SciX: WP 1
WP1 tasks
• Literature study• Current and future web business models and payment
systems• Formal process model (as is)• Repository and e-journal requirements analysis• Formal process model (to be)• Comparison of the economics of the as-is and to-be
models• On-line survey (design and implementation)• Study of the barriers to process change
WP1 deliverables
• Scientific publishing: as-is business and information model
• Technology, market watch, state of the art and information model (with wp 3,4,5)
• Scientific publishing: to-be business and information model
• On-line survey software
• Recommendation, model comparison (all workpackages)
Scientific publishing: to-be business and information model
• Further developed from the as-is model
• Contains both the current system and emerging new models in the same model
• Has been used as a basis for setting up the cost comparison
Some To-be model details
The Researcher
Performancemeasures
Appointment &grant decisions
New Scientific Knowledge
Scientific Problems
Improved Productivity and Quality of Life
Industrial Problems
Scientific Method Publishing Practice
Reading Habits
Industrial R&D Policies
The ResearcherThe Publisher Readers
Society and Industry
Disseminated Scientific KnowledgeRetrievablePublication
Libraries, indexingservices etc.
Funding and Academic bodies
10 mk
Perform the Research
20 mk
Publish and Disseminate the Results
30 mk
Study the Results
40 mk
Evaluate the researcher
50 mk
Implement the Results
Journal Review Policy
Manuscript
Copyeditedmanuscript
Reviewers Comments
ReviewersTheEditor The
ResearcherPublisher
Copyrigth agreement
Accepted Manuscript
Choice of reviewers
Rejected manuscript
Copyrigth agreement10 mk
Manage the review process
20 mk
Review Manuscript
30 mk
Revise Manuscript40 mk
Negociate copyright
50 mk
Copyedit Article
Local Demand forPublications
Searchable Metadata
Publication Retrievable PublicationPaper Publication
Electronic Publication
Subscriptionor Pay perView
Manuscript
Alerting MessagesLibraries
Library consortiaInformation brokers
Unnamed Arrow / 120
10 mk
Negotiate subscriptions, licenses etc.
20 mk
Make Paper copy Available
30 mk
Make Electronic Copy Available
40 mk
Integrate Meta Datainto Search Services
Subscription or Pay perView
Manuscript
Retrievable Publication
ElectronicPublication
Electronic publication as part of package
subject-specific e-printrepository
Unnamed Arrow / 114
Libraries
Information brokers
Copyrigth agreement
Unnamed Arrow / 120
10 mk
Resell electronic copy of the publication
20 mk
Make the Publication Available Inside the reader's Organisation
30 mk
Post on the Web in Open Access mode
Subscription orPay per View
SearchableMetadata
AlertingMessages
BibliographicServices
GeneralWeb SearchEngines
DedicatedHarvesting Tools The
LocalUniversityLibrary
10 mk
Manage Centrally Edited Bibliographic Index
20 mk
Manage Automated Search Engine
30 mk
Manage Local Front End to Meta Data
Services
Informationbrokers
Summaries, Newswatch etc.
Publication
Value-addedServices
Specialised Bibliographic Services
Publication evaluated
Journal Evaluated
10 mk
Compile Citation Index
20 mk
Perform Impact Factor Calculations
30 mk
Perform Synthesis and Analysis
Comparison of costs
• Web survey of the costs of OA journals
• Case studies of five publishers
• Secondary sources
Number of published articles in journals included in the cost comparisons
• For open access journals– average number of articles = 20
– median = 16
• For commercial and non-commercial publishers (both large and small) – the number of articles is considerably higher from 100 to 872
articles
Frequency of publication: Open Access journals
published articles 2002
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Number of articles
Nu
mb
er o
f ob
serv
atio
ns
Cost comparison for different business models:cost per article
Openaccess
Current publisher(3 cases)
First copy costexcluding costs for thereview process
120€ 448€ - 1000€
Cost for the reviewprocess (editor’sshare)
450€ 433 - 687€
General costs perarticle
585€ 944 - 1670€
Total cost per article 1155€ 1938€ - 3270€
Vaihtoehtoiset liiketoimintamallit
Barriers to implementation
What are the main barriers?
Journals Subject repositories
Institutional repositories
Legal framework - * **
IT-infrastructure ** ** **
Business models *** ** *
Institutional behaviour
*** ** *
Standards ** * ***
Awareness, critical mass
*** ** ***
Means to overcome the barriers
Legal framework New types of copyright agreements allowing parallel OA publishing
IT-infrastructure Open source applications such as D-space
Business models Author or institutional author charge financed journals
Institutional Behaviour More emphasis on availability and readership of publications in Academia
Standards Widespread use of the Open Archives Initiative standard
Awareness Services such as the DOAJ
Improving the technical infrastructure
Incentives for parallel publishing?!
Raising awareness
Marketing
Integration with indexing services
Main conclusions (basis)
• literature review
• formal modelling work and its validation
• cost studies
• Interviews and discussions with experts and actors in the field
General conclusions 1
• The impact of Open Access channels on the whole flow of scientific publications is still very small
• On the other hand the emergence of Open Access channels has put mainstream publishers on their toes actively looking at new business models
• The most common form of OA is in fact authors putting copies of their own publications on their own home pages. This is, however, not an efficient long-term solution
• The dominating business model for Open Access journals and subject repositories is still the community service model. In the long run this model doesn’t look sustainable
General conclusions 2• The author charge model for OA journals could be a solution, but there
are still many open questions
• The costs per article for OA journals is clearly lower than for mainstream print+electronic journals, but not as radically lower as some proponents of OA have suggested
• In comparing the costs one also has to remember that there are differences in the level of service provided by the journals, most OA journals don’t have extensive copyediting.
Institutional repositories offer in principle many advantages for parallel publishing (archival security, sustainable financing) but the copyright problems need to be resolved.
General conclusions 3
• The central lever for change is the point at which the author of a publication decides where to submit it (and also weather to upload a copy to a repository).
• In Europe there are numerous regional of national journals published in English or European languages, often published on shoestring budgets with public subsidies. These would definitely benefit from going Open Access and would need support with IT-infrastructure, advice etc.
OA journals have not been very good at marketing. Solutions such as the Open Access Journal Directory, which has been set up by the Lund university library with the help of SciX data, can be helpful
Conclusions from SciX pilot work 1
• It is very important to get a critical mass of initial content
• The easiest way to achieve this is via partnership arrangements with organisations that have a legacy repository of existing publications
• In the case of SciX this has been achieved through organisers of a number of recurring conference series
• These associations have membership fees which include getting the proceedings to such conferences for free or a reduced price. They fear a loss of revenue if access is not restricted to membership.
Conclusions from SciX pilot work 2
• There is a one-time cost of digitising and handling of existing material with cannot be funded as a “community service” type activity. The longer term running costs will be much lower though.
• In the case of OA journals, such as Itcon, there is not this legacy material problem. Here the problem is getting authors to submit their best material for publication
• Making the products developed available as Open Source solutions is a fruitful extension of the community service ideal, and will help accelerate the developments. Thus SciX solutions have been successfully applied for other domains.
• Awareness raising is very important, and this has to be done partly on the national level. Librarians, authors, publishers etc. are to a large extent inspired by concrete examples that OA works. The timely dissemination of SciX results has for instance resulted in the founding of the FinnOA committee by the National Library of Finland.
END
Table from the deliverable
Open access OA withAuthor charges(based on only2 observations)
Currentpublisher
First copy costexcluding costs forthe review process
120€ 2119,5€ 448€ - 1000€
Cost for the reviewprocess (editor’sshare)
450€ 2497,50€ 433 - 687€ *
Cost for the reviewprocess (reviewers’share)
270€ 90€ 168€
Cost for printing ** 372€ - 763€
General costs perarticle
585€ (139,5 + 294)= 433,5€
944 - 1670€
Total cost per article 1425€ 5140,5€ 2106€ - 3270€
Total cost per article+ printing anddistribution
2869€ - 3642€