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By
Sudheer Kumar Yadav
Nanocomposites
andits Applications
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Nanoparticle
The particle having at least one dimension sized between 1 -100 nanometers.
Nanocomposite
A multiphase solid material where one of the phases must be in nano range.
(a) FESEM (b) HRTEM and TEM (inset) images of the ZnO/Cu nanocomposite.
C .Yang et al. Langmuir 2012, 28, 45804585
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1)Multifunctional Properties
Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2@Au core-shell-nanocomposite
Ordered mesoporous
High magnetization
NIR absorption (photo thermal therapy)
TEM image of the Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2@Au nanocomposite
Importance of the Nanocomposites
Z. Xu et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 1634316350
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2) For enhancing the physical Properties of
the NanoparticlesMechanical
Electrical
Thermal
Optical
Electrochemical
Catalytic
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Nanocomposites
Ceramic
MatrixNanocomposites
Metal
MatrixNanocomposites
Polymer MatrixNanocomposites
Different Types of Nanocomposites
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Ceramic-matrix nanocomposites
Main part of volume is occupied by a ceramic.
SiC, Al2O3, B4C, ZrO2, etc are the examples for the ceramics.
Dispersion of metal, metal oxide nanoparticles etc. onto the matrix.
Improved mechanical properties, hardness and fracture toughness.
SEM image of Al2O3/SiC nanocomposite
P H C. Camargo et al. Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-39, 2009
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Consists of a ductile metal or alloy matrix.
Dispersion of metallic or ceramic nanoparticles onto the matrix.
Materials with high strength in shear/compression processes and high
service temperature capabilities can be produced.
Potential applications in aerospace, automotive and development of
structural materials.
TEM image of Fe/MgO nanocomposite.
Metal-matrix nanocomposites
Y. H. Choa et al. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 266 (2003) 2027
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500 nm1m
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Incorporation of metal and ceramics into the polymer matrix.
Improved mechanical properties, increased heat and impactresistance can be achieved by filling different organic andinorganic nanoscale materials.
Also exhibits magnetic, electronic, optical or catalytic properties.
TEM images of SiO2/polystyrene nanocomposite particles
olymer-matrix nanocomposites
H. Zou Et al. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 38933957
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Homogenous precipitation
Chemical reduction
Hydrothermal synthesis
Sol gel
Thermal decomposition
anocomposites Different Synthetic Method
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omogenous precipitation
NH4HCO3 (14 ml)
Centrifuged
i) Addition of 100 ml H2O
Cu (1.5 g)
Cu2(OH)2CO3 / Ag2CO3
Ag2CO3 (0.15 g) Conc. NH3 (4.5 ml)
Stirring at RT
Dried in vacuum oven at 75o
C for 10 h
Deep blue complex
Precipitate
Turbid solution
ii) Heated
Calcined at400oC (1.5h)
S. Wang et al. Materials Chemistry and Physics 108 (2008) 165169
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TEM image of Ag / CuO nanocomposite
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Mechanism for the formation of Ag / CuO nanocomposite
S. Wang et al. Materials Chemistry and Physics 108 (2008) 165169
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1 wt. % HAuCl4
solution (1mL)MWCNT (1mg)
MWCNT-Au nanocomposite
i) Sonicated for 5min
ii) Addition of 100 ml H2O
iii)Heated to boiling
iv)Sodium citrate (1.5mL)
Chemical reduction
F. J. Xiao Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 7819-7830
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ematic representation of Au Coating on MW
MWCNT Dispersed MWCNT
Au nanoparticles coated MWCNT
1oo nm
F. J. Xiao Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 7819-7830
Sonication
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Hydrothermal Synthesis
TiCl4 EtOH (10 ml)
Transparent Solution
ZnCl2 H2O (10 ml)
ZnO-TiO2 nanocomposite
Molar ratio
Zn : Ti
1:1
1:2
2:1
Stirring at RT
Addition of 10 ml Urea (0.6 M)
ii) Centrifuged, washed and calcined
at 450oC for 2h
i) Heated in autoclave at 180oC for 16 h
D. Chen et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 117-122
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Pb (Ac)2C3H8O3 HNO3
Stirred at RT
Sol
Dried at RT gelation
Gel
Calcined at 550oC for 2h
PbO / SiO2 nanocomposite
TEOS
Molar Ratio
TEOS:H2O:C3H8O3:HNO3:HAc:Pb(Ac)2
1:20:1:0.02:1:0.04
Sol gel
HAcH2O
T. Zhou et al.Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 17051711
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Applications
OfNanocomposites
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Nanocomposites
Photocatalysis
Biosensors
Catalysis Gas sensors
Energyconversion and
storage
Opticaldevices
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Biosensors
Pt-CNT nanocomposites --> glucose biosensors.
Glucose biosensors are based on GOD enzymatic reaction.
GOD identifies glucose target molecule quickly and accurately .
Electrochemical determination of liberated H2O2 using
Pt-CNT-GOD Electrode.
Detection limit is 0.oo5 mM of glucose concentration.
Reusable
Z. Wen et al.J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 1348213487
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Typical current-time response curves of the Pt-CNTs-GOD electrode.
Biosensors
Z. Wen et al.J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 1348213487
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Optical Devices ZnO-CdS nanocomposite
Light emission from UV to visible (upto green)
by changing the composition of nanocomposite.
Absorption spectra and optical band gap of ZnOCdS nanocomposite.
L. Irimpan et al. Sci. Adv. Mater. 2010, 2, 117137,
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Nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index increase
for the composite.
Significant optical limiting performance.
Optical Devices
Laura L. Beecroft Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 1302-1317
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Catalysis CoAl2O4/-Al2O3nanocomposite
High surface area and have surface hydroxyl group
Active catalyst for the decomposition of H2O2
Oxidize a wide range of organic and inorganic pollutants
Metal oxide catalyzed Decomposition of H2O2
A. Dandapat et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 228234
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Photos of (a) CoAl2O4/-Al2O3 composite nanopowder and (b) 5 wt.%
dispersion of (Co : Al=1:5)/500 C in glycerol; c) UVvisible absorptionspectrum of above (b)
Self cleaning pigment
Reusable catalyst
Stable
A. Dandapat et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 228234
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Photocatalytic Activity
Au nanoparticle functionalized TiO2 nanotube array nanocomposite
Degradation of organic dye pollutant (e.g. Methyl orange) under UV light.
Au doped TiO2 act as efficient electron trap for photogenerated electrons.
Facilitates efficient separation of photogenerated e- & h+ .
Holes react with H2O to generate OH radical and other active species.
Dye + OH Dye + H2O (decolorization of methyl orange)
Dye + Dye DyeDye (recombination of carbon-centered radicals)
Dye + OH H2
O + CO2
(mineralization)
Mechanism
F. J. Xiao Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 7819-7830
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Mechanism for the liquidphase photocatalytic degradationof organic dyes
F. J. Xiao Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 7819-7830
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Gas sensors
PbO/SiO2 nanocomposite
Sulfide sensor based on room temperature phosphorescence (RTP).
Phosphorescence intensity of the composite is quenched by sulfide.
pH 11 is found to be good working condition.
Detection limit for sensor is estimated to be 0.138 M.
Color of sensor and its phosphorescence intensity change with continuous
addition of sulfide and could be observed by naked eye.
T. Zhou et al.Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 17051711
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(1a) RTP photograph of PbO/SiO2 composite at different concentrations of Na2S.
(1b)Photograph of PbO/SiO2 composite at different concentrations of Na2S.
(2a) RTP photograph of PbO/ SiO2 composite before and after interaction with H2S.
(2b) Photograph of PbO/SiO2 composite before and after interaction with H2S.
0 M 50 M 200 M 500
M
T. Zhou et al.Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 17051711
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Proposed Phosphorescence Quenched andRecovered Mechanism for the Sulfide SensorBased on PbO/SiO2 Composite
T. Zhou et al.Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 17051711
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Conclusions
Multifunctional properties can be achieved.
Physical properties can be enhanced compared to the pure
components.
Can be synthesized by various chemical methods e.g. sol gel,
homogeneous precipitation , chemical reduction, hydrothermal
synthesis etc.
Potential applications in catalysis, photocatalysis; used as bio sensors,
optical devices, gas sensors etc.
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