Self-organising maps for integrating data across
multiple scales
S Shanmuganathana, P Sallisa and J Buckeridgeb b Environmental and Oceanic Sciences Centre
a Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand [email protected]
Summary of slides Global environmental issues Need for improved human-environment relationship
Challenges in ecosystem understanding Need for new tools
Conventional data analysis methods drawbacks digital data
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) Self-organising maps (SOMs)
SOMs in integrated analysis local global scales across scales
Global environmental issues
“We also know that 15 per cent of the world’s population accounts for 56 per cent of consumption and if everybody lived like they do we would need 2.6 additional planets to support us all…Our assessments of the state of the environment suggest we will need to innovate a transformation to sustainable production and consumption patterns in the space of just one generation”.
(Shrestha 2003)
Global environmental issues THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE - Hard Facts
biodiversity loss overexploitation of natural resources deforestation …
http://www.unep.org/Geo/press.htm
Biodiversity can be managed “We know enough about the
distribution of species and ecosystems to ensure that the world's biodiversity is managed effectively….Give nature half a chance, and it will take care of itself”
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2166306.stm
Grand challenges of this eraareas of ‘highest priority’ for focus within environmental
sciences Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Hydraulic Forecasting: Infectious Disease and the Environment: Land-Use Dynamics:
interdisciplinary research involving ecologists, ethnologists, psychologists, engineers, economists,
planners, landscape architects, and others. data needs, collection and synthesis of data requiring cooperation among
physical, biological, and social scientists; engineers and planners; and other associated funding agencies.
to protect biodiversity: Need for coordinated effort hydraulic modelling human management institutions on ecosystems. climate change in ecosystem urban long-term ecological research sites.
- Graedel et al. (2001)
Need for new tools humans ---> extensive damage to the environment
sustainable environmental development - remote lack of proper ecosystem understanding
ecosystem functioning and biodiversity ecosystems are complex diverse major challenge (Graedel et al. 2001)
new tools integrated approaches cross scale using dissimilar data sets
Conventional methods CM are complex rigorous, still unable to distinguish
human induced from natural environmental variations Research of the 20th century
significantly contributing --- current environmental problems the research became focused in gaining in-depth knowledge with highly specialised scientific fields. encouraged a fragmented image of nature - Bowler (1992).
responsible for altering the Earth’s natural flows and cycles Digital data - experimentation of novel approaches
ANNs AI
Conventional Vs ANNs needs step by step
details of the problem and solution
Solves laborious repetitive tasks
applications Mathematical
calculations payroll, cannot solve real world
problems i.e. image/ voice recognition
stores information as patterns- based on animal brain /nerve cell structure and functioning
Neurons, architecture, training and recall algorithm
Train - input/ output Heuristics -> computing applications
image/ voice recognition character recognition
Kohonen’s SOM (1982) A feed forward neural network with unsupervised training al. Displays the input vectors on a two D grid Preserves the topology of the input vectors Visual analysers, enables the detection of hidden patterns Ideal data mining tool for knowledge extraction Teuvo Kohonen - 1st modelled the human brain’s cortex
cells
Figure : Simplified diagrams of the human brain and a self-organising map (SOM)
Output layer
Input layer
SOMs in integrated analysis New Zealand's annual gross domestic product
(GDP) composition, with household consumption and housing patterns, from 1988 to 2001.
World Bank's rural development, GDP and biodiversity for year 1980 and 2000
Ozone hole with green houses from 1979-2001
SOMs in national data analysis Annual GDP composition household composition housing patters
separate house Vs flat/ apartments cause indirect pressure on the
environment
Annual GDP composition1. Agriculture2. forestry and logging3. fishing4. mining5. manufacturing,6. electricity7. gas and water supply8. construction9. transport and storage other services10. Unallocated
household composition food and beverages clothing and footwear housing household goods and services health and medical goods and services transport leisure and education hotels and restaurants and other goods and
services
GDP, Household & housing1996 1995 1994
1993 1992
1997
1998 1989 1991
1990
1999
2000 1988
2001
Minimum Ozone (dobson units)199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
88 118 149 179 209
Area (million sq. km)199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
0 5 11 16 21 26
Carbon_dioxide199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
339 346 353 360 367
Methane199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
1600 1631 1662 1693
Nitrous199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
299 302 305 308 311
Carbon_tetrachloride199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
89 92 95 98 101
Methyl199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
64 77 90 102 115
CFC-11199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
158 184 210 235 261
CFC-12199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
293 352 412 471 530
CFC-113199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
26 37 49 60 72 83
Total199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
1624 2006 2387 2769
Figure 1 a & b: SOM created with New Zealand's national GDP, household consumption and housing pattern data.
SOM results - national data cluster 1 (1988-1991), cluster 2
(1992-1996) and cluster 3 (1997-2001).
GDP from Agriculture, mining and other services increase
manufacturing and unallocated categories decrease; unless measures to preserve habitat biodiversity is taken this is not a good trend
household goods and services, and leisure and education increase.
GDP through fishing, forestry and logging, education decrease.
flat/ apartment dwelling and occupancy have increased.
C 1: 1989, 1991, 1990,
1988
C 2: 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992
C 3: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
Agriculture 5.222771 5.259909 5.694109
Fores & Log 1.101665 1.341325 1.259064
Fishing 0.308207 0.31355 0.266168
Mining 1.298866 1.331572 1.330472
Manuf 18.01848 17.28686 16.37737
Ele, G & Water Supp 2.570233 2.584055 2.154615
Construction 4.846069 3.776741 3.969373
Trans & Stor 3.965869 4.505566 4.912953
Other Service 58.96777 59.57524 60.1027
Unallocated 4.428326 4.146841 3.977442
F&Beverages 16.36897 17.34357 16.75825
Cloth&Footw 4.978258 4.754966 4.823911
Housing 21.89897 22.18611 20.0704
Household G &Ser 10.78759 11.22431 11.63696
H& Med Goods&Ser 2.607985 3.393614 2.938322
Transport 16.20295 15.11398 16.27534
Leisure &Edu 9.067035 10.10612 11.89916
Hotels &Res 7.481782 7.188151 7.633473
Other Goods&Ser 11.86159 11.14292 11.15649
Housing Flats /Apart 0.8 0.8 0.9
S Houses 3.5 3.8 3.7
Total P Dwell 4.2 4.6 4.9
O rates Flats/ Apart 1.9 2 2.1
S Houses 3 2.9 2.8
Total P Dwel 2.8 2.8 2.7
SOM clusters
0
5
10
15
20
25
C 2:1991,1989,1990,1988
C 3:1993,1994,1992
C 1:1995,1996,2000,1998,1999,1997
C 4:2001
Agriculture
Forestry and Logging
Fishing
Mining
Manufacturing(2)
Electricity, Gas and Water Supply
Construction
Transport and Storage
Unallocated(4)
Food and Beverages
Clothing and Footwear
Housing
Household Goods and Services
Health and Medical Goods andServicesTransport
Leisure and Education
Hotels and Restaurants
Other Goods and Services
SOMs in global data analysisGrowth of development variables
agriculture, industry, manufacturing and services
development
Biodiversity Threatened mammals T. birds T. plants Forests area (sqk)
SOM clusters & components
RussianFederation
Brazil ArgentinaIranIslamicRepIraq
SaudiKuw aitUruguay
IrelandIsrael
AzerbaijanKyrgyz
TurkmenistanKazakhstan
Tajikistan
United States
Canada JordanUnited
ArabEmiratesNetherlandsArmenia
MoldovaaUkraine
AustraliaColombiaEcuador
VenezuelaNew
ZealandChile Algeria Libya UnitedKingdom
CroatiaMacedoniaFYR
Latvia
MexicoSouthAfric
Peru Singapore Belgium EstoniaBelarusBulgaria Lithuania Romania
Panama Japan Sw edenHongKongChina
Norw ayGermany
CongoDemRepLiberia
Bolivia Gabon FinlandSw itzerlandAustriaGeorgiaCzechRep
France
Denmark Hungary
West BankAndGaza Sierra
SomaliaParaguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUzbekistan
CentralAfricaRepZambia
BosniaAndHerw govirKoreaDemRep Nicaragua YugoslaviaFedRep Turkey
MauritaniaNigeria
Guinea-BissauCameroon GuatemalaAlbania CubaPortugalSpain
MadagascarNamibia Zimbabw e HondurasCostaRicaNigeriaTogo
DominicanRepublic
ItalyLebanonTrinidad
AndTobago
Ethiopia MaliAfghanistanMalaw iGambiaTheSenegal Benin Ghana Tunisia Greece
MyanmarPapuaNew Guinea
SudanBurkinaFaco Guinea Morocco SyrianAranRepublicCôted'lvoire Jamaica
MozambiqueCambodiaLaoPDR
LesothoYemenRep
Pakistan UgandaMalaysia Philippines
KenyaNepal
EritreaEgypt
WrabRepThailand SriLanka
ElHaiti
ChinaIndonesia
Sw azilandTanzania
ChadMongolia
Botsw anaOmanKoreaRepPuertoRico
VietnamMauritiusBangladesh
IndiaRw andaBurundi
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
GDP%80-90Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-2.5 8.7
GDP%90-00Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-11 -2 7
Ag%80-90Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-4 5 13
Ag%90-00Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-9.3 6.5
Industry%80-90Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-2.7 9.7
Industry%90-00Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-14 -1 12
Manu%80-90Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-8 4 16
Manu90-00Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-18 -2 13
Ser%80-90Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-1 4 10
Ser%90-00Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-14 0 14
R-pop-%1980Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
6 50 93
R-pop-%2000Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
4 48 92
Ave-Ann-growth1980-00%Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-3.4 2.4
people-land-thousand-sqk1999Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
16 2102
Land-thous_sq_km1999Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
25 14595
Arable-land%LandArea1980Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
1 31 61
Arable-land%LandArea1999Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
1 29 58
Per_cropLand%land1980Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
0 7 15
Per_cropLand%land2000Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
0 8 16
otherLand%1980Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
37 68 99
otherLand%2000Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
40 69 99
ForestA(sqk)Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
1 7021
%total_landRuss ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
1 39 78
ave_ann_def90/00Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-2890 17377
%decline_fo90/00Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
-4.8 7.8
threat_ma/2000Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
3 108
t_birds2000Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
2 48 94
t_plants97Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
4 3584
prot_area99(sqk)Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
1 1065
%totalarea99Russ ian
Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland
I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an
Kazakhs t anTajik is t an
Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed
Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine
Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela
NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia
M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia
M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us
Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania
Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any
CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep
Fr anceDenm ar k
Hungar y W es t
BankAndG aza
Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland
AngolaUz bek is t an
Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key
M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal
Spain
M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo
Dom inic anRepublic I t aly
LebanonTr inidad
AndTobago
Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e
M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea
SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a
M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR
Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines
KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt
W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i
ChinaI ndones ia
Swaz ilandTanzania
ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep
Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi
Cl uster 1
Cl uster 2
Cl uster 3
0 19 37
SOM clusters - WB&WRI data
Component C 1 C 2 C 3 C4GDP%80-00 1.93 2.16 5.84 3.12GDP%90-00 2.79 0.83 4.62 1.68Ag%80-90 2.93 0.79 3.33 2.67Ag%90-00 2.35 0.34 2.61 0.12Industry%80-90 1.9 2.55 7.33 2.56Industry%90-00 2.27 0.18 5.79 0.14Manu%80-90 2.17 2.3 9.56 2.29Manu90-00 2.06 -0.43 6.12 2.67Ser%80-90 2.1 2.85 6.26 3.31Ser%90-00 2.27 2.57 4.9 2.27R-pop-%1980 53.53 48.78 75.18 27.15R-pop-%2000 43.72 41.68 63.31 22.35AAG’80-00% 0.809 0.206 1.167 0.215People/land-1000sqk’99
271 268 737 51
Land 1000sqkm’99
687 214 944 9761
%Aland/ tot l’80 6.88 28.16 15.08 9.08%A land/tot l’99 7.39 26.47 15.24 8.74%cropL/totl’80 0.92 4.93 1.28 0.43%cropL/totl’00 1.02 5.41 1.75 0.43%otherLand’80 92.1 66.9 84 90.5%otherLand’00 91.5 68.1 83.3 90.8ForestA(sqk) 194 40 210 3895%total_land 31.78 23.57 23.82 37.86aa_def90/00 1081 93 123 3471%decl for90/00 0.228 0.483 0.236 0.075threat_ma/2000 17.7 11.8 28.8 46.1t_birds2000 15.4 8 25.6 51.1t_plants97 195 175 178 1677prot_area99(sqk)
44 13 73 674
%totalarea99 8.11 8.63 7.02 7.47
people-land-thousand-sqk1999
t_plants97
ave_ann_def90/00ForestA(sqk)
Land-thous_sq_km1999
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GD
P%
80-9
0
GD
P%
90-0
0
Ag%
80-9
0
Ag%
90-0
0
Indu
stry
%80
-90
Indu
stry
%90
-00
Man
u%80
-90
Man
u90-
00
Ser
%80
-90
Ser
%90
-00
R-p
op-%
1980
R-p
op-%
2000
Ave
-Ann
-gro
wth
1980
-
peop
le-la
nd-t
hous
and-
Land
-tho
us_s
q_km
1999
Ara
ble-
Ara
ble-
Per
_cro
pLan
d%la
nd19
80
Per
_cro
pLan
d%la
nd20
00
othe
rLan
d%19
80
othe
rLan
d%20
00
For
estA
(sqk
)
%to
tal_
land
ave_
ann_
def9
0/00
%de
clin
e_fo
90/0
0
thre
at_m
a/20
00
t_bi
rds2
000
t_pl
ants
97
prot
_are
a99(
sqk)
%to
tala
rea9
9
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
Cluster 4
SOM clusters
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4
Ag%80-90
Ag%90-00
Industry%80-90
Industry%90-00
Manu%80-90
Manu90-00
Ser%80-90
Ser%90-00
SOM - GD analysis
• In cluster 1, China and Indonesia
• highest threatened species rates -mammals and birds 2000.
• highest GDP both periods with high industry & manufacturing
• % of average annual deforestation for (1990/2000) - their GDP growth / the expense of biodiversity
loss.
SOMs-ozone depletion gases
19931992 1991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
Minimum Ozone (dobson units)199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
88 118 149 179 209
Area (million sq. km)199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
0 5 11 16 21 26
Carbon_dioxide199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
339 346 353 360 367
Methane199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
1600 1631 1662 1693
Nitrous199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
299 302 305 308 311
Carbon_tetrachloride199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
89 92 95 98 101
Methyl199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
64 77 90 102 115
CFC-11199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
158 184 210 235 261
CFC-12199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
293 352 412 471 530
CFC-113199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
26 37 49 60 72 83
Total199319921991 1990 1988 1984
1994 1986 1985
1999 2001 1987 1983
1995 1989
2000 1982 1980
1997 1981
1998 1996 1979
1624 2006 2387 2769
c 1 (1981-84), c 2 (1985-88), c 3 (1989-95 and 1999) and c4 (1996-98 and 2000-01).ozone hole area/ minimum ozone - not proportionate to the total gases
CFC 12 and 113 - contribute more
Methane gas - remarkable increase since 1985.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
C 1:1984,1983,1982,1980,1981,1979
C 2:1988,1986,1985,1987
C 3:1993,1992,1991,1990,1994,1999,
C 4:2001,2000,1997,1998,1996
Min Ozone (dobson units)
Area (million sq. km)
Carbon_dioxide
Nitrous
Carbon_tetrachloride
Methyl
CFC-11
CFC-12
CFC-113
1995,
1989,
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
C 1:1984,1983,1982,1980,1981,1979
C 2:1988,1986,1985,1987
C 3:1993,1992,1991,1990,1994,1999,1995,1989
C 4:2001,2000,1997,1998,1996
Min Ozone (dobson units)
Area (million sq. km)
Carbon_dioxide
Methane
Nitrous
Carbon_tetrachloride
Methyl
CFC-11
CFC-12
CFC-113
SOMs in prediction1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979 Minimum Ozone (dobson units)
1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
30 90 149 209
Area (million sq. km)1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
0 8 15 23 30
Carbon_dioxide1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
339 348 358 367
Methane1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
1600 1647 1693
Nitrous1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
299 303 307 311
Carbon_tetrachloride1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
89 93 97 101
Methyl1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
64 81 98 116
CFC-111993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
158 192 227 261
CFC-121993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
293 372 451 530
CFC-1131993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
26 40 55 69 83
Total1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985
1994 1991
2001 1989 1987 1984
2000 1999 1983
1995 1998 1996 1982
high 1980
min 1997 1981 1979
1624 2197 2769
1. Reduction in CFC12 & CFC 113 (512.9, 80.88 total 2750) for 2000-2001
2. CFC12 & CFC113 for 1996-1999 (525.7 and 82.06 total 2689)
3. All donot contribute the same towards O3 depletion
4. The high 2000-2001 total release might have caused from increased methane.