Sedatives Sedatives & Sleep& SleepMichaela Fričová, Pavel Rychlý, Michaela Fričová, Pavel Rychlý,
Andrea HáronikováAndrea Hároniková
What a sedative is?What a sedative is?• A A sedativesedative is: is:• substance that depresses the substance that depresses the centralcentral nervousnervous
systemsystem (CNS) (CNS) • Resuts are:Resuts are: • Calmness, , relaxation, reduction of Calmness, , relaxation, reduction of anxietyanxiety, ,
sleepinesssleepiness, slowed breathing, slurred speech, , slowed breathing, slurred speech, staggering staggering gaitgait, poor judgment, and slow, , poor judgment, and slow, uncertain uncertain reflexesreflexes..
Some FactsSome Facts
Sedatives have different degree of CNS depression
pharmacologic effects are dose related small doses: sedation larger doses: hypnosis larger doses: surgical anesthesia (loss of
sensation)
Techniques used to study sleepTechniques used to study sleep
Electroencephalogram (EEG)• monitors electrical brain activity
Electromyogram (EMG) • permits electronic monitoring of head and
neck muscles Electro-oculogram (EOG)
• electrodes placed around the eye, • the EOG records eye movement
Sleep and sleep cyclesSleep and sleep cycles There are three states:There are three states:
Wakefulness Slow-wave sleep – NREM Paradoxic sleep - REM
Stages of sleepStages of sleep
Age Group Age Group Considered Amount of Sleep Considered Amount of Sleep Needed Needed Average % REM SleepAverage % REM Sleep
InfantsInfants 16 - 18 hrs/day 16 - 18 hrs/day 50% 50%
ToddlersToddlers 10-12 hrs/night; 10-12 hrs/night; 1-2 hrs/day 1-2 hrs/day
35% 35%
ChildrenChildren 9-10 hrs/night;9-10 hrs/night;infrequent naps infrequent naps
TeenagersTeenagers 9.5 hrs/night 9.5 hrs/night
Adults Adults 7-8.5 hrs/night 7-8.5 hrs/night 20-25% 20-25%
EldersElders 6.5 hrs/night;6.5 hrs/night;1 hr nap 1 hr nap
Sleep by AgeSleep by Age
Types of sedatives Types of sedatives
• AntidepressantsAntidepressants• Barbiturates Barbiturates
• BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines• Herbal sedatives Herbal sedatives
AntidepressantsAntidepressants
The first useful antidepressants belonged to a group called MAOIs(MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors) and were discovered in the early 1950s.(Harmaline, Iproclozide, Iproniazid, Isocarboxazid, Nialamide, Phenelzine, Selegiline, Toloxatone, Tranylcypromine)
BarbituratesBarbiturates
• Used infrequentlyUsed infrequently• Should not be used more than 2 weeksShould not be used more than 2 weeks• Short-intermediate acting- secobarbital and Short-intermediate acting- secobarbital and
amobarbital (often, abused)amobarbital (often, abused)• Long-acting- phenobarbital, mephobarbital, Long-acting- phenobarbital, mephobarbital,
and metharbital (generally,not abused)and metharbital (generally,not abused)
BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines
Valium is one of these drugs and most frequently prescriben in the U.S. as Xanax
Classified according to duration of effects
Used to reduce psychic tension, anxiety disorders, or temporary relief of anxiety
Effective sedative and less sleep-producing than other drugs in the sedative- hypnotic classification
Alprazolam part of Xanax
Herbal sedativesHerbal sedativesKava (Piper methysticum) Mandragora (Mandragora officinarum)Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
Kava is used as a herbal remedy to ease the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression The Mandragora, alone or as an alcoholic infusion, has a long history of use as an anaestheticValerian has uses in herbal medicine as a sedative
Young Piper methysticum
Kava root drying in Lovoni village
Valeriana officinalis:
Mandragora officinarum
Thank you for atentionThank you for atention
Good nightGood night