Semester One
Vocabulary Review
an event when one object in space casts a shadow onto another; when the Moon
moves through Earth’s shadow or is in Earth’s umbra
lunar eclipse
the act of one object going around another, like the orbit of a planet around the Sun(a year) or a satellite around a
planet
revolution
a scientific hypothesis that has been tested many times with the same outcome
theory
The total energy of motion in the molecules of a substance
thermal energy
theory that places the Sun at the center of the universe with planets and other objects
orbiting around it heliocentric
The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another that
is touching
conduction
a group of billions of stars
galaxy
a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by ordinary chemical changes; consists of
atoms of only one type element
when two forces are working on the same object in opposite
directions and no changes seem to be occurring
balanced forces
the speed and direction of an objects motion
velocity
an object bigger than an asteroid orbiting a star
planet
a cylindrical container marked with horizontal lines to
represent units of measurement and used to precisely measure
the volume of liquids graduated cylinder
the rise and fall of ocean water occurring at somewhat regular
intervals due to the gravitational pull of the Moon
tide
the planets, Sun, moons, stars, and everything that exists in
space
universe
the spinning of an object, like a planet (a day)
or other celestial body on its axisrotation
a combination of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means
mixture
The amount of mass in a given volume
density
the Sun and all the objects revolving around it
solar system
the star groups made up of stars in the universe, not
always the same galaxy, that resemble familiar objects and
charactersconstellation
the attraction between objects that depends on the mass of
the objects and distance between them
gravitational pull
a narrow-mouthed container used to transport, heat, or store substances, often used when a
stopper is required Erlenmeyer flask
a distant sun glowing from heat produced by nuclear reaction at
its center
star
compound or element that is the result of a chemical
reaction
product
a positive or negative change in speed
acceleration
described using a reference point, direction, and displacement
motion
The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid or a gas
convection
a particular kind of matter with uniform properties
substance
in all energy transfers, some energy is lost as thermal energy
energy inefficiency
the SI unit of measure of forceNewton
the irregular-shaped rocks, smaller than planets, that
revolve around the Sun
asteroid
an electrically neutral subatomic particle that is part of the nucleus of an atom and
has a mass slightly greater than that of a proton
neutron
the method of determining the volume of an irregularly shaped
objectdisplacement volume
an oval or flattened circular path that the moons, planets,
asteroids, and comets follow as they travel around the Sun
elliptical orbit
a type of force that acts upon an object without touching it (ex.
magnetism, gravity, electrostatic)
noncontact force
a variable in an experiment that is measuring the effect of the change made on purpose
dependent variable
the measurement of the amount of gravitational force
exerted on the mass of an object
weight
a change in the composition of a substance/object
chemical change
a space rock or dust from a comet or broken up asteroid
that burns up in the atmosphere of Earth
meteor
a change in the appearance of an substance or object
physical change
a celestial body that orbits the Sun, is large enough to have a nearly round
shape, does not clear the neighborhood around its orbit, and is not a satellite of a
planet
dwarf planet
the energy possessed by a body as a result of its position or
condition rather than its motion
potential energy
the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical
properties of that element
atom
a variable that must remain the same throughout the
experiment
constant
the force that pulls an object moving in a circle toward the
center of the circle and causes the object to follow a curving
pathcentripetal force
the positively charged central region of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons and
containing most of the mass of the atomnucleus (atomic)
a force that opposes the motion of an object
friction
an event when one object in space casts a shadow onto another; when the Moon’s
shadow crosses Earth
solar eclipse
a substance participating in a chemical reaction, especially
one present at the start of the reaction
reactant
a part of an experiment set up to represent normal,
unchanged conditions that is used for comparison at the end
of an experimentcontrol or control group
forces working in opposite directions that result in
acceleration of an object
unbalanced forces
a stable subatomic particle that has a positive electric charge
and is part of the nucleus of an atom
proton
a variable in an experiment that is changed on purpose by
the investigator to see the effect it may have
independent variable
the process of changing one form of energy into another;
energy is never created or destroyed
energy transformation
The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
radiation
a celestial body that revolves around a planet
moon – natural satellite
the apparent force that seems to cause a body turning around
a center to move away from the center
centrifugal force
a group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds so that they move as a single unit
molecule
the energy possessed by a body as a result of being in motion
that is dependent on mass and velocity of the object
kinetic energy
a stable subatomic particle with a negative electric charge
that spins around an atom’s nucleus in orbits called shells
electron
the amount of salt dissolved in a solution; it’s much higher in the
ocean than in rivers, lakes, or other bodies of water
salinity