standard Low level of literacyLow level of literacy High birth and death rateHigh birth and death rate
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Developing SocietiesDeveloping Societies Are in transition & influx of change Are in transition & influx of change Politically independent, suffer relapses oa a result Politically independent, suffer relapses oa a result
of centuries of colonization & foreign dominationof centuries of colonization & foreign domination Search for identity & provide in their culturalSearch for identity & provide in their cultural
heritageheritage Africa, Asia & Latin America Africa, Asia & Latin America
Agricultural subsistence or commercial & are Agricultural subsistence or commercial & areengaged in manufacturing, transportation,engaged in manufacturing, transportation,communication, commerce & service industriescommunication, commerce & service industries
Main goal of economic planning is diversification &Main goal of economic planning is diversification &industrializationindustrialization
Common problemCommon problem widespread & chronicwidespread & chronicpoverty, rising levels of unemployment &poverty, rising levels of unemployment &underemployment widening gap in incomeunderemployment widening gap in incomedistribution, & invading disparity in economic,distribution, & invading disparity in economic,
social & cultural international relationssocial & cultural international relations
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Developing SocietiesDeveloping Societies
Large proportions of the labor force areLarge proportions of the labor force areemployed in the service or tertiary sectoremployed in the service or tertiary sector
Growth of industry is accompanied by an influxGrowth of industry is accompanied by an influxof foreign capital & on increasing dependenceof foreign capital & on increasing dependenceon foreign technologyon foreign technology
Foreign investment in agriculture results inForeign investment in agriculture results incapitalcapital--intensive rural enterprise which absorbintensive rural enterprise which absorbrelatively little labor. Peasant cultivators arerelatively little labor. Peasant cultivators aredisplaced & forced to migrate to urban areas.displaced & forced to migrate to urban areas.
Social stratificationSocial stratification a very small upper classa very small upper class-- a small middle classa small middle class-- a large lower classa large lower class
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Developing SocietiesDeveloping Societies
Industrialization, modernization, automation,Industrialization, modernization, automation,cultural pluralism, rapid social change & highcultural pluralism, rapid social change & highstandard of living characterize the developedstandard of living characterize the developedsocietiessocieties
Societies are progressive, powerful &Societies are progressive, powerful &
technologically advanced because of capitaltechnologically advanced because of capitalformation, savings & technological processformation, savings & technological process Sharp division among family influence,Sharp division among family influence,
economic activities, religious rites & unityeconomic activities, religious rites & unity
controlcontrol Social institutions make definite contributionsSocial institutions make definite contributions
to the welfare of the countryto the welfare of the country-- US, Canada, Western European countries,US, Canada, Western European countries,
Australia, New Zealand, Japan & Russia Australia, New Zealand, Japan & Russia
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The Three WorldsThe Three Worlds
1. First World1. First World The United States including itsThe United States including its
allies in Western Europe & its satellites in Latinallies in Western Europe & its satellites in Latin America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand & America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand &JapanJapan-- rich & highly developed countriesrich & highly developed countries
2. Second World2. Second World The Soviet Union including itsThe Soviet Union including itsallies & satellites in Eastern Europe & parts of allies & satellites in Eastern Europe & parts of
Asia. High pace of industrial growth & highly Asia. High pace of industrial growth & highlyurbanized. Their economy is socialist systemurbanized. Their economy is socialist system
based on state ownership of the factors of based on state ownership of the factors of production. The state dominates the savingproduction. The state dominates the savingpolicies. The economy is centrally planned .policies. The economy is centrally planned .Their policies is democratic centralism.Their policies is democratic centralism.
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3. The Third World3. The Third World The developing countriesThe developing countries
are nonare non--aligned found in Africa, Asia, Latinaligned found in Africa, Asia, Latin America & the Caribbean. Considered socially America & the Caribbean. Considered socially& continually developed & economically && continually developed & economically &technically underdeveloped. Receive foreigntechnically underdeveloped. Receive foreign
aid from the 1aid from the 1st st
& 2& 2ndnd
world. Supply worldworld. Supply worldmarket with primary commodities.market with primary commodities.
In 1964In 1964 77 countries met in Rome77 countries met in Rome
19761976 106 nation met in Manila106 nation met in Manila
Group of 77 asless developing
countries another thirdWorld
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North and SouthNorth and SouthDivision into Northern & Southern Hemispheres.Division into Northern & Southern Hemispheres.
North is made up of all the developed, advanced,North is made up of all the developed, advanced,industrial countries. Includes US, Canada,industrial countries. Includes US, Canada,Western Europe, Soviet Union & some EasternWestern Europe, Soviet Union & some Eastern
Europe countries.Europe countries.
South refers to the developing countries with itsSouth refers to the developing countries with itsvariants of the middle developing countries & thevariants of the middle developing countries & the
least developed. It includes all the state south of least developed. It includes all the state south of he UShe US Africa, Asia with the exception of Japan, Africa, Asia with the exception of Japan,the socialist countries of China & Yugoslavia.the socialist countries of China & Yugoslavia.
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NIC in Asia with industrialized economics havingNIC in Asia with industrialized economics havingachieved an economic miracle of transportationachieved an economic miracle of transportationfrom a farm land economy to full industrialization.from a farm land economy to full industrialization.-- they are enjoying high standards of living whichthey are enjoying high standards of living whichcan be equated with the developed societies.can be equated with the developed societies.These countries are Taiwan, Hongkong, SouthThese countries are Taiwan, Hongkong, SouthKorea & Singapore. Labeled as Dragons of AsiaKorea & Singapore. Labeled as Dragons of Asia
Economic Tigers of Asia Economic Tigers of Asia
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Information AgeInformation Age& Knowledge& KnowledgeRevolutionRevolution
Future ShockFuture Shock
Third WaveThird WavePower shift Power shift
Alvin Toffler Alvin Toffler
Education in the Information AgeEducation in the Information Age
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33rdrd
Information AgeInformation Age Based onBased on
Computers & theComputers & thenetworks that networks that interconnect interconnect
themthem Wealth creation & Wealth creation &
knowledgeknowledge
22ndnd
IndustrialIndustrialRevolutionRevolution
Power was inPower was inthe machinethe machine& fuels that & fuels that
feed themfeed them Machines & Machines &
materialsmaterials
11st st
Agricultural AgriculturalRevolutionRevolution
Based onBased onthe plows &the plows &animals that animals that
pulled it pulled it Land Land
Civilization in Three WavesCivilization in Three Waves
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33rdrd
Post Post industrial or highindustrial or hightechnologiestechnologies
--Science intensiveScience intensive
because these arebecause these arebased on modernbased on modernscientific knowledge.scientific knowledge.
--Most important Most important technologies aretechnologies are
microelectronics,microelectronics,robotics, computers,robotics, computers,optoelectronics, fiberoptoelectronics, fiberoptics, geneticoptics, geneticengineering, & otherengineering, & othersynthetic materialssynthetic materials
22ndnd
IndustrialIndustrialtechnologiestechnologies
--Based on theBased on theprinciples of principles of classical physics,classical physics,classicalclassicalchemistry &chemistry &classical biologyclassical biology
11st st
PrePre--industrialindustrialtechnologiestechnologies
--Labor intensiveLabor intensive--SmallSmall--scalescale
--DecentralizedDecentralized
--Based onBased on
empirical ratherempirical ratherthan scientificthan scientificknowledgeknowledge
Major Changes in SocietyMajor Changes in Society
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Top Per Capita SaversTop Per Capita Savers
1.1. JapanJapan -- 45,11245,112
2.2. SwitzerlandSwitzerland -- 19,97119,971
3.3. DenmarkDenmark 19,40519,405
4.4. FranceFrance 17,65017,6505.5. West GermanyWest Germany 17,04217,042
6.6. Austria Austria 16,36916,369
7.7. NorwayNorway 15,19615,196
8.8. BelgiumBelgium 15,91115,911
9.9. SingaporeSingapore 14,49214,492
10.10. NetherlandsNetherlands 14,28214,282
Top Wage EarnersTop Wage Earners
1.1. SwitzerlandSwitzerland
2.2. LuxemburgLuxemburg
3.3. JapanJapan
4.4. SwedenSweden5.5. FinlandFinland
6.6. NorwayNorway
7.7. DenmarkDenmark
8.8. West GermanyWest Germany
9.9. IrelandIreland
10.10. USAUSA
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Objectives of Development Objectives of Development
To increase the availability and widen the distributionTo increase the availability and widen the distributionof basic lifeof basic life--sustaining goods such as food, shelter,sustaining goods such as food, shelter,health and protection to all members of society;health and protection to all members of society;
To raise levels of living, including, in addition toTo raise levels of living, including, in addition tohigher incomes, the provision of more jobs, betterhigher incomes, the provision of more jobs, better
education and more attention to cultural andeducation and more attention to cultural andhumanistic values. These all serve not only tohumanistic values. These all serve not only toenhance material wellenhance material well--being but also to generatebeing but also to generategreater individual and national self greater individual and national self--esteem; andesteem; and
To expand the range of economic and social choiceTo expand the range of economic and social choiceto individuals and nations by freeing them fromto individuals and nations by freeing them fromservitude and dependence not only in relation toservitude and dependence not only in relation toother people and nationother people and nation--states but also to the forcesstates but also to the forcesof ignorance and human misery.of ignorance and human misery.
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Factors influencing the development of Factors influencing the development of the countrythe country
1. Environment 1. Environment consists of the things around,consists of the things around,beneath and above us.beneath and above us.
Physical environment. The various elements of thePhysical environment. The various elements of thephysical environment such as geographical condition andphysical environment such as geographical condition and
location, topography of the soil, climate, landforms andlocation, topography of the soil, climate, landforms andbodies of water have a strong influence on thebodies of water have a strong influence on thedevelopment of a nation.development of a nation.
SocioSocio--cultural environment. Most environmental influencescultural environment. Most environmental influenceson development result from an interaction between social,on development result from an interaction between social,physical and cultural forces.physical and cultural forces.
Social environment. Refers to the various groups andSocial environment. Refers to the various groups andsocial interaction going on within a given population. It social interaction going on within a given population. It refers to the learned ways of living and norms of behaviorrefers to the learned ways of living and norms of behaviorwhich are transmitted to the child through social groupswhich are transmitted to the child through social groupswithin a given population.within a given population.
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Factors influencing the development of Factors influencing the development of the countrythe country
2. Population. Refers to the number of people living in a2. Population. Refers to the number of people living in agiven area.given area.
3. Ideas. Ideas embody mans conceptions of his3. Ideas. Ideas embody mans conceptions of hisphysical, social and cultural world. Ideologies arephysical, social and cultural world. Ideologies are
derived from social conditions. An ideological positionderived from social conditions. An ideological positioncan be a dominant force in guiding nationalcan be a dominant force in guiding nationaldevelopment. The position touches the attitudes,development. The position touches the attitudes,motivations and behavioral patterns of the people.motivations and behavioral patterns of the people.
4. Technology. Consists of material things as well as the4. Technology. Consists of material things as well as the
form of knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary toform of knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary toconvert available resources to men need and want.convert available resources to men need and want.5. Events. Refers to random, unpredictable happenings5. Events. Refers to random, unpredictable happenings
that affect the cause of social change.that affect the cause of social change.6. Collective Action. The role of collective action in social6. Collective Action. The role of collective action in social
change is another element influencing development.change is another element influencing development.
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U.S. EXPERIENCE LAYERING OF ECONOMIES/REFORMATION OF SOCIETIES
THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
- Led to THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
This dominated until the first global
Applications of industrialization (18
th
century)THE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY
- Led to THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
This lasted for about 170 years,
From c. 1800 to 1970.
THE EMOTILE ECONOMY - Is Leading to THE EMOTILE SOCIETY
Began in earnest about 1992 and rises todominance about 2005.
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THE FOUR AGES: A SAMPLING OF DISTINGUSHINGCHARACTERISTICS
AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL POST ± INDUSTRIAL EMOTILE
1. Time
Seasonal Calendar
time structured
people¶s lives
People begin to
structure time clocks,
workweeks, shifts
Partial triumph over
nature (crop growth, 24 ±
hour society), computers
and digital timepieces
measure in thousandths of
second, time becomesdesired commodity,
speeds up.
Instant,
programmable
(VCRs, microwaves,
genetic engineering,
24- hours global
immediacy), timeirrelevant to access,
too fast for humans.
22.. HouseholdHousehold
ExtendedExtended familyfamily tiedtiedtoto thethe land,land, rural,rural,
self self employedemployed ininfamilyfamily enterpriseenterprise ororinin serviceservice toto aa singlesinglelandland ownerowner..
DeclineDecline of of extendedextendedfamilyfamily (beginning(beginning of of
nuclearnuclear family),family), tiedtiedtoto urbanurbanemployer(s),employer(s), womenwomenwhowho didnt didnt havehave totowork,work, riserise of of concept concept of of malemale breadwinnerbreadwinner..
NuclearNuclear family,family,suburbia,suburbia, twotwo incomeincome
households,households, serialserialfamilyfamily formulationformulation(divorce,(divorce, stepchildren)stepchildren)..CommuterCommuter marriagesmarriages
FamilyFamily constantlyconstantlyredefined,redefined, nonnon
fixedfixed household,household,multimulti residence,residence,multimulti-- nationalnational..MergerMerger of of homehomeandand officeoffice..
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AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL POST ± INDUSTRIAL EMOTILE
3. Education
One ± room, up
until teen years,
apprenticeships
Neighborhood schools,
age cohorts, vocational
training, attendance
and age mandates,
strengthened uniform
public education
Higher education, pre ±
school, democratization
of all public education
processes, weakened
public school system
Electronic, life ± long,
knowledge haves and
have ± note.
44.. HealthHealth
RuleRule of of naturenature overover
humankind,humankind, handshands onon deliverydelivery
Application Application of of sciencescience
toto tempertemper nature,nature,professionalprofessional deliverydelivery
LargeLarge income,income, accessaccess toto
credit,credit, manymany materialmaterialpossessionspossessions
ControlControl of of andand
creationcreation of of naturenatureitself,itself, geneticgeneticengineering,engineering, brainbrainmapping,mapping, cybernetics,cybernetics,remoteremote monitoringmonitoring..
55.. WealthWealthFarmlandFarmland (real(realassets),assets), manymany sonssons
LargeLarge home,home, capitalcapitalassets,assets, communitycommunityrespect,respect, savingsaving andandpensionspensions (Protestant (Protestant Ethics)Ethics)..
LargeLarge income,income, accessaccess totocredit,credit, manymany materialmaterialpossessionspossessions
FinancialFinancial securitysecurityindividuallyindividuallydetermined,determined, emotionalemotionalandand physicalphysical wellwell being,being, accessaccess toto andandknowledgeknowledge of of howhow toto
manipulatemanipulate
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AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL POST ± INDUSTRIAL EMOTILE
6. Success
To own one¶s own
property, to have
more than it takes
to feed one¶s own
family
To own one¶s own
business, to build
wealth
To master the skills of a
profession or career
and spend wealth
To be self ± sustaining
and safe, to amass a
wealth of experiences,
to have frequently
reinvented oneself.
77.. EnergyEnergy
Manual,Manual, windwind Steam,Steam, gasgas electricelectric ElectricElectric fromfrom numerousnumeroussources,sources, nuclearnuclear
ElectricElectric viavia conversionconversiontechnologies,technologies, nuclear,nuclear,
superconducting,superconducting,nanotechnology,nanotechnology,(molecular(molecular robots)robots)..NewNew materialsmaterials
88.. TheThe BossBoss
TheThe Father,Father, thethe
ownerowner -- farmerfarmer
TheThe entrepreneur,entrepreneur, thethe
capitalist capitalist
TheThe CEO,CEO, professionalprofessional
managermanager
TheThe executiveexecutive team,team,
thethe institutionalinstitutionalinvestor,investor, thethe self self employedemployed (ones(ones self)self)
99.. RetirementRetirement
Not Not aa factorfactor Set Set at at 6565,, thought thought totoprecedeprecede deathdeath byby onlyonly
aa fewfew yearsyears
A A thirdthird andand longlong stagestageof of lifelife
NonNon fixedfixed highlyhighlyindividualizedindividualized
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AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL POST ±
INDUSTRIAL
EMOTILE
10. Assets of Enterprise
Livestock, farmable real
state, equipment, water
Machinery,
buildable real
state, monetary
capital, access to
markets
Speculative real
state, information,
monetary leverage
Knowledge, delivery
channels,
³employees´
customers, reputation
1111.. WeaponsWeapons ofof WarfareWarfare
Axes, Axes, guns,guns, arrows,arrows, fire,fire,
handhand--toto--handhand combat,combat,boatsboats
Tanks,Tanks, mines,mines,
planes,planes, bombs,bombs,moremoresophisticatedsophisticatedguns,guns, warships,warships,chemicalschemicals
Drugs,Drugs, nuclear,nuclear,
computerizedcomputerized andandelectronicelectronic missiles,missiles,propagandapropaganda
Biologicals,Biologicals, terrorism,terrorism,
satellites,satellites, disablingdisabling of of communicationscommunicationsinfrastructuresinfrastructures mindmind --manipulationmanipulation
1212.. ScienceScience
Flat Flat earth,earth, humanshumans at at centercenter of of universe,universe,deterministicdeterministic
Copernican,Copernican,Jungian/Jungian/Freudian,Freudian,NewtonianNewtonian(Mechanistic),(Mechanistic),heuristicsheuristics
Einsteinian,Einsteinian, relative,relative,molecular,molecular, expandingexpandinguniverseuniverse
Quantum,Quantum, nonnon linear,linear, chaos, chaos,biologicalbiological..
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Thru - Put IntendedBehavioral
Change
InstitutionalPerformance
General Variables
1. What do youwant to know in theadministration of development?
2. What kind of administrators do
we want todevelop?
3. What KASH dowe want to measure
4. What outcomeour products beable to produce
1. Introduction toDevelopment
2. Model of Development
3. Rural Development Strategies/ Approaches
4. Administration of Rural Development
5. CommunityOrganization andInstitutional frameworkof Rural Development
CurriculumProper
Student
Faculty
1. Change Agent
2. CreativeManager
3. Popularizerof Technology
4. SocialCommitted andConsciousManager
1. Efficiency
2.Effectiveness
3. Integration
4. Adaptation/Innovation
5. InstructionalHealth
HumanDevelopment - - - - - - - - -
ClienteleSatisfaction
Output
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Concepts of DevelopmentConcepts of Development
PeriodPeriod Context/SituationContext/Situation Development of Development of
Action Action
Concept of Concept of
Development Development
1940s1940s --WW II has just endedWW II has just ended
-- World economy in ruinsWorld economy in ruins
-- Shortage of Goods and servicesShortage of Goods and services
(poverty is defined as shortage)(poverty is defined as shortage)
-- Charity and WelfareCharity and Welfare --Relief Relief
1950s1950s -- Low Gross National Product (GNP)Low Gross National Product (GNP)
-- Lack of education, capital andLack of education, capital and
management skillsmanagement skills
--IndustrializationIndustrialization
--Transfer of Transfer of capital/tech.capital/tech.
--Population controlPopulation control
--Community devt.Community devt.
--EconomicEconomicgrowthgrowth
1960s1960s -- Increase in GNP but inequitableIncrease in GNP but inequitable
-- Unjust distribution of wealthUnjust distribution of wealth
-- 2/3 of the worlds population2/3 of the worlds populationsubsist on less than 1/6 of thesubsist on less than 1/6 of theworlds incomeworlds income
--Integrated ruralIntegrated ruraldevt.devt.
--Rural development Rural development with peopleswith peoplesparticipationparticipation
--Liberation/PoliLiberation/Politics of Powertics of Power
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Concepts of DevelopmentConcepts of DevelopmentPeriodPeriod Context/SituationContext/Situation Development of ActionDevelopment of Action Concept of Concept of
Development Development
1970s1970s -- Growth continued but Growth continued but
inequalities remainedinequalities remained
-- Poverty was understoodPoverty was understoodas a function of as a function of exploitation & oppressiveexploitation & oppressivestructurestructure
--Participatory strategiesParticipatory strategies
--CommunityCommunity--based prog.based prog.
--Peoples empowerment Peoples empowerment
--Community organizingCommunity organizing
--Transformation of socialTransformation of socialstructurestructure
--SocialSocialtransformationtransformation
--PeoplesPeoplesempowerment empowerment
1980s1980s -- Lost Decade Lost Decade
-- Widespread recessionWidespread recession
-- Widespread nationalWidespread nationaldisaster (e.g., drought indisaster (e.g., drought in
Africa, flooding in Asia) Africa, flooding in Asia)
-- Widespread ethnicWidespread ethniccommunal conflictscommunal conflicts
--Same as in the 70sSame as in the 70s
--Greater effort at Greater effort at broadening,broadening,consolidation andconsolidation and
institutionalizinginstitutionalizingpeoples empowerment peoples empowerment
--Peoples PowerPeoples Power
--There is confusionThere is confusionas models of as models of development aredevelopment are
debunkeddebunked
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Concepts of DevelopmentConcepts of DevelopmentPeriodPeriod Context/SituationContext/Situation Development of ActionDevelopment of Action Concept of Concept of
Development Development
1990s1990s -- Critical DecadeCritical Decade
-- Dehumanizing povertyDehumanizing poverty
-- Collapsing ecologyCollapsing ecology
-- Stressed structureStressed structure
--Combination of political,Combination of political,economic, cultural andeconomic, cultural andenvironmental actionenvironmental action
--Participatory,Participatory,gendergender--sensitive,sensitive,integrated areintegrated are--based, communitybased, community--based & sustainablebased & sustainable
development development --PeoplesPeoplesEmpowerment Empowerment
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With the framework of rural development,With the framework of rural development,the following operational goals can bethe following operational goals can bededuced:deduced:
Productivity goalsProductivity goals increased productivityincreased productivitythrough the generation or employment of through the generation or employment of
technology developed and appropriate to thetechnology developed and appropriate to therural milieu (this includes the proper utilizationrural milieu (this includes the proper utilizationand conservation of available resources);and conservation of available resources);
Equity goalsEquity goals greater control of the results of greater control of the results of
increased production to ensure a more equitableincreased production to ensure a more equitabledistribution of benefits there from (also includesdistribution of benefits there from (also includesequal participation of community organization,equal participation of community organization,farmers organization);farmers organization);
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Employment generation goalsEmployment generation goals development ordevelopment orpopularization of technology that is laborpopularization of technology that is labor
intensive, including introduction or promotion of intensive, including introduction or promotion of cottage or smallcottage or small--scale industries primarilyscale industries primarilydesigned to maximize utilization of ruraldesigned to maximize utilization of ruralresources;resources;
Access goals Access goals demonstration of basic socialdemonstration of basic socialservices to reach those who can least affordservices to reach those who can least affordthem and the development of effective deliverythem and the development of effective deliverysystems for these services; andsystems for these services; and
Control goalsControl goals increased capacity of ruralincreased capacity of ruraldwellers to creatively control their environment dwellers to creatively control their environment and make themselves the principal actors in theand make themselves the principal actors in thedevelopment process.development process.
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Rural DevelopmentRural Development
-- is a process which leads to a rise in theis a process which leads to a rise in thecapacity of rural people to control theircapacity of rural people to control theirenvironment, accompanied by widerenvironment, accompanied by wider
distribution of benefits resulting fromdistribution of benefits resulting fromsuch control. An increase in thesuch control. An increase in thecapacity to control environments ascapacity to control environments aswell as increase in access to benefitswell as increase in access to benefits
could be reflected in the following sixcould be reflected in the following sixindicators:indicators:
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Rural Development IndicatorsRural Development Indicators
-- Changes in rural productivity, reflectedChanges in rural productivity, reflectedin per acre hectare yield;in per acre hectare yield;
-- Changes in the extent of employment,Changes in the extent of employment,under employment, etc.;under employment, etc.;
-- Changes in the power structureChanges in the power structurereflected in change in the extent of reflected in change in the extent of influence of rural people on the localinfluence of rural people on the local
and national decisionand national decision--making process;making process;
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Rural Development IndicatorsRural Development Indicators
-- Changes in the distribution of income andChanges in the distribution of income and
wealth;wealth;-- Changes in the degree of mobility in theChanges in the degree of mobility in the
local class structure reflected in allocation of local class structure reflected in allocation of
position of prestige, status and power onposition of prestige, status and power onthe basis of achievement or ascription;the basis of achievement or ascription;
-- Changes in the values, beliefs and attitudesChanges in the values, beliefs and attitudesfaunable to the control of largerfaunable to the control of larger
environments. Relevant environments. Relevant faunable/unfauanble value changes mayfaunable/unfauanble value changes mayinclude fatalism, self include fatalism, self--reliance,reliance,tradition/experimentalism,tradition/experimentalism,
optimism/pessimism, etc.optimism/pessimism, etc.
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Rural DevelopmentRural Development
-- is a deliberate, systematic analysis of is a deliberate, systematic analysis of the conditions and relationships inthe conditions and relationships inrural areas and the systematic,rural areas and the systematic,purposeful planning for progressivepurposeful planning for progressivechanges in them. Such changes occurchanges in them. Such changes occurin the psychologicalin the psychological--social structure of social structure of the communities concerned throughthe communities concerned through
implementation of programs designedimplementation of programs designedto achieve a just and equitable socialto achieve a just and equitable socialsystemsystem
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Rural DevelopmentRural Development
-- Is a process that leads to a continuousIs a process that leads to a continuousrise in the capacity of rural people torise in the capacity of rural people to
control their environment,control their environment,accompanied by a wider distribution of accompanied by a wider distribution of benefits resulting from such control.benefits resulting from such control.
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This definition reflects basicallyThis definition reflects basically
three concernsthree concerns1. That rural development should be1. That rural development should be
viewed as a process of raising theviewed as a process of raising the
capacity of rural people to control theircapacity of rural people to control theirenvironment which is more thanenvironment which is more thanagricultural development or economicagricultural development or economicdevelopment in rural areas. Such adevelopment in rural areas. Such a
conception encompasses simultaneousconception encompasses simultaneousdevelopment in all aspects of rural life:development in all aspects of rural life:social, economic, political and cultural.social, economic, political and cultural.
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2. Rural development as a process2. Rural development as a processshould continuously raise the capacityshould continuously raise the capacityof rural people affect their totalof rural people affect their total
environment enabling them to becomeenvironment enabling them to becomeinitiators and controllers of change ininitiators and controllers of change intheir environment rather than merelytheir environment rather than merelythe passive objects of externalthe passive objects of externalmanipulation and control.manipulation and control.
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3. The concept reflects the increasing3. The concept reflects the increasingconcern with the wider distribution of concern with the wider distribution of
benefits accruing from technicalbenefits accruing from technicaldevelopment and the participation of development and the participation of the under privileged and weakerthe under privileged and weaker
sections of the rural population in thesections of the rural population in theprocess of development.process of development.
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New administration is likely to become aNew administration is likely to become aplanner by being drawn into the processplanner by being drawn into the process
of national planning. He will spendof national planning. He will spendmuch of his time in adapting themuch of his time in adapting thenational plan to local conditions and willnational plan to local conditions and will
thus became the catalyst of socialthus became the catalyst of socialtransformation, particularly in the ruraltransformation, particularly in the ruralareas.areas.
The new role demand a set of new valuesThe new role demand a set of new valuesand skills, which do not fit tooand skills, which do not fit toocomfortably into the what an idealcomfortably into the what an ideal
public bureaucrat should be likepublic bureaucrat should be like
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The new administration must takenThe new administration must takencognizance of the changes that havecognizance of the changes that havetaken place in the nature of taken place in the nature of
bureaucratic tasks, particularly in thebureaucratic tasks, particularly in thecontext of national goals of developingcontext of national goals of developingcountries. He is more likely that of acountries. He is more likely that of amanagerial job which could be dealt managerial job which could be dealt
not with the unusual,not with the unusual, unprogrammedunprogrammedexperienceexperience
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The nature of new administrative tasks alsoThe nature of new administrative tasks also
suggests that he essential quality of thesuggests that he essential quality of themodern development modern development--orientedorientedorganization is the organizational ability toorganization is the organizational ability toinnovate.innovate.
The administration acting in a development The administration acting in a development setting is likely to assume the role of thesetting is likely to assume the role of thepolitician, in the sense that he shares to apolitician, in the sense that he shares to adegree in the process of decision makingdegree in the process of decision makingand that his actions are likely to be felt toand that his actions are likely to be felt tohave significant social and political effectshave significant social and political effects
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ECONOMIC INDICATORS
ProductionFinanceForeign TradeNatural ResourcesEnergy
Employment Household IncomeExpenditures & Price
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SOCIAL INDICATORSPopulation
Health & NutritionHousingEducation
Social WelfareCDPublic Order
Safety & JusticeEnvironment transportation & Communication
Human Resource & Education
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RUR AL DE VELOPMENT
STR ATEGIES/APPRO ACHES
Part of the success or failure of a
rural development program/project isbased on the strategies employed. Variousstrategies had been evolved, tested and
applied in order to successfully implement rural development programs and projects.
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ICKIS THREE BASIC CATEGORIES OF RUR ALDE VELOPMENT
Strategy here refers to the choice of objectives andthe essential policies and plans for achievingthose objectives.
1.The Welfare Strategy. Communities are regardedas more or less passive recipients of serviceswhich the government chooses to offer at a timeand means of the governments choosing.
2. The Responsive strategy. The entire emphasis ison organizing the community into a cohesive unit which will be the sole initiator of action towardcommunity improvements.
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3. The Integrated Strategy. Here thecommunity is considered to be anorganized partner of the government.
There is an integration of the welfareand responsive strategies, with theemphasis of joint decision-making andmutual support.
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FREDERICKS OPER ATION AL STR ATEGIES OF RUR ALDE VELOPMENTThere are strategies of rural development identified by
Frederick which were implemented in Asian countries withdemocratic leanings.
1. Infrastructure-oriented programs. Infrastructure-oriented ruraldevelopment programs reflect the main thrust of the World
Bank lending in the 50s.2. Community Development. A contemporaneous development
with the World Bank approach was the people-orientedcommunity development programs. CD is defined as amovement designed to promote better living for the wholecommunity with the active participation and, if possible on theinitiative of the community. If this is not forthcomingspontaneously, the use of techniques for arousing andstimulating it will secure the active and enthusiastic response
to the movement.
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3. Minimum Package Strategy. This is based on therationale that-one, a minimum quantum of inputs isnecessary to promote rural development; and two,that is more viable to spread this minimumrequirement over a broad spectrum of clientele that toconcentrate inputs in specific areas or regions.
4. Comprehensive Strategy. In this strategy, the target group is defined by region or sector, and a heavy,rather than a minimum concentration of inputs isdelivered.
5. Integrated Rural Development Strategy. This strategyunderscores the need for a multi-pronged and inter-related programs designed to give consideration tothe socio-economic characteristics of the resources
available in the area.
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SECTOR AL APPRO ACH
Sectoral is grouping or lumping together
projects or investments that are complementaryto one another so that smoother administrationis attained.
Example: NEDA/RDC Region I1. Economic Sector includes- agriculture, agrarian reform
- science & technology industry
- tourism- environmental & natural resources
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2. Social Services- health
- population & nutrition- education & manpower
- social welfare & housing
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3. Infrastructure Sector- transportation
- communication- water services
- energy
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4. Development Administration- greater decentralization- delivery of government
services- capability building of
communities- volunteer services in
development
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APPRO ACHES TO RUR AL DE VELOPMENTGeneral Approaches to Development (Valera,
1991)1.Increase in income generation approach. This is
the traditional World Bank approach whichemphasizes productivity to eradicate poverty.
2. Social and political transformation or mobilizationprocess. This approach promotes true democraticpower at the community level through genuine
participation and needs a process likeempowerment.
Accordingly Philippine rural development programs are
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Accordingly, Philippine rural development programs areclassified into:
a. Production-oriented which has two alternative
approaches:a.1 the community approach whose main objective isto increase production in specific commodities like rice,corn, vegetables, fruits, etc.
a.2 the farming system approach which aims toincrease farm profit through the efficient use of farm resources.
b. Human-oriented approach deals with programs, onhealth and nutrition, population and family
planning, development schools and non-formaleducation.
c. Integrated development approach is a unique andinnovative ideology that is multi-disciplinary in
approach and multi-sectoral in operation.
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IADP PROJECTS:1. Mindoro Integrated Rural Development Project
Components:- agricultural development - roads- ports- watershed protection- irrigation- schistosomiasis control- assistance to cultural minority settlements
Beneficiaries: 30,000 farmer (40% of the islandspopulation)
Project Cost: 345.9 PhP (foreign counterpart = 149.6 WB)
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2. Bicol River Basin Development Project Components:- intensified food production
- land reform program- cooperatives- infrastructure-irrigation, flood control,
feeder roads
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3. Cagayan Integrated Agricultural Development
Project Components:- irrigation, drainage system- rural electrification system for five towns
in lower Cagayan
- agricultural services highlighted by the- establishment of the Agricultural Pilot
Center at IguigTarget: 80,000 tons of palay; incremental income
of 88M for 8,000 farmersProject Cost: 345M foreign counterpart = 183.3M
(OECF & JICA)
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4. Samar Integrated Rural Development Projec
Components:- infrastructure roads, ports, irrigation,
flood control, drainage- agricultural extension- fisheries- coconut production/processing- schistosomiasis control
Project Cost: 373.47M (163.58 WB; 208.32 Australian Govt.)
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5. Palawan Integrated area Development Project Components:- environmental resource
conservation- fisheries- agriculture in fixed upland-lowland
terrains- production oriented agro-forestry
projects
Project Cost: 675M
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6. Bohol Integrated Area development Project Components:- irrigation facilities
- road network- hydroelectric plant
Target: increase in rice production from
7,000 to 42,000 tons Annual savings of 1.15M from
hydroelectric plant
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INTEGR ATED ARE A DE VELOPMENT
APPRO ACH
Defined as geographic unit/area baseimplemented within a subregional
delineation or is multi-provincial in scopefor the improvement of the countryside. It is envisioned to ensure the interlinking of
factors which are critical to thedevelopment of depressed areas in thecountry.
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Characteristics;1. Multi-Sectoral Operation -a total system
approach is adopted in area wherebysectoral programs and population areintegrated and packaged for greater impact.
2. Spatial Integration- IAD boundaries are drawnto link rural production areas effectively withmarket towns and urban centers.
3. Grassroots Participation designed to
generate active and meaningful participationat the grassroots level in the planning,decision making and implementation of
programs and projects.
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4. Political Commitment to ensure the effectiveimplementation of IAD as an administrative
framework within the existing localgovernment structure and function a firm andexplicit commitment at the highest politicallevel is required.
5. Organizational Integration seeks to integrateprograms and projects in area byconsidering functional linkages, resourceutilization, access to basic services and localparticipation in the planning andimplementation process in a mannerconsistent with national objectives re rural
development.
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Objectives:Increased productivityGreater employment opportunities
Equitable distribution of wealthEffective delivery system of social servicesImproved political and administrative capacity
SELECTED APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT
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SELECTED APPRO ACHES TO DE VELOPMENT1. Trickle Down Approach is often referred to as the
economic growth approach. It centers on the need
to increase the gross national product and the percapita income. It assumes that upon reaching ahigh level of economic growth (above six percent isattained and sustained), the benefits of such growth
inevitably trickle down to the greater mass of thepeople.
2. Welfare Approach according to Radwan & Alfthan(1979) basic needs are minimum requirements
essential for decent human existence, includesitems of private consumption (food, shelter andclothing) and socially provided services (safedrinking water, health & sanitation, public transport
and educational facilities .
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3. Ethical Approach it treats man as the end
of the development process, not to means tothe end. Also known as the humanismapproach. Centers on the ascent of all menand societies is their total humanity (Govlet,
1975).4. Revolutionary Approach this refers to the
state of being conscious of the problems
affecting ones self and society (reflection) andworking towards solving such problemscollectively with others (action) (Freire, 1972).
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5. Atomistic Approach - this assumes that development consists of elements that can be analyzed individually and
then developed singly. Elements such as poverty,population growth, illiteracy, unemployment andmalnutrition, the development agency, worker or agent of change tries to solve each of the elements independent of the others. A variant of this is the sectoral approach.
6. Cause and Effect Approach this assumes that each effect has a cause, thus to attain development, one has todetermine the causes/factors and try to eliminate these.
7. Holistic Approach the assumption here is that
development consists of several elements or componentsand that there are interactions among them. This meansthat anything that happens in a component affects theothers.
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TYPE OF PROGR AMSExternal ProgramsRegulatory ProgramsService ProgramsDevelopment Programs
Grant-in-aid Programs